3. Acknowledgement
In the accomplishment of this project successfully,
many people have bestowed upon me their blessings
and the heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing
to thank all the people who have been concerned with
project.
Primarily I would thank God being able to complete
this project with success. Then I would like to thank
my Principal Mr. A.P. Maurya and Physics Teacher.
4. Mr. Gaurav Shukla sir whose valuable guidance has
been the ones that helped us patch this project and
make it full proof success his suggestions and his
instructions has served as the major contributor
towards the completion of the project.
Then we would like to thank our parents who have
helped me with their valuable suggestions and
guidance has been helpful in various phases of the
completion of the project.
At last I would like to thank my group members for
giving their time and guidance.
5. Certificate
Certified that this is the bonafide work of ‘Group E’ of
11th ‘A’ of Sanskar Public School.
They have done their project during the academic year
of 2018-2019.
The Group initiative, cooperation and participation
during project time was
Excellent/Good/Average/Below Average.
The Group content creativity, originality, analysis of
different perception is Excellent/Good/Average/Below
Average.
6. Principal’s Signature……………………………………………………
Teacher’s Signature………………………………………………………
Note= For giving grade to the ‘Group E’ please
change the colour of above given grades in Project
certificate.
7. Index
Introduction To Thermodynamics.
System, Surroundings and Universe.
Types Of Thermodynamics System.
Explanation of Thermodynamic System.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamic.
Heat And Internal Energy.
Work.
State variables.
Extensive and Intensive Property.
8. Heat Capacity.
Specific Heat Capacity.
Process.
Isothermal Process.
Work done in isothermal expansion.
Adiabatic Process.
Work Done in Adiabatic Process.
Isobaric process and Work done.
Isochoric Process and Work done.
9. First Law of Thermodynamic.
Limitations of First Law.
Second Law of Thermodynamic.
Advantages of Thermodynamic Study.
10. Introduction To Thermodynamics
It is the branch of Physics which deals with the study
of transformation of heat energy into other forms of
energy.
In Thermodynamics, we study the macroscopic
quantities of the system such as volume, pressure,
temperature, internal energy ,entropy ,enthalpy.
One of the most important concepts of
thermodynamics is the ‘Temperature’.
11. System, Surroundings And Universe
System=The part of universe which is under
investigation is known as system.
Surrounding=The part of universe which is not under
investigation is known as surrounding .
Universe = System + surrounding.
Thermodynamic Equilibrium=When macroscopic
variables(like pressure, volume, temperature,
composition ,mass etc .) that characterise the system
do not change with time.
12. Thermodynamics System
There are three types of Thermodynamics System.
Open System
Closed System
Isolated System
13. Explanation Of System
Open system=It is the Thermodynamics system in
which matter and energy of system can be evolved
from system or share with surroundings.
14. Closed System=It is the thermodynamics system in
which only energy can be evolve from system not
matter of system.
15. Isolated System=It is the Thermodynamics system in
which either matter nor energy of system evolve from
the system.
16. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamic
According to Zeroth law, when the thermodynamic
system A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium
with a third thermodynamic system c, then the system
A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other
also.
17. Heat And Internal Energy
Heat=It is energy that flows from higher temperature
to lower temperature.
This flow because of difference in temperature.
Internal Energy=Internal Energy of system is the total
energy possessed by the system due to molecular
motion and molecular configuration. It means, due to
random motion of atoms and molecules of system.
It is represented by U.
18. Work
The energy transferred by the system to another that is
accounted for changes in the external generalized
mechanical constraints on the system is known as
Work.
When work done by the system it means negative
work.(-work).
When work on the system it means positive
work.(+work).
W= 𝑝. 𝑑𝑣
20. State Variables
State Variables of a system are the parameters which
describe equilibrium state of the system.
For example=Pressure ,Volume , Temperature ,
mass and composition.
The various state variables of a system are not
necessarily independent.
21. Extensive And Intensive Property
Extensive Property=This is the property of a system
which is totally depend upon the amount of a matter
of a system.
For example=Mass ,Volume, Internal energy etc.
Intensive Property= This is the property of a system
which is not depend upon size of a system.
For example=Pressure(P), Density(p), Force(F)
etc.
Note: Extensive/Extensive=Intensive .
22. Heat Capacity
If a quantity of heat ‘Q’ produces a change in
temperature ‘dT’ in a body, it’s heat capacity is
defined as ratio of heat and change in temperature.
C=Q/∆T
The S.I. unit of heat capacity is J/k.
23. Specific Heat
The quantity of heat ‘Q’ required to produce a change
in temperature ‘dT’ is also proportional mass ‘m’ of
the sample.
Q=m.C∆T, where C is called specific heat of the
substance.
C=Heat capacity/mass.
24. Process
Defined by change in a system, a thermodynamic
process is a passage of a thermodynamic system from
an initial to a final state of a thermodynamic
equilibrium.
A thermodynamical process is said to be take place
when some changes occur in the state of
thermodynamic system, i.e., the thermodynamic
parameters of the change with time.
25. Isothermal Process
Isothermal Process in which occurs at a constant
temperature.
A change in pressure and volume of a gas without any
change in its temperature is called an isothermal
change.
PV=constant
26. Work done Isothermal Expansion
Consider one gram mole of an ideal gas enclosed in a
cylinder with perfectly conducting walls and fitted
with perfectly frictionless and conducting piston.
dW=F*dx=P*A*dx
dW=P.dV
From ideal gas equation for one mole.
PV=nRT
n=1
PV=RT P1,V1,T dx
27. P=RT/V
W=
W=2.3026RT
This is the equation of
Work done in isothermal
Expansion.
𝑅𝑇
𝑉
. 𝑑𝑉
𝑉2
𝑉1
log10 𝑉2/𝑉1
28. Adiabatic Process
Adiabatic Process is that in which change in heat of a
system is Zero.
In this change pressure and volume of a system
changes.
∆Q=0
29. Work Done In Adiabatic Process
Consider one gram of mole of an ideal gas enclosed in
a cylinder with perfectly non conducting walls and
fitted with a perfectly frictionless non conducting
piston.
F=P*A
30. dW=F*dx
dW=(P*A).dx
dW=P.dV ………….(1)
Total work done by gas in adiabatic expansion from V1
to V2.
W=
The equation of adiabatic changes is
= constant K …………….(2)
𝑃. 𝑑𝑉
𝑉2
𝑉1
𝑃𝑉𝛾
31. γ=
From equation 2
P=
Put in equation 1.
W=
𝐶𝑝
𝐶𝑣
𝐾𝑉−1
𝐾𝑉−𝛾.𝑑𝑉
𝑉2
𝑉1
33. Isobaric process and work Done
Isobaric process= This process occurs at constant
pressure but volume and temperature changes with
time of system.
Work done In isobaric process= In an isobaric
process, P is fixed .
W=P(V2-V1)
W=nR(T2-T1).
34. Isochoric Process And work done
Isochoric Process=This is the process in which occurs
at constant volume but temperature and pressure of
system changes with time.
Work Done in Isochoric process=V is constant, no
work is done on or by the gas.
W=0
35. First Law of Thermodynamic
This law is simply the general law of conservation of
energy as applied to heat energy.
According to first law of Thermodynamics ,whenever
heat is added to a system, it transforms to an equal
amount of energy in some other forms.
When we supply some heat energy to a system ,it may
be do one or both:
(i) Increases internal energy.
(ii) Do the external work.
36. Heat added=Increase in Internal energy + External
work done.
dQ=Small amount of heat supplied to the system.
dU=small change in Internal energy.
dW=small amount of work done.
According to first law of thermodynamics,
dQ=dU+dW
38. Limitations of First Law
It does not tells us about in which direction heat flows.
It does not tell about the Entropy of a system.
It not gives the idea about the extent of change.
It not gives the idea about the source of heat.
It gives the idea about final temperature of two bodies
when they are in direct contact.
39. Second Law of Thermodynamic
Second Law of Thermodynamics states that it is
impossible to self acting machine, unaided by an
external agency to convey heat from the body at lower
temperature to another at higher temperature.
This law was made by Clausius.
According to Kelvin, it is impossible to derive
continuous supply off work by cooling a body to a
temperature lower than that of the coldest of it’s
surroundings.
42. Advantages Of Thermodynamic Study
It help in the study of internals motion of the many
body system.
It gives easy path to understand the relation between
Heat, Work and Energy.
It gives path to understand the macroscopic property
of a matter for instance Pressure, Volume,
Temperature etc.
It gives the idea, how to transform the Heat energy
into another form of energy in a easy way and in low
investment.
43. Bibliography
We have collected all these information of
Thermodynamic from our course N.C.E.RT book and
reference book of Pradeep publication of class 11th
Physics .
And we have collected all pasted images of this P.pt
from different websites of Google and coaching
websites.
And Text is written by the help of Physics Teacher
lecture and by their given notes of Thermodynamic.
