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1. CELL INJURY
BY VED SONWAL
B.SC.NURSING 2ND YEAR ( 2020-21 )

2. INTRODUCTION
• It is a variety of stress , a cell encounter as a result of change in its internal and
external environment .
• A normal cell try to maintain its range of structure and function as far as possible if the
cell have excess stress the cellular response will be depend on –
• type of cell & tissue involved
• extend of cell injury

3. • The cellular response to injury is –
(1) Increase functional demand
Adaptation
stress removed
Normal cell

4. (2) Mild to moderate stress
Reversible cell injury
Repair & healing of cell
Normal cell

5. (3) Severe stress
Irreversible cell injury
Death of cell

6. ETIOLOGICAL FACTOR
• Hypoxia & ischemia
• Physical agent :
- Radiation
- Trauma
- Crush injaury
• Microbiological agent
• Chemical & drugs
• Immunological agent
• Nutritional factor

7. • The cause of cell injury are categorised In 2 types –
1. Genetical cause :
These are the causitive agent from their inheritance since at the birth.
Exa. Chromosomal abnormalities , congenital dIsorder
2. Acquired cause :
These are the causitive agent responsible for the cell injury after the birth.
Exa. Trauma , burn

8. MORPHOLOGY OF CELL INJURY
The cell injury caused by various stimuli can be divided into :-
• reversible & irreversible cell injury lead to necrosis .
• subcellular alteration / change .
• intracellular accumulation of carbohydrates, protein, fat .

9. CELL ADAPTATION
• A normal cell try to maintain its range of structure & function as far as possible, if
the cell undergoes excessive stress it undergoes cellular adaptation.
Normal cell
cellular stress
cellular adaptation
change
Physiological Pathological

10. • The cellular adaptation include the following type –
1. Atrophy
2. Hypertrophy
3. Hyperplasia
4. Metaplasia
5. Dysplasia

11. 1. Atrophy :-
The reduction of number & size of paranchymal cell of an organ or its
part
which was once normal is called atrophy . It may be physiological and
pathological .
* pathological atrophy – It may be seen in starvation, ischemia, neuropathic
atrophy in
case of polio myelitis , endocrine atrophy, gonadal atrophy etc.
* Physiological atrophy – It is the normal process seen in aging condition .
Exa. Gonad after menopause , atrophy of brain

12. * Morphological features –
• gross examination – The organ is small & shrunken .
• microscopic examination – The cell become decrease in size but not in dead ,
cell will
be shrink due to reduction in cell organelles .

13. 2. Hypertrophy :-
It is an increase in size of cell resulting in enlargement of organ without any
change in
number of cell .
* Physiological hypertrophy – uterus enlargement in pregnancy condition.
* Pathological hypertrophy – hypertrophy in cardiac cell in case of hypertension .
* morphological features –
• gross examination – The affected organ is enlarged & heavy .
• microscopic examination – The cell show enlargement of muscle fibres as well
as
nuclei .

14. 3. Hyperplasia :-
It is the increase in number of cell resulting in enlargement of organ .
* Physiological Hyperplasia – It is seen in female breast at puberty , pregnancy
&
lactation , in pregnant uterus, proliferation of normal endometrium after
menstruation cycle , regeneration of skin etc.
* Pathological Hyperplasia – Formation of skin warts, in wound healing
formation of
granulation tissue .

15. * Morphological features –
• gross examination – enlargement of organ.
• microscopic examination – increase in no. of cell due to rate of DNA synthesis
with
increase in cell .

16. 4. Metaplasia –
It is defined as reversible change of cell usually in response to abnormal stimuli and
reverse back if removal of stimuli . It can be seen in bronchi of chronic smoker .
5. Dysplasia –
Dysplasia means disorder in cellular development due to Metaplasia & Hyperplasia
characterized by cellular proliferation & psychological changes include increase no.
of epithelial cells, this arrangement of cell from basal to surface , increase mitotic
activity ,
nuclei lying away from basement membrane, it is seen in chronic inflammation case .

17. THANK YOU