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Lesson 8
Lesson 8
Physiology and Sports
Physiology and Sports
Lesson 8
8.1 Gender Differences in Physical and Physiological Parameters
8.2 Physiological Factors Determining the Components of
Physical Fitness
8.3 Effects of Exercises on Cardio-Vascular System
8.4 Effects of Exercises on Respiratory System
8.5 Effects of Exercises on Muscular System
8.6 Physiological Changes due to Ageing and Role of Physical
Activity in Maintaining Functional Fitness in Aged Population
Overview
8.1 Gender Differences in Physical
and Physiological Parameters
MajorPhysical DifferencesRelatedToAppearanceIn MenAndWomenBodyStructure
Male Female
1 Height: Gain height up to 20-22 years
. Males are taller than Females
Gain height up to 18-20 years
2 Weight: Males are heavier
3 Shorter trunk, long legs so C.G. is
high
Shorter limbs , upper body large so
C.G. is low
4 Joints are larger and skeleton is more
rigid because of greater bone density.
Ossification of bones starts earlier.
5 Broad and strong shoulders Narrow and weaker in strength
MajorPhysical DifferencesRelatedToAppearanceIn MenAndWomenBodyStructure
Male Female
6 Broad chest and small thorax
7 Smaller abdominal cavity Larger abdominal cavity due to
additional reproduction organs
8 Longer upper arms and lower arms
9 Narrower pelvis Pelvic region is more open and
wide
10 Males carry more fat in the upper
area of the body and abdominal
region
More fat due to accumulation of
adipose tissues at various parts
Physiological Difference
Cardiovascular
System
Male Female
Size of heart: Larger in size. Better blood
circulation. Slow pulse rate
Smaller in size. Faster
pulse rate
Stroke volume More in Males Less in Females
Blood pressure Systolic & diastolic BP is more
O₂ carrying
capacity
More RBC count & Haemoglobin Less RBC count &
Haemoglobin
Physiological Difference
Respiratory
system
Male Female
Tidal volume More in Males ( amount of air
inhaled during normal breathing)
Less in Females
Vital
capacity
More in Males ( amount of air one
can inhale after forceful
exhalation)
Less in Females
Residual
volume
More in Males (volume of air still
remaining in lungs after expiratory
reserve volume exhaled )
Lower lung capacity
Physiological Difference
MALE FEMALE
Muscular
differences
More muscle power due to
large muscle structure
Biological
changes
During puberty biological
changes happen like release
of ovum.
Reaction time Better in males
Metabolic
difference
BMR better in males : 3000
kcal
BMR is 2400 kcal
8.2 Physiological Factors
Determining the Components of
Physical Fitness
Components of Physical Fitness
1. Muscle size: Strength of the muscle depends on size of the
muscles. Force produced by same size of muscle in males
and females is approximately same. Can be improved through
training
2. Body weight: Individuals who are heavier are stronger
than the light weight individuals.
3. Muscle composition: Muscular system is composed of
white muscle & red muscle fibre. The percentage of these
muscles is genetically determined and cannot be changed
through training.
4. Nerve impulse: Speed of nerves impulse determines
strength. Can not be improved through training
Physiological Factors Determining Strength
1. Mobility of the nervous system: Contraction and
relaxation of muscles is controlled by nervous system.
Frequency of contraction and relaxation of muscles is
determined by excitability of nerve impulse
2. Muscle composition: The percentage of white muscle &
red muscle fibre is genetically determined and cannot be
changed through training.
3. Explosive strength: Depends on muscle composition,
muscle size, muscle coordination and metabolic process.
Except muscle composition the other factors can be improved
through training.
Physiological Factors Determining Speed
4. Flexibility: Maximum range of movement of any muscle or
joint. Freedom of movement enables muscles to move at
faster rate & complete utilization of explosive strength.
5. Bio chemical reserves and metabolic power: For
maximum speed performance the muscles require more
amount of energy at a very high rate of consumption. For this
purpose ATP and CP stores should be enough. If the store is
less the muscle contractions due to insufficient energy supply
becomes slow after a short time.
Physiological Factors Determining Speed
1. Aerobic Capacity: energy required by the muscles can
be supplied in the presence of oxygen. Hence supply of oxygen
to working muscles is important for endurance performance.
a) Oxygen Intake: can be improved through training.
b) Oxygen Transport : can be improved through training
c) Oxygen Uptake: can be improved through training.
d) Energy reserves: can be improved through training.
.
Physiological Factors Determining Endurance
2. Lactic Acid Tolerance: It is important for activities
lasting > 40 seconds & determines anaerobic
capacity. Can be improved through training.
3. Movement Economy: For apex performance,
body movements should be economical. Good
technique saves energy & improve endurance.
4. Muscle Composition: The percentage of white
muscle & red muscle fibre is genetically determined
and cannot be changed through training.
.
Physiological Factors Determining Endurance
1.Muscle strength: Weak muscles cannot exert
sufficient force to achieve full range of movement.
Muscle strength is highly trainable.
2.Joint Structure: Structure of joint is a limiting factor
for flexibility. Some of the joints intrinsically have a
greater range of motion than others.
3.Age and Gender: Flexibility is maximum during
childhood and decreases with the advancement of
age. It can be enhanced with training. Females tend
to be more flexible than males.
Physiological Factors Determining Flexibility
4. Stretchability of Muscles: Limits the range of
movements. Stretchability can be improved by
training.
5. Body temperature: Has a positive correlation with
body flexibility. Warm up before any sports activity
is highly advisable.
6. Previous Injury: Injuries to connective tissues and
muscles can lead to thickening on the affected area
leading to reduced flexibility. Rehabilitation
exercises are must after healing of injury.
Physiological Factors Determining Flexibility
8.3 Effects of Exercises on Cardio-Vascular
System
1. Increase in heart rate: Heart rate increases in
anticipation called as anticipatory response. Increases as
per the intensity and duration of the exercise.
2. Increase in stroke volume: The amount of blood
ejected per beat from the left ventricle ( stroke volume)
increases 2-3 times during intensive exercises.
3. Increase in Cardiac output: Cardiac output = stroke
volume X heart rate. At rest the cardiac out put is 5L/Min
which can increase to 20 to 40 L / Min during intense
exercises.
Immediate Effects Of Exercises On Cardiovascular System
4. Increase in blood flow: more blood is sent to tissues which
have immediate demand. At rest 15 to 20 % blood to skeletal muscle .
During intensive exercises 80 to 85 % to skeletal muscle. Less blood to
liver, kidneys and intestine and redirected to skin to enhance heat loss.
5. Increase in Blood Pressure: During exercise the systolic BP
can increase by 50 to 70 mm Hg. Diastolic BP generally remains
unchanged
6. Increase in Body Temperature: waste products are
released in to the blood by muscles. Blood carries these waste products to
lungs, kidney etc. for elimination. The chemical reactions produce heat in
the body, some of it is utilized in performing activity and the rest raises the
body temperature.
Immediate Effects Of Exercises On Cardiovascular System
1. Increase in the size of Heart: muscles of the heart
increase in size and strength. The left ventricle adapts to the
greatest extent. Heart walls grow stronger and thicker.
2. Decrease in resting heart rate: Regular exercise
decreases the resting heart rate. Resting heart rate 72
beat/min can go down to 30 to 40 beat/minute in highly
conditioned athlete.
3. Stroke volume increases at rest: In an untrained
individual stroke volume at rest is 50 to70 ml / beat which
increases to 70 to 90 ml / beat as an effect of regular exercise.
Long Term Effects Of Exercises On Cardiovascular System
4. Increased blood flow: To supply the muscles with extra
oxygen during exercise, the body increases its number of
capillaries. Existing capillaries open wider. The blood
redistribution more efficient & effective.
5. Decrease in Blood Pressure: Decreases BP by up to
10 mmHg at rest.
6. Increase in Blood Volume: Increases the blood volume
due to increase in plasma volume. Body produces more RBC
to supply extra oxygen to muscles during intensive exercise.
.
Long Term Effects Of Exercises On Cardiovascular System
7. Increase in cardiac output
Cardiac output = stroke volume X heart rate
8. Quicker Recovery Rate: Quickens the recovery
rate. Rate of respiration also becomes normal
quickly.
9. Reduced risk of Heart Disease: Reduces stress
related hormone from circulating in the blood. This in
turn lowers the risk of buildup of plaque in the blood
vessel.
Long Term Effects Of Exercises On Cardiovascular System
8.4 Effects of Exercises on Respiratory System
1. Decrease in Rate of Respiration
2. Strengthens Diaphragm and Muscles
3. Avoids Second Wind
4. Unused Alveoles become active
5. Increase in Endurance
.
Effects Of Exercises On Respiratory System
6. Increase in Residual Air Volume
7. Increase in size of Lungs and Chest
8. Tidal Volume Increases
9. Increase in Vital Air capacity
.
Effects Of Exercises On Respiratory System
8.5 Effects of Exercises on Muscular System
1. Change in Shape
and Size of Muscle
2. Formation of more
Capillaries
3. Controls extra fat
4. Change in the
connective tissues
.
Effects Of Exercises On Muscular System
5. Efficiency in the
movement of muscles
6. Delays fatigue
7. Non functioning
fibres become active
.
Effects Of Exercises On Muscular System
8. Body Posture remains correct
9. Improves Reflexes
10. Improves Lactic Acid tolerance
.
Effects Of Exercises On Muscular System
8.6 Physiological Changes due to Ageing and Role of
Physical Activity in Maintaining Functional Fitness in
Aged Population
1. Changes in muscle size
and strength
2. Changes in Metabolism
and body composition
3. Changes in Bone
Density
4. Changes in Respiratory
System
.
Physiological Changes Due To
Ageing
5. Changes in Cardio
vascular System
6. Changes in Nervous
System
7. Changes in the Gastro
Intestinal System
8. Changes in Urinary
System
9. Changes in Flexibility.
Physiological Changes Due To Ageing
10. Changes in senses
a. Change in vision
b. Change in hearing
c. Change in taste
d. Change in smell
.
Physiological Changes Due To Ageing
1. Reduces the loss of muscle
mass
2. Helps in maintain bone
density
3. Slows down brain ageing
4. Releases the risk of age
related diseases
5. Improves muscular strength
.
Physical Activity & Functional Fitness Of Aged
Population
6. Enhances the capacity of lungs
7. Improves the flexibility
8. Reduces stress and tension
9. Improves balance and
coordination
Physical Activity & Functional Fitness Of Aged
Population

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Physiology and Sports

  • 3. 8.1 Gender Differences in Physical and Physiological Parameters 8.2 Physiological Factors Determining the Components of Physical Fitness 8.3 Effects of Exercises on Cardio-Vascular System 8.4 Effects of Exercises on Respiratory System 8.5 Effects of Exercises on Muscular System 8.6 Physiological Changes due to Ageing and Role of Physical Activity in Maintaining Functional Fitness in Aged Population Overview
  • 4. 8.1 Gender Differences in Physical and Physiological Parameters
  • 5. MajorPhysical DifferencesRelatedToAppearanceIn MenAndWomenBodyStructure Male Female 1 Height: Gain height up to 20-22 years . Males are taller than Females Gain height up to 18-20 years 2 Weight: Males are heavier 3 Shorter trunk, long legs so C.G. is high Shorter limbs , upper body large so C.G. is low 4 Joints are larger and skeleton is more rigid because of greater bone density. Ossification of bones starts earlier. 5 Broad and strong shoulders Narrow and weaker in strength
  • 6. MajorPhysical DifferencesRelatedToAppearanceIn MenAndWomenBodyStructure Male Female 6 Broad chest and small thorax 7 Smaller abdominal cavity Larger abdominal cavity due to additional reproduction organs 8 Longer upper arms and lower arms 9 Narrower pelvis Pelvic region is more open and wide 10 Males carry more fat in the upper area of the body and abdominal region More fat due to accumulation of adipose tissues at various parts
  • 7. Physiological Difference Cardiovascular System Male Female Size of heart: Larger in size. Better blood circulation. Slow pulse rate Smaller in size. Faster pulse rate Stroke volume More in Males Less in Females Blood pressure Systolic & diastolic BP is more O₂ carrying capacity More RBC count & Haemoglobin Less RBC count & Haemoglobin
  • 8. Physiological Difference Respiratory system Male Female Tidal volume More in Males ( amount of air inhaled during normal breathing) Less in Females Vital capacity More in Males ( amount of air one can inhale after forceful exhalation) Less in Females Residual volume More in Males (volume of air still remaining in lungs after expiratory reserve volume exhaled ) Lower lung capacity
  • 9. Physiological Difference MALE FEMALE Muscular differences More muscle power due to large muscle structure Biological changes During puberty biological changes happen like release of ovum. Reaction time Better in males Metabolic difference BMR better in males : 3000 kcal BMR is 2400 kcal
  • 10. 8.2 Physiological Factors Determining the Components of Physical Fitness
  • 12. 1. Muscle size: Strength of the muscle depends on size of the muscles. Force produced by same size of muscle in males and females is approximately same. Can be improved through training 2. Body weight: Individuals who are heavier are stronger than the light weight individuals. 3. Muscle composition: Muscular system is composed of white muscle & red muscle fibre. The percentage of these muscles is genetically determined and cannot be changed through training. 4. Nerve impulse: Speed of nerves impulse determines strength. Can not be improved through training Physiological Factors Determining Strength
  • 13. 1. Mobility of the nervous system: Contraction and relaxation of muscles is controlled by nervous system. Frequency of contraction and relaxation of muscles is determined by excitability of nerve impulse 2. Muscle composition: The percentage of white muscle & red muscle fibre is genetically determined and cannot be changed through training. 3. Explosive strength: Depends on muscle composition, muscle size, muscle coordination and metabolic process. Except muscle composition the other factors can be improved through training. Physiological Factors Determining Speed
  • 14. 4. Flexibility: Maximum range of movement of any muscle or joint. Freedom of movement enables muscles to move at faster rate & complete utilization of explosive strength. 5. Bio chemical reserves and metabolic power: For maximum speed performance the muscles require more amount of energy at a very high rate of consumption. For this purpose ATP and CP stores should be enough. If the store is less the muscle contractions due to insufficient energy supply becomes slow after a short time. Physiological Factors Determining Speed
  • 15. 1. Aerobic Capacity: energy required by the muscles can be supplied in the presence of oxygen. Hence supply of oxygen to working muscles is important for endurance performance. a) Oxygen Intake: can be improved through training. b) Oxygen Transport : can be improved through training c) Oxygen Uptake: can be improved through training. d) Energy reserves: can be improved through training. . Physiological Factors Determining Endurance
  • 16. 2. Lactic Acid Tolerance: It is important for activities lasting > 40 seconds & determines anaerobic capacity. Can be improved through training. 3. Movement Economy: For apex performance, body movements should be economical. Good technique saves energy & improve endurance. 4. Muscle Composition: The percentage of white muscle & red muscle fibre is genetically determined and cannot be changed through training. . Physiological Factors Determining Endurance
  • 17. 1.Muscle strength: Weak muscles cannot exert sufficient force to achieve full range of movement. Muscle strength is highly trainable. 2.Joint Structure: Structure of joint is a limiting factor for flexibility. Some of the joints intrinsically have a greater range of motion than others. 3.Age and Gender: Flexibility is maximum during childhood and decreases with the advancement of age. It can be enhanced with training. Females tend to be more flexible than males. Physiological Factors Determining Flexibility
  • 18. 4. Stretchability of Muscles: Limits the range of movements. Stretchability can be improved by training. 5. Body temperature: Has a positive correlation with body flexibility. Warm up before any sports activity is highly advisable. 6. Previous Injury: Injuries to connective tissues and muscles can lead to thickening on the affected area leading to reduced flexibility. Rehabilitation exercises are must after healing of injury. Physiological Factors Determining Flexibility
  • 19. 8.3 Effects of Exercises on Cardio-Vascular System
  • 20. 1. Increase in heart rate: Heart rate increases in anticipation called as anticipatory response. Increases as per the intensity and duration of the exercise. 2. Increase in stroke volume: The amount of blood ejected per beat from the left ventricle ( stroke volume) increases 2-3 times during intensive exercises. 3. Increase in Cardiac output: Cardiac output = stroke volume X heart rate. At rest the cardiac out put is 5L/Min which can increase to 20 to 40 L / Min during intense exercises. Immediate Effects Of Exercises On Cardiovascular System
  • 21. 4. Increase in blood flow: more blood is sent to tissues which have immediate demand. At rest 15 to 20 % blood to skeletal muscle . During intensive exercises 80 to 85 % to skeletal muscle. Less blood to liver, kidneys and intestine and redirected to skin to enhance heat loss. 5. Increase in Blood Pressure: During exercise the systolic BP can increase by 50 to 70 mm Hg. Diastolic BP generally remains unchanged 6. Increase in Body Temperature: waste products are released in to the blood by muscles. Blood carries these waste products to lungs, kidney etc. for elimination. The chemical reactions produce heat in the body, some of it is utilized in performing activity and the rest raises the body temperature. Immediate Effects Of Exercises On Cardiovascular System
  • 22. 1. Increase in the size of Heart: muscles of the heart increase in size and strength. The left ventricle adapts to the greatest extent. Heart walls grow stronger and thicker. 2. Decrease in resting heart rate: Regular exercise decreases the resting heart rate. Resting heart rate 72 beat/min can go down to 30 to 40 beat/minute in highly conditioned athlete. 3. Stroke volume increases at rest: In an untrained individual stroke volume at rest is 50 to70 ml / beat which increases to 70 to 90 ml / beat as an effect of regular exercise. Long Term Effects Of Exercises On Cardiovascular System
  • 23. 4. Increased blood flow: To supply the muscles with extra oxygen during exercise, the body increases its number of capillaries. Existing capillaries open wider. The blood redistribution more efficient & effective. 5. Decrease in Blood Pressure: Decreases BP by up to 10 mmHg at rest. 6. Increase in Blood Volume: Increases the blood volume due to increase in plasma volume. Body produces more RBC to supply extra oxygen to muscles during intensive exercise. . Long Term Effects Of Exercises On Cardiovascular System
  • 24. 7. Increase in cardiac output Cardiac output = stroke volume X heart rate 8. Quicker Recovery Rate: Quickens the recovery rate. Rate of respiration also becomes normal quickly. 9. Reduced risk of Heart Disease: Reduces stress related hormone from circulating in the blood. This in turn lowers the risk of buildup of plaque in the blood vessel. Long Term Effects Of Exercises On Cardiovascular System
  • 25. 8.4 Effects of Exercises on Respiratory System
  • 26. 1. Decrease in Rate of Respiration 2. Strengthens Diaphragm and Muscles 3. Avoids Second Wind 4. Unused Alveoles become active 5. Increase in Endurance . Effects Of Exercises On Respiratory System
  • 27. 6. Increase in Residual Air Volume 7. Increase in size of Lungs and Chest 8. Tidal Volume Increases 9. Increase in Vital Air capacity . Effects Of Exercises On Respiratory System
  • 28. 8.5 Effects of Exercises on Muscular System
  • 29. 1. Change in Shape and Size of Muscle 2. Formation of more Capillaries 3. Controls extra fat 4. Change in the connective tissues . Effects Of Exercises On Muscular System
  • 30. 5. Efficiency in the movement of muscles 6. Delays fatigue 7. Non functioning fibres become active . Effects Of Exercises On Muscular System
  • 31. 8. Body Posture remains correct 9. Improves Reflexes 10. Improves Lactic Acid tolerance . Effects Of Exercises On Muscular System
  • 32. 8.6 Physiological Changes due to Ageing and Role of Physical Activity in Maintaining Functional Fitness in Aged Population
  • 33. 1. Changes in muscle size and strength 2. Changes in Metabolism and body composition 3. Changes in Bone Density 4. Changes in Respiratory System . Physiological Changes Due To Ageing
  • 34. 5. Changes in Cardio vascular System 6. Changes in Nervous System 7. Changes in the Gastro Intestinal System 8. Changes in Urinary System 9. Changes in Flexibility. Physiological Changes Due To Ageing
  • 35. 10. Changes in senses a. Change in vision b. Change in hearing c. Change in taste d. Change in smell . Physiological Changes Due To Ageing
  • 36. 1. Reduces the loss of muscle mass 2. Helps in maintain bone density 3. Slows down brain ageing 4. Releases the risk of age related diseases 5. Improves muscular strength . Physical Activity & Functional Fitness Of Aged Population
  • 37. 6. Enhances the capacity of lungs 7. Improves the flexibility 8. Reduces stress and tension 9. Improves balance and coordination Physical Activity & Functional Fitness Of Aged Population