IMPACT_OF_MENTAL_WELLNESS_ON_THE_NATION 12th Jan 2014
Solar Power Plant cash flow model
1. Steps of Site Identification
&
Project Pre-Feasibility
2.
3.
4.
5. Identification of site
Solar insolation and shadow assessment
Geological due diligence
Social audit of the site
Power Evacuation Feasibility and
accessibility
Technology and supplier selection
Financial Pre Feasibility
6. Land shall be plain and Red soil with
proper rain water drainage provision .
Near to 33KV SS
Motor able road
Following land is not suitable :
Black Cotton Soil
Site located near mountain ,Larger Water
Bodies & Shadow over land .
7. • No of sunny days / sunny hours
• No of Cloudy days & Rainy days
• Relative Humidity & Temperature @ Site
• Direction of Sun Rays falling on the Panel
• Following land is not suitable :
• More dusty Area
• Site located near mountain ,Larger Water
Bodies & Shadow over land .
8. • As land orientation should preferably be flat,
considerations while identifying site must
include;
• Degree of levelization,
• A drainage system,
• Dust percentage in air
• Land/soil capacity to hold structures.
• Soil Testing Experts/ Geotechnical Engineers
having understanding of soil and land
mechanics.
9. Review issues related to:-
Security of the project and the systems,
Possible threats in terms of security of
employees,
Availability of labor & local support for the
project.
10. Review issues related to:-
• Availability of substation for power evacuation
(Nearest- 11/33 KV )
• Availability / provision for Additional Bay @ SS
• Evacuation capacity of the sub-station- to be
checked with distribution utility.
• Feasibility study of Power Evacuation line of 33
KV from site to SS ( Pole compensation cost)
• Grid to be constructed as per IEGC .
11. Selection of Solar PV Technology based on -
• Past performance record, Available global
radiation(GHI), Climatic conditions- Specially
temperature and Wind velocity, Cost of technology
(capital and O&M), Projected conversion
efficiency/’s and Consequent projected CUF’s, Risks
associated with the technologies
• Solar Panels – Type
• Mono crystalline , Poly crystalline or Thin film
technology .
• Battery Banks , inverters , PV – DC Cable
connectors , etc .
• Use of specific PV DC cables
12. • Land & Development Cost
• Construction Cost
• Engineering Cost
• Equipment Cost
• Operational Cost
• Revenue
• Benefits/Incentives
• Funds Availability
• Cash Flow
• Returns
13. Radiation at Site
Losses in PV System
(Invertors ,Cabling, Soiling (Dust), Module
Mismatch , MPPT losses & Transformer)
Temperature and Climatic condition
Design Parameters of the Solar Plant
Inverter efficiency
Module degradation due to ageing .
Grid Availability
14. Direct Method –
Pyrheliometer & Pyronometer instruments used
@ site to estimate the Solar Radiation
InDirect method –
Satelite data , NASA ,
Indian Metrological Department ,
World Radition Data Centre ( WRDC) &
RET Screen Canadian software - Free of
cost
15. Reflection losses due to Sun Path, - Solar rays should
fall perpendicular to panel for higher efficiency – But
actually it may have wider incidence angle due to sun
path – 1 % loss expected .
Soiling losses due to dust , SNOW etc – 1 % loss
Mis Match effect losses- due to interconnection of Solar
Panels in series & parallel – Good quality panel to be
procured .
MPPT ( Max Power Point Tracking) Losses - due to
Changes in direction of sun , changes in solar
insolations level with varying Temp
Inverter Efficiency depends upon Conversion of DC to
AC – 96 to 98.5% .
Cabling losses due to improper joints etc .
Transformer losses.
16. Proper selection of Modules
Optimum angle of tilt
Minimisation of Ohmic losess with proper
selection of conductors .
Selection of Efficient Transformers & Inverters
Energy output depends upon
- Temperature of the module decrease the output
- Intensity of lights
- Sun lights reflection on the surface but not on
the modules
- Defuse light - Changes in Sun spectrum in the
day/ year , due to clouds, smoky, fogs etc
- Materials used in Modules – Amorphous Silicon
performance changes with aging
17. Mounting position of modules & Air circluation
Inclination Angle - Tilting position of modules –
Fixed type- Non Tracking system
Performance changes with aging .
Temp Co Efficient –Changes in power out put
with Different Temp
Typical value of Temp co efficient
Y( P mpp) Crystaline Modules -0.4 to 0.45 % K
Y( P mpp) Amorphous Modules -0.2 to 0.23 % K
Y( P mpp) CdTe Modules -0.24 to 0.25 % K
Thin film modules can give higher performance
@ Elevated Temp compare to Crystaline silicon.
18. Module degradation occurs to Sun light
- Slow Breakdown of Module encapsulant
( Ethelene Vinyl Acetate EVA & Back sheet
Polyvinyl Flouride Films )
Moisture ingress leads to corrosion formation on
Cable connectors and decreased voltage outputs
UV rays breaks down the EVA layer between
Module Front Glass and silicon cells – Silicon cells
outputs gets affected .
Discoloration of Panels .
Degradation of silicon cells – Metastable Dangling
bonds – 15 to 20 % reduction in efficiency .
19. Sl No Description Life in
Years
Remarks
1 Module 30
2 Inverter 15 Small plant
30 10% Parts replacement 2 Every 10
years
3 Structure 30 Roof Top
30 to 60 Ground mounted fixed in metal
4 Cabling 30
After 10 years – 90 % & After 20 Years -80 % efficiency noticed in modules
First 03 years of Operations No reduction in designed power output and then
Yearly reduction of power output is 0.5 %
20. Software available –
RETScreen (Free of cost), PVSyst23, Homer
Following analysis can be done :-
-Energy Analysis
-Emission Analysis
-Cost Analysis
-Financial Analysis
-Sensitivity / risk Analysis
21. Performance of CUF depends upon :-
Solar Radiation
Temperature
Air velocity
Module type and materials used
Quality of Module & cable joints etc
Efficiency of Inverter &Transformer
Thin Film Modules most suitable higher ambient
temp area . ( CUF around 19 to 20%)
To compensate degradation loss after 3 years add
5 KW module / MW in every year.
22. Sl No Description Cost In Crore % of Cost
1 Solar PV Modules 4.51 58.2687339
2 Solar Invertors 1.166 15.0645995
3 Transformers 0.294 3.79844961
4 Protective devices 0.12 1.5503876
5 Wire/cables 0.1 1.29198966
6 SCADA/RMS 0.1 1.29198966
7 Project Execution & Comm 0.2 2.58397933
8 Construction cost 0.4 5.16795866
9
Grid Evacuation
@ 15 L /Km x 5 KM 0.75 9.68992248
10 Other official works 0.1 1.29198966
7.74 100
23. Loan amount @ 70 % of project cost 5.418 crore
Annual EMI (Including Principle + Interest @12PA= Rs
8,76,105 Lakhs / Month)
1,05,13,320 Crore
Annual OMS Charge & Staff Pay + Admin cost 20,00,000 Lakhs
Total Expense / year 1,25,00,000 Crore
Revenue Details
Net Energy Produced in MWH 1655 MWH
PLF ( 1x24x365= 8760 MWH) / Year 18.8926%
PPA @ 7.50 KWH Cost 1,24,12,500 crore
Revenune due to sale of REC @12000 /MWH 1,97,59,180 crore
Net Cash Flow ( NCF) = ( PPA + REC cost ) 3,22,72,500 Crore
Net Balance Amount = ( NCF- Net Expense / Year) 1,97,59,180 Crore
24. Break even
7.74 / 1.97 crore
( Total Project cost /Net Balance amount/ year)
3.92 years
Net Amount at the end of the 7 th year 13,83,14,260 crore
Net Amount at the end of the 10th year 19,75,91,800 Crore