Furniture and furnishings

1. AR. VIJAY KUMAR
INTERIOR DESIGN - VIII
Lecture – 4
FURNITURE AND FURNISHINGS

2. `
FURNITURE
• Furniture is a collective term
for the movable objects
which may support the human
body (seating furniture and
beds), provide storage, or hold
objects on horizontal surfaces
above the ground.
• Storage furniture is used
to hold or contain smaller
objects such as clothes,
tools, books and household
goods.
• Furniture can be made from
many materials including
metal, plastic
WOODEN
LEATHER
PLASTIC
METAL
TYPES

3. TYPES
• There are many different types of furniture such as sofas, chairs,
beds etc. Within each type, there are many styles.
• Furniture can be classified on the basis of material of which it is made.
CONTEMPORARY FURNITURE • Modern style
• Designed to look solid and
warm
• Common colors are black,
beige and white, giving it a
natural look
TRANSITIONAL FURNITURE • Combines the best of traditional and modern looks.
• Common colors are white, black, beige and brown.

4. CONVERTIBLE
FURNITURE
The multi- functional
furniture.
A space saving solution- a
need of the current time.
• Automated Convertible
• Manual Convertible
Companies manufacturing
convertible furniture are:
•Castro convertibles
•Jenifer convertibles

5. TYPES OF FURNITURE
Furniture can be classified on the basis of material as well. Following are a few examples:
S. No. Material Usage Advantages Disadvantages
1. Cane
Furniture
Companies:
The Bengal
Basket
Vetas
Traditional material for
garden & home
furniture.
• comfortable, warm & soft
material.
• Doesn’t conduct body heat.
• Has warm colour & can be bent in
elegant curves.
• lightweight.
• not much durable.
• being lightweight- not suitable in
windy conditions.
2. Glass
Furniture
Companies:
Rod M.
Table tops, display
racks, gives a
sophisticated look and
visually connect
spaces.
• durable
• needs no extra maintenance
• because of its transparency it
makes room look spacious.
• needs to be handled with care.
3. Leather
Furniture
Companies:Da
mro furniture
Used in formal spaces,
presumed for the rich
and elite strata of
society.
• easy to clean.
• long lasting.
• gender neutral.
• available in different grades and
texture varies accordingly.
• its expensive.
• needs high maintenance.
4. Steel/
Aluminium
Furniture
Companies:
Simmons,
TWS
Mainly used for the basic
structure of furniture.
• elegant.
• light- weight.
• can be used in combination with
other materials.
• can be moulded in different
shapes.
• doesn’t give formal feel to the
space.
• bends
• dents
• tarnish

6. S. No. Material Usage Advantages Disadvantages
5. Wrought Iron
Furniture
Outdoor dining tables
and chairs.
• can withstand a number of weather
conditions.
• durable and long- lasting.
• prone to rust if not treated properly..
6. Plastic
Furniture
Companies:
Supreme,
Prima
Mainly for kids furniture,
also used in cafeterias
and food courts.
• can imitate different materials.
• available in every possible colour.
• light weight.
• inexpensive.
• durable.
• easy to clean.
• loses its charm and becomes dull
over time.
7. Laminated
Furniture
Companies:
Bell laminates,
Century
plywood
Quite serviceable and
disposable furniture
solution.
•not typically used for quality
furniture
• Water, moisture, solvents, glues
and nail polish removers must be
kept away from your laminated
furniture as they can cause the
surfaces to de-laminate resulting in a
melting or scarring of the
appearance
8. MDF Furniture
Companies:
MDF Italia
A cheap and temporary
way of having some
good-looking furniture.
• the material has a weight and
strength similar to real wood
•Can absorb moisture, and when it
does it expands often ruining the
surface of the "wood".
9. Wooden
Furniture
Companies:
Wood craft
industries
Most used furniture
material, versatile in
nature- can be used for
both formal and
informal spaces
• transmits a sophisticated look.
• can be carved and worked on
easily.
• bulky.
• termite prone if not treated
properly.

7. `
Colors scheme of furniture
depends on the users like :-
• In children room there are
more playful colors.
• In study room there are soft
colors.
• Entrance lobby have
furniture with eye catching
color etc.
• For bed room there should
eye soothing colors for
furniture.
COLOR SCHEME
KIDS ROOM ENTRANCE LOBBY
STUDY ROOM BED ROOM

8. `
CLASSIFICATION As per NBC all the buildings have been classified according to the use or the character of occupancy as
follows:
•Residential
•Educational
•Institutional
•Assembly
•Business
•Mercantile
• Industrial
CHILD CARE NURSERY SCHOOLS SECONDARY SCHOOLS UNIVERSITIES
CUSTODIAL INSTITUTION HOSPITAL
AUDITORIUM CLUB ROOM EXHIBITION HALL GYMNASIUM LIBRARY

9. `
DRAWING ROOM
FURNITURE
STUDY ROOM FURNITURE
BED ROOM FURNITURE
KITCHEN FURNITURE
BATH ROOM
FURNITURE
RESIDENTIAL

10. `
NURSERY SCHOOL
SECONDARY SCHOOL
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES
EDUCATIONAL
CHILD CARE

11. `
CUSTODIAL INSTITUTION
HOMES FOR AGED
HOMES FOR INFIRMS
INSTITUTIONAL
HOMES FOR ORPHANS

12. `
BANK
SHOPS/DEPARTMENTALS
LABORATORIES
INDUSTRIAL
MERCANTILE BUSINESS

13. `
MUSEUM
RELIGIOUS
RESTAURANTS
HOSPITALS
THEATRES
STADIUMS

14. `
FURNITURE
ARRANGEMENT
•Placement of furniture at key
locations to direct traffic flow or
restrict or redirect traffic.
•Mechanical or architectural
functions considerations.
•Air circulation vents, doors,
windows, electrical outlets, phone
jacks, television cables or antenna
lines, fireplaces, and stairs to be
given due consideration.
•Furniture to emphasize a focal
point.
•Creating a feeling of balance in a
room.
Opposite walls should lend visual
weight.
Groupings should be balanced.
Do not overcrowd the room with
furniture.
CABIN FURNITURE MAIN DESK
FILING CABINET
GUEST SEATING
WOOD FINISHES
WORKSTATION
CLUSTER DESK CHAIRS
INDIVIDUAL WORK
DRAWING CABINETS
RECEPTION AREA
RECEPTIONIST DESK
GUEST WAITING SOFA
ASSEMBLY AREA
CONFERENCE TABLE
BOARD ROOM
HIERARCHY OF CHAIRS
EXAMPLES-OFFICE FURNITURE

15. `
WORKSTATION
•Three-sided partition.
•For individual work.
• Highly customizable.
•Used to reduce noise
•provide privacy to
individuals working in a
single room.
TYPICAL LAYOUT OF WORK STATION
TYPES OF WORKSTATIONS
C-SHAPED U-SHAPED L-SHAPED
E-SHAPED

16. `
• Consists of a long central
table and chair around it.
• Features to be improvised
in the boardroom furniture
are :
 Right shapes and
material.
 Supple leather.
 Ergonomic comfort
 Superior cushioning
 Adjustability
 Swivel options.
BOARD ROOM
WAITING AREA
OTHER SPACES

17. `
COLORS & IMPACT
COLOR
Color is the easiest and most effective way of instantly creating a mood of the
interiors.
PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF COLORS
• While perceptions of color are somewhat subjective, there are some
color effects that have universal meaning.
• Colors in the red area of the color spectrum are known as warm colors
and include red, orange and yellow. These warm colors EVOKE
EMOTIONS ranging from feelings of warmth and comfort to feelings of
anger and hostility.
• Colors on the blue side of the spectrum are known as cool colors and
include blue, purple and green. These colors are often described as
calm, but can also CALL TO MIND feelings of sadness or indifference.

18. LE CORBUSIER
Le Corbusier Chaise Longue (20 century)
The padded leather and exposed metal LC4 was designed with a very specific purpose – to
“serve” our limbs by providing the ultimate in comfort and good design
LC6 Dining Table
• Structure of steel and glass.
• Made with a black lacquered steel base
of void-section tubes the base is welded
for a seamless finish
• Smooth, mitered corners.
• Seats 10 people.
• The table top is of darkened glass
• Dining table, as well as conference
room.
• Dimensions: 85 x 225 x 74 cm (WxLxH)
LC4 Sitting machine (1929)
• Termed a "sitting machine“ and one of the signature classics of
modern design.
• emphasis lay in the juxtaposition of new construction techniques,
mechanical versatility and precious that are seamlessly welded
together.
• The comfort of the chair is exceptional.
• Available in black saddle leather.

19. LC1 chair Le Corbusier, 1929
• Made from polished tubular steel.
• It was inspired by the colonial officer’s folding chair.
• With its leather straps for armrests and original calf-
hide seat and back, it became known as the safari
chair.
• The chairs were functional, with necessary rather
than decorative components.
Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret and Charlotte Perriand LC7
Arm chair
• Revolving small armchair
•with polished chrome plated or glossy basalt,
grey, light blue, green, bordeaux and ochre or mat
black enamel steel frame.
• Available in two versions: with 4 or 5 legs.
• Back and seat cushion padded with CFC-free
polyurethane foam and polyester wadding.
• Leather or fabric upholstery.
LE CORBUSIER

20. Le Corbusier Chaise Longue (20 century)
Ultra premium #304 Solid stainless steel welded frames 16mm tempered safety glass
Dimension:
Height: 45cm
Width: 100cm
Depth: 100cm
Barcelona Chair
• Chrome on steel frame.
• Leather cushions filled with PU-foam
• 75 x 75 x 75 (cm)
• The form is thought to be extrapolated from
Roman folding chairs known as
the Curdle chair – upholstered stools used
by Roman aristocracy.
The Brno Chair
•The Brno chair is a stylish, sophisticated and timeless classic which
has been attempted to be imitated but arguably never bettered.
• The Brno Chair is upholstered with full aniline Italian leather and the
seat floats between two arches of tough stainless steel.
MIES VAN DER
ROHE

21. Alvar Aalto Children's Stool - 1932-33
Birch, natural lacquered. 4 legs, Seat options: birch veneer, linoleum, laminate, upholstered.
Stackable.
Stool height:
32, 34 or 38 cm
Upholstery option:
Artek's standard fabric or customer's own fabric, leather
Paimio Chair (1931-32)
Medium:
Bent plywood,
bent laminated birch,
and solid birch
Dimensions:
26 x 23 3/4 x 34 1/2"
(66 x 60.3 x 87.6 cm)
Wright Auction House, Furniture by Alvar Aalto
•The Brno chair is a stylish, sophisticated and timeless classic which
has been attempted to be imitated but arguably never bettered.
• The Brno Chair is upholstered with full aniline Italian leather and the
seat floats between two arches of tough stainless steel.
ALVAR AATLO

22. Dimensions of Miniature
Chair: 9.25"H x 2.75"W x
2.5"D
Material: wood,
upholstery
Vitra miniature chair
ships in a small wooden
Vitra box which is
perfect for storage or
display.
Barrel Chair
• The recliner function has been altered
so that you can adjust the
seating angle without standing.
The recliner comes in FSC-
certified solid oak in walnut stain with
caramel leather.
The Miniature Chair
FRANK LLYOD
WRIGHT
CHARLES RENNIE
MACKINTOSH

23. The concept of modern design as an agent of social
change, elevating it to a national agenda. Their
evolution from furniture designers to cultural
ambassadors demonstrated their boundless talents
and the overlap of their interests with those of their
country
Barrel Chair
•The Nonconformist Chair by Eileen Gray has only one armrest.
•Modernists believed that the shape of furniture should be
determined by its function and by the materials used. They stripped
furniture down to its basic elements, using a minimum of parts and
eschewing ornamentation of any kind.
• Even color is avoided. Made of metal and other other high tech
materials, Modernist furniture is black, white, and gray.
Eames Modern Design
EILEEN GREY
CHARLES EAMES

24. FURNISHINGS
CURTAINS
• Furnishings make our homes
comfortable and attractive
• Transforms bare walls and
furniture into appealing rooms
schemes with style, character
and comfort.
• The tactile qualities of fabrics
softens the hard edges of walls,
floors and wooden furniture-be it by
cozy woolen blanket, crisp linen
chairs covers or by luxurious formal
velvet drapes.
• Furnishing are decorative,
bringing colors, patterns and
textures to the interiors.
• The colors and design of furnishing
can dramatically alter the ambiance
of room.
WALLPAPERS BLINDS
CONSIDERATIONS FOR CHOOSING TYPES OF FURNISHING
•Area of use
•Climate
•Life of furnishing
•Economy
•Color scheme
•Texture
WALL COVERINGS
PAINTS WALLAPAPERS PLASTER WOOD TILES

25. HISTORY
S.NO ARCHITECTURAL STYLE FEATURES
1. Medieval style •Deep, rich color
•Heavy Luxurious Fabrics
•Vibrant & Sumptous Style
•Plain velvets in strong hues
•Complex Pictorial Patterns
•Twinning floral designs to create authentic look.
2. Baroque style •Deep colors & intricate patterns
•Woven design
•Fruits, flowers & botanical themes
•Silk, damask, wool, linen & cotton
•Bold schemes
3. Indian style •Vivid colors
•Superb atmosphere of exoticism
•Liveliness of spice colors
•Glinting metallic threads
•Unrestrained note of decorative excess.
4. Oriental style •Wonderful understated look
•Black, white, indigo & unbleached neutrals
•Sheer muslin foe more substantial cotton
•Restrained patterns.

26. `
EXAMPLES
• Interior designed by British
artist William Morris .
• The arts and crafts movement
style.
• Started by morris in reaction to
the decorative excess of the
victorian style and to the
lifelessness of mass production.
• The furniture, textiles, and
wallpaper are all handmade.
• The cabinets on the right and
left feature pre-raphaelite
paintings.
•This is an art deco inspired interior
design.
• Using geometric patterns.
•Use of colors popular in art deco
style.
•Reception room at
Versailles, France.
•Designed in Baroque
style.
•Ornamentation above
the mirror.
•Classical motifs in the
rug and candleholders.
•Intricate carved friezes
along the top of the walls.
•Designed by Hungarian-
American designer and
architect Marcel Breuer.
•Revolutionized
contemporary chair design
by creating the first chairs
suitable for mass
production.
•The wassily armchair,
made of chrome-plated
steel tubing and canvas.

27. `
CONSIDERATIONS
AREA OF USE
CLIMATE
TIME FACTOR/LIFE OF
FURNISHING
ECONOMY
COLOR SCHEME
TEXTURE
NEEDS FOR FURNISHING
PRACTICAL
 Furnishings make our homes comfortable and attractive
 TransformS bare walls and furniture into appealing rooms schemes with style,
character and comfort.
AESTHETICS
• Furnishing are decorative, bringing colors, patterns and textures to the interiors.
 The colors and design of furnishing can dramatically alter the ambience of room.
STATEMENT OF PERSONALITY
•Whether it is single accessory such as a cushion or a major item such as a pair of curtains;
the choice of furnishings reflect the type of person one is and the style of surrounding
one likes to live in.

28. TYPE USAGE MATERIALS CONSIDERATIONS COST
CUSHIONS • Accessories in the decor
theme.
• Add the finishing touch to a
room.
• Add warmth and comfort to
a sofa or a arm chair and
soften the hard edges of
furniture .
Is made in fabric. Needs to be washed or dry
cleaned timely.
Should be kept away from sharp
things.
Varies as per quality
and material.
CURTAINS “Lived in "look
Treating windows
Should reflect the style of
furnishings
Is made in fabric Consider the proportion of a
window and its shape in relation
to a room.
Varies as per quality
and material.
CARPETS • Soft, quiet, warm underfoot
• Easiest and most cost-effective
floor covering to replace and
upgrade.
• Brings in colour and texture
• Stain-resistant fibres available
• Also used to create artificial floor.
Made in fabric,
plastics
• Clean spills immediately.
Place walk-off mats at entries
to catch dirt.
• Needs to be vacuumed.
Varies up to 50 per
square foot,
installed.
MARKET SURVEY: KIRTI NAGAR MARKET
FURNISHINGS

29. TYPE USAGE MATERIAL CONSIDERATION COMPANY
UPHOLESTRY •Create softness in seating and
reclining furniture.
• If done on walls it is called quilting.
• Upholstery can range from a thin
pad to a complex construction that.
provides excellent comforts
fabric, leather, plastic,
fur
If leather is used water must be
kept away from it.
Pearson, D’decor,
Sherrill
VERTICAL
BLINDS
The Kent window
blinds, Kingdom
blinds
MARKET SURVEY: KIRTI NAGAR MARKET
It also includes bed sheets,
mattresses, draperies.
FURNISHINGS

30. `
TYPES OF CURTAINS :-
BASIC
TAB TOP
TIE TOP
CAFE
MITRED CORNER
LINE FLAT
CURTAINS
BASIC MITRED CORNER
TAB TOP
LINE FLAT
TIE TOP CAFE

31. `
Available as
• Broadloom carpets – 12 feet in
width, but can be ordered up to 15
feet in width.
• Carpet runners – 2 feet to 9 feet in
width.
• Carpet squares or tiles – 18 square
inches.
Problems
• Pile distortion: occurs when the carpet receives heavy foot or equipment
traffic. Improper cleaning methods can also cause pile distortion
• Shading: backing of the carpet becomes wet and the face yarns draw or
wick the moisture and color of the backing to the surface of the carpet.
• Fading
• Mildew: moisture allows molds in the carpet to grow. Mildew can cause
staining, odor, and rotting.
• Shedding / pilling
Application
•In residences, offices, and
retail stores.
•offer foot comfort and, being
available in many colors,
patterns, and textures,
•attractive appearance
CARPET

32. `
• Blinds can be used for shear or
block outs.
• Block outs ensure 0 % light
transmission and efficiently
filters uv rays and allows light
to pass through.
VENETIAN
BLINDS
STRING
OPERATION
MOTORIZED
SYSTEM
TOUCH
PANEL
VENETIAN BLINDS
STRING OPERATED MOTORIZED SYSTEM TOUCH PANEL

33. WALL COVERINGS
•Walls are seen in relation to all
the other areas and surfaces of
the room, although the line of
most walls is broken by doors or
windows.
•There is a wide variety of
materials available – wallpaper,
paint, fabric , tiles and wood
finishes.
•Wallcoverings offer improved
durability over typical paint
finishes while providing texture
and pattern to the wall surface.
•The most widely used
wallcoverings for commercial use
are vinyls.
PAINTS
PAINTS
Paint is a general term for a product that
protects and adds colour to an object or
surface by covering it with a pigmented
coating.
TYPES
Oil Based Water Based
GLOSS SEMI-GLOSS SATIN MATTE
○ Durable and washable
○ Chosen for walls and ceilings in
bathrooms and kitchens
○ Easily applied
○ Often used for living, dining and
bedrooms
FINISHES

34. `
HOW TO CHOOSE WHICH STYLE OF WALLCOVERING WOULD BE APT FOR A VOLUME ?
One-wall wonders. Wallpaper hung on one wall in a room can make a
room look larger. It can become an accent to enhance the design of the
room.
Wall coverings are better insulators than paints and help keep down noise.
Wallpaper can introduce pattern, which can be used to
create a mood or period style or to give a feeling of
intimacy.
Its textured fabric finish absorbs sound instead of
rebounding it.

35. WALLPAPERS
• These new papers are
designed to be "hassle-free."
• The papers, also known as
"non-woven" papers.
• Adhere well to walls.
• Can be repositioned easily.
• Do not expand or contract.
• More easily replaced than
traditional wall coverings.
TYPES
•LINING PAPER: gives a smooth base before the main paper is hung or the walls are
painted.
•STANDARD WALLPAPER: is available in a huge range of colours and patterns.
•HAND-PRINTED WALLPAPER: is very expensive, can give an authentic period feel.
•VINYL WALLPAPER: is intended for areas where there is moisture or condensation.
•EMBOSSED PAPER: gives a three-dimensional effect and can disguise or camouflage an
uneven surface:it then needs to be painted.

36. PLASTER
CONTEMPORARY FURNITURE
•An old technique in which plaster is
applied over the wallboard or concrete
block using a lath.
•Textures range from smooth to stucco.
•This technique is almost a lost trade
and is not used in new homes.
• It often chips and cracks as a house
settles over the years.
GYPSUM WALLBOARD
•commonly used material to cover walls in
interior projects.
•versatile, dependable material that is quick
to install and easy to repair.
• Made from a natural crystallized mineral.
• naturally fire resistant
•act as a sound barrier.
• 4’ wide sheets x 8’, 9’, or 10’ high is
attached directly to the stud walls.
•Texture may be applied or various other
finish techniques.

37. WOOD
CONTEMPORARY FURNITURE
•Wood comes in the form of paneling,
plank (such as flooring), and veneer, etc.
• It provides warmth and is a good
insulator but it tends to fade and is
flammable.
TILES
•Can be installed one tile at a time or
in sheets held together with a mesh
like backing.
• Tile provides easy maintenance.
•They are water impervious (required
in public restrooms), but can create
noisy interiors.
•They also can crack and chip.
•Companies: Kajaria, Somany, Orient,
Century, Calicut tile company

38. `
TYPE USAGE FEEL COST
LINING PAPER NEEDS A SMOOTH
BASE
STANDARD
WALLPAPER
IS AVAILABLE IN A
HUGE RANGE OF
COLOURS AND
PATTERNS.
2475-6000 Rs/roll
57 Sqft
HAND-PRINTED
WALLPAPER
DEPENDS ON
USER’S MOOD
AN AUTHENTIC
PERIOD FEEL.
IS VERY
EXPENSIVE
VINYL WALLPAPER FOR AREAS
WHERE THERE IS
MOISTURE OR
CONDENSATION.
EMBOSSED
PAPER
USED TO
DISGUISE
UNEVEN
SURFACES
GIVES A THREE-
DIMENSIONAL
EFFECT
20625 Rs/ roll
7 5 Sqft
EMBOSSED PAPER
HAND PRINTED PAPER
STANDARD WALLPAPER
WALL PAPERS
TYPES OF WALLPAPERS

39. `
• Fabrics are used in rooms to give warmth, to absorb noise, to filter
light and to soften the architecture.
• Fabrics can be stretched over the wall, fixed to battens, glued to the
wall, or suspend from a special kind of track.
Windows has been
dressed with a version of
classic swags. The fabric
has been draped over a
wooden pole.
The bay window has been given
a fresh contemporary
treatment- the curtains has
been slotted through a thin rod
. the incoming light is softly
filtered by the sheers behind
FABRICS