6. Proliferation of a B – cell clone that synthesizes
and secretes a single homogeneous
immunoglobulin or its fragments.
Accounts for 15 % of deaths from white cell
neoplasms
Free light chains
(Bence Jones Proteins)
Free heavy chains
PLASMA CELL DISORDERS
7. Monoclonal immunoglogulin – M component
Freely excreted in the urine in the absence of
glomerular damage.
Disorders associated with abnormal
immunoglobulins – Gammopathy/
Monoclonal gammopathy/
Dysproteinemia/
Paraproteinemia.
8. Clinicopathologic entities associated
with monoclonal gammopathies
1. Multiple myeloma( Plasma cell myeloma)
2. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
3. Heavy – chain disease.
4. Primary or immunocyte associated
Amyloidosis
5. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined
significance (MGUS)
9. MULTIPLE MYELOMA
Plasma cell neoplasm characterized by
involvement of skeleton at multiple sites.
Multifocal , monoclonal proliferation of
plasma cells
1% of all cancer deaths.
more frequent in elderly
modest male predominance
Osseous and extraosseus manifestations
10. Proliferation of a plasma cell clone that
synthesizes and secretes a single homogeneous
immunoglobulin or its fragments.
Free light chains
(Bence Jones Proteins)
Free heavy chains
11. MORPHOLOGY
Presents most commonly as multifocal
destructive bone tumors.
Bones in axial skeleton affected most.
Most common in vertebral column.
18. ↑↑ no of Plasma cells, usually more than 30% of marrow cellularity
19. BONE MARROW
At low power, the abnormal plasma cells of
multiple myeloma fill the marrow.
20. BONE MARROW
At medium power, the plasma cells of multiple myeloma
here are very similar to normal plasma cells, but they
may also be poorly differentiated.
27. CLINICAL FEATURES
Manifestations are due to
1. Infiltration of organs by neoplastic plasma cells
2. Production of excessive immunoglobulins with
abnormal physiochemical properties.
3. Suppression of normal Humoral immunity
28. CLINICAL FEATURES
Bone pain,
pathological fractures,
hypercalcemia
Recurrent Bacterial infections
Renal failure
Anemia
Hyperviscosity syndrome
Extensive skeletal destruction by
neoplastic plasma cells
Depressed normal immunoglobulin
production due to displacement by
neoplastic clone.
Tubular damage due to light chain
proteinuria.
Marrow replacement & renal
damage with resultant loss of
erythropoietin.
Excessive production and
aggregation of M proteins
33. Most common serum monoclonal
immunoglobulin ( M protein) – IgG (55%)
IgA (25%)
IgM, IgD, or IgE - Rare
Both Bence Jones Proteins
& serum M protein : 60 – 70%
Only Bence Jones proteins : 20%
Nonsecretory : 1%
34. DIAGNOSIS & PROGNOSIS
Radiographic & laboratory findings
Definitive diagnosis – Bone marrow study
PROGNOSIS - Variable , but generally poor
35. "The gem cannot be polished without
friction, nor man perfected without
trials or problems or exams…!."
--Chinese proverb
36. 1944
Two patients with oronasal bleeding,
lymphadenopathy, anemia and
thrombocytopenia, an elevated ESR, a high
serum viscosity level, normal bone
radiographs and a bone marrow
demonstrating predominately lymphoid cells.
38. 2003
2nd International Workshop on WM, which was
held in Athens, Greece
clinicopathological entity that was represented
by the underlying pathological diagnosis of
lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, as defined by
the WHO and REAL classification systems
which secretes IgM
39. LYMPHOPLASMACYTIC
LYMPHOMA
(SLL/CLL with plasmacytic differentiation., Immunocytoma)
B - cell neoplasm of older adults.
6th or 7th decades of life
Resemble CLL/SLL .. But.. Good no of
tumor cells undergo terminal differentiation
into plasma cells.
Secrete monoclonal IgM
Hyperviscosity syndrome(W M)
Heavy & light chain
synthesis is usually
balanced
40. MORPHOLOGY
Bone marrow :heavy infiltrates of lymphocytes,
plasma cells and plasmacytoid lymphocytes.
Russel bodies and Dutcher bodies may be
present.
Often involves lymph nodes, liver & spleen.
Infiltration of nerve roots, meninges & brain
may be seen.
41.
42. IMMUNOPHENOTYPE & MOLECULAR GENETICS
B – cell marker – CD20
Plasma cell - expresses monoclonal
immunoglobulin.
MC cytogenetic abnormality – del 6q
44. Rests on Laboratory data & bone marrow study.
↑↑ Serum proteins
↑↑ Serum monoclonal M component( due to IgM)
↑↑ ESR
Normocytic hypochromic anemia
Characteristic marrow infiltration
DIAGNOSIS