The document discusses the development of artificial vision technology known as the Argus II retinal prosthesis system. It describes the components of the system, which includes a small implanted electronic device, an external video camera and processing unit. The camera captures images and sends signals to the implant, which stimulates neurons in the retina to allow individuals to perceive patterns of light and basic shapes. While providing an ability to perform some visual tasks, the technology remains limited and very expensive. Future developments aim to reduce costs and further miniaturize the devices using advanced technologies.

2. ARTIFICIAL EYE

3.  Introduction
 Components required
 Working of artificial vision
 Another approach to this
 Advantages and disadvantages
 Future scope
 Conclusion

5. INTRODUCTION
• There are 10 billion people in the US who are blind
or facing blindness due to diseases of the retina…
and there’s little that can be done for them.
• For the vast majority, their best hope is through
prosthetic devices.
• The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has
market approval to an artificial retina technology,
the first bionic eye to be approved for patients in
the U.S.

6. Continued…
• Scientists claim to have developed a new
revolutionary bionic eye that enables blind people to
read letters and simple words.
• In the mid-20th century, researchers began to
explore the idea of creating an artificial eye which
could actually see.

7. ARTIFICIAL EYE?
• An artificial eye is a prosthesis which is used to
replace a missing or damaged eye.
• In order to accomplish the goal of creating a
visual prosthesis, scientists had to develop a
camera which could interact with the brain by
stimulating the optic nerve.

8. What happens when we look at an
object?
 Scattered light from the object enters through
the cornea.
 The light is projected onto the retina.
 The retina sends messages to the brain through
the optic nerve.
 The brain interprets what the object is.

9. HOW BRAIN WORKS AFTER SEEING AN
IMAGE?
• After seeing an image the brain takes
information from the outside world and
encodes it in patterns of electrical activity.
• After the creating pattern the brain get an
visualization of an image. That can we actually
seeing the image from our eyes.

10. Continued….
• In damaged or dysfunctional retina, the
photoreceptors stop working, causing
blindness
• The absence of effective therapeutic remedies
for retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related
macular degeneration (AMD)

11. ARGUS-II DEVICE
 The Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System
(“Argus II”) is the world’s first approved device
intended to restore some functional vision for
people suffering from blindness.
transmits images from a small, eye-glass-
mounted camera wirelessly to a
microelectrode array implanted on a patient’s
damaged retina.

12. Artificial silicon retina
• Tiny device of diameter 2mm
• Thinner than human hair
• ASR implantations are two types
• Epiretinal and subretinal

13. PARTS OF ARGUS II DEVICE
The System has three parts:
• a small electronic device implanted in and around
the eye,
• a tiny video camera attached to a pair of glasses,
• and a video processing unit that is worn or carried by
the patient.

14. Digital Camera
• The camera used for
this is the CMOS
image sensor.
• The camera captures
the image and
converts it into pixels
of black and white.
• This camera is placed
on the goggles.
• The battery required
for this is provided
from the video
processing unit.

15. Video Processing Unit
• Video Processing Unit acts as a
optogenic transducer unit which
simplifies the image as spots of
light and then reduces the image to
the number of photodiodes.
• This is connected to goggles
through router.
• This unit majorly consists of
• Video decoder
• Video scalar
• DSP processor
• Video processor

16. Retinal implant
• Electrode implantation is one
of the most critical jobs in this
artificial vision system
• The first step done in this
electrode implantation is
perforating a platinum foil
with each hole having a
diameter of 3mm
• 68 flat platinum electrodes of
1mm diameter are pierced
through the holes into the
nucleus of neurons of the
occipital lobe

17. Continued…….
• Each electrode is connected by separate Teflon
insulated wire to a connector contained in the
pedestal
• The group of wires pass the electrical impulses
which are generated by the processor
• When the electrode is stimulated by the
processor by sending an electrical impulse, the
electrode produces closely spaced phosphene
(light spots seen by visual field)
• By sending the electrical impulses in different
combinations and permutations the phosphene
can be created in a regular fashion describing
the image

18. Video Camera
Video
processing
unit
Receiver
Retinal ImplantNeuronsBrains

21. Normal vision-
Begins when light
enters and strike
on photoreceptor
cells. These cells
convert light to
electric impulses
that are sent to
brain via optic
nerves.
Artificial vision-
The camera
captures images
and sends to
retina implant. It
stimulates
neurons. The
stimulated
neurons send
information to
brain via optic
nerves.

22. When is it used?
• The Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System is
intended for patients aged 25 years
• and older with bare or no light perception
vision caused by advanced retinitis
pigmentosa.

23. RESULTS OF THIS SYTEM
• identify the location or movement of objects
and people;
• recognize large letters, words, or Sentences.
• and helped in other activities of daily life, such
as detecting street curbs and walking on a
sidewalk without stepping off.

24. Support for Argus ii device…
• Three government organizations provided
support for the development of the Argus II.
The Department of Energy, National Eye
Institute at the National Institutes of Health
and the National Science Foundation
collaborated to provide grant funding totaling
more than $100 million, support for material
design and other basic research for the
project.

25. Another approach to Artificial vision

26. Advantages
• ability to perform visual tasks demonstrated in many
patients
• Upgradable external hardware and software to
benefit from future innovations
• the brain has an amazing ability to adapt to new
input and to improve his or her understanding of
what is being “seen” via an artificial vision system.

27. Disadvantages
• The cost of device is too high( $1500)
• It is difficult to acquire this technology by
common man.

28. •Using ULSI technologies, the
device can be further reduced
in size

29. CONCLUSION