This presentation summarize the analysis that how the differentiate the normal(healthy) and unhealthy(abnormal) bio-medical signal.This presentation includes ecg,emg and eeg analysis. For sound files, follow the link mentioned at the reference slide and you can download them easily.

1. Bio-Medical Signal Analysis
(Both normal and Abnormal)
1

2. Outline:
 Origin, Characteristics and analysis of heart sound & their ECG
Waves (Both normal and abnormal)
 Analysis of EEG (Both normal and abnormal)
 Analysis of EMG (Both normal and abnormal)
2

3. Origin, Characteristics and Analysis of Heart Sound
& their ECG Waveforms
(Both Normal and Abnormal)
3

4. Heart Sound
Auscultation:
 The Technique of listening to the sound produced by the
organs and vessels of the body is called “Auscultation”.
 In this technique, physician learn to recognize sounds or
change in sounds that he can associate with various type of
disorders.
 This technique is used to obtain information by listening
the sound of hearts, lungs etc.
4

5. Cause of Sound:
The principle cause of sound in the heart seems to be the
vibration set up in the blood inside the heart due to sudden
closure the valves.(Remember, opening a valve does not cause
sound)
Instrument used:
The heart sound can be heard by physician through his
stethoscope actually occur at the time of closure of major valves
in the heart.
5

6. Characteristics of Heart Sound:
There are four heart sounds SI, S2, S3 & S4.
 Two heart sound are audible with stethoscope S1 & S2 (Lub - Dub).
 S3 & S4 are not audible with stethoscope Under normal conditions
because they are low frequency sounds.
 Ventricular Systole is between First and second Heart sound.
 Ventricular diastole is between Second and First heart sounds.
6

7. Analysis of Heart Sound
First heart sound (S1)
• It is produced due to the closure of Atrioventricular valves
(Mitral & Tricuspid)
• It occurs at the beginning of the systole and sounds like LUB
• Frequency:50-60 Hz
• Time: 0.15 sec
7

8. Second heart sound (S2)
• It is produced due to the closure of Semilunar valves (Aortic &
Pulmonary)
• It occurs at the end of the systole and sounds like DUB
• Frequency:80-90 Hz [ High pitch ]
• Time: 0.12 sec
• It is short and sharp
8

9. Third heart sound (S3)
• It occurs at the beginning of one third part of next Diastole.
• Cause of third heart sound – Rush of blood from Atria to
Ventricle during rapid filling phase of Cardiac Cycle. It causes
vibration in the blood
• Frequency:20-30 Hz
• Time: 0.1 sec
9

10. Fourth heart sound (S4) or Atrial Sound
• It occurs at the last one third of Diastole (just before S1)
• Cause of Fourth heart sound – Due to Atrial contraction which causes
rapid flow of blood from Atria to noncompliant Ventricle and
vibration in the blood.
• Frequency: < 20 Hz
Note:
• Third and Fourth heart sound are low pitched sounds therefore not
audible normally with stethoscope
• S3 may be heard in children and young adults but usually pathological
in old age 10

11. 11

12. Heart Murmurs
• Murmurs are abnormal sounds produced due to abnormal
flow of blood [turbulent blood flow] through abnormal heart
valves e.g.. Stenosis or incompetence.
• Stenosis means narrow or stiff, valve that does not open
completely.
• Incompetent means valve which does not close properly and
remains open.
12

13. Comparison of Laminar and Turbulent Flow
13

14. Demonstrations: Heart Sounds & Murmurs
 Normal Heart Sound : `
Murmurs and their Audio Examples
 Aortic Stenosis (Early) :
 Aortic Stenosis (Late) :
 Mitral Regurgitation :
 Pulmonic Stenosis :
 Aortic Insufficiency :
 Mitral Stenosis :
 Benign Murmur :
 Atrial Septal Defect :
Ventriculat Septal Defect :
 Patent Ductus Arterious :
14

15. Extra Heart Sounds:
 Split S2 :
 S3 :
 S4 :
Rubs
Pericardial Rub (2 Component) :
 Preicardial Rub (3 Component) :
15

16. Waveforms
Normal Heart
ECG
Aortic Stenosis
16

17. Hypertrophies
Mitral Regurgitation
17

18. Mitral Stenosis
Ventricular
Tachycardia
18

19. Analysis of EEG (Both normal and abnormal)
19

20. 20

21. severe epileptic seizure
epilepsy
21

22. Alpha Coma
22

23. Abnormal Slow Waves
23

24. RMTD 24

25. Analysis of EMG (Both normal and abnormal)
25

26. 26

27. 27
(D) Myotonic discharges in a patient with
dystrophia myotonica. There is a
characteristic waxing and waning in
frequency
(C)Fasciculations in the tongue in a
patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
The single discharges are irregular and
occur on a background of ongoing EMG
activity caused by poor relaxation
(B)Single, doublet, triplet, and multiplet
motor unit neuromyotonic discharges.
Bursts of discharge are irregular in
frequency and the intra-burst frequency of
discharge is up to 200 Hz.
(A)Fibrillations (*) and positive sharp
waves (**) in an acutely denervated hand
muscle
Abnormal Spontaneous Activity.

28. Figure 4.11: Motor unit potentials from
normal dorsal interosseus muscle during
progressively more powerful contractions. In
the interference pattern(c), individual units
can no longer be clearly distinguished.(d)
Interference pattern during very strong
muscular contraction. Time scale is 10 ms per
dot. (From J. A. R. Lenman and A. E. Ritchie.
Clinical Electromyography. 2nd ed. .
Philadelphia: Lippincott. 1977 : reproduced by
permission of the authors.)
28

29. Conclusion
 As we have seen in the previous slides, Bio-medical signal analysis and Bio-
medical Image Processing are useful in detecting the various abnormalities
in human body.
 Sound Analysis is also helpful in detecting the type of abnormality in
organs like in heart sound Analysis(14,15) or Auscultation.
 On the basis of ECG also we can also analysis the type of abnormality like
blockage of valves or increase in size of tissues or organ or abnormal
variation in Blood Pressure/ Volume etc.(16,17,18)
 With the help of EEG and EMG analysis, we are able to identify which part
of Brain/muscle is not working properly .
29

30. 30
Further.....
Electroneurogram (ENG):
The ENG is the electrical signal observed as a stimulus and the
associated nerve action potential propagate over the length of a nerve.
Electrogastrogram (EGG):
The electrical activity of the stomach consists of the rhythmic waves of
depolarization and repolarization of its constituent smooth muscle
cells.
Phonocardiogram (PCG):
PCG is a vibration or sound signal related to the contractile activity of
the cardiohemic system(the heart and blood together) and represent
the recording of the heart sound signal.

31. 31
Carotid Pulse Signal (CPS):
It is a recording of the pressure signal recorded over the carotid artery as it
passes near the surface of the body at the neck.
Vibromyogram (VMG):
The VMG is the direct mechanical manifestation of the contraction of a skeletal
muscle. It records the muscle sound / vibration during movement with the help of
micrometers / accelerometers.
Electrooculogram:
This is used to record the retina movement.

32. Reference
32
 “Biomedical Signal Analysis” by Rangaraj M. Rangayyan
 EOG by Hema L. Ramkumar or follow the link:
http://eyewiki.aao.org/Electrooculogram
 Various case Studies of ECG, EMG , EEG are taken from the following links:
 AnaesthesiaUK : http://www.frca.co.uk/
 American Heart Association or go to the link : http://circ.ahajournals.org/
 Computational Research Laboratory or go to the link:
http://cialab.ee.washington.edu/research/seizure
 Neuro Development Centre .Go to the link:
http://www.ns2.salamander-group.com/uploads/pics/eeg_traces.
 Heart Sound are taken from the database of University of Washington or click on
the following link: http://depts.washington.edu/physdx/heart/demo.html
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopathy
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathy_(disambiguation)

33. 33
THANK YOU