JUSTICE ANTHONY KENNEDY (Wikipedia Info)

Anthony Kennedy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Anthony McLeod Kennedy (born July 23, 1936) is an
Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, having Anthony Kennedy
been appointed by President Ronald Reagan in 1988. Since
the retirement of Sandra Day O'Connor, Kennedy has often
been the swing vote on many of the Court's politically charged
5–4 decisions. Conservatives have felt betrayed by some of
his decisions, but other observers say he reaches conservative
results more often than not.[2][3][4]

1 Personal history
2 Appointment
3 Supreme Court tenure
3.1 Jurisprudence
3.1.1 Abortion Associate Justice of the United States Supreme
3.1.2 Gay rights and Court
homosexuality Incumbent
3.1.3 Capital punishment
3.1.4 Gun control Assumed office
3.1.5 The environment February 18, 1988
3.1.6 Habeas corpus Nominated by Ronald Reagan
3.1.7 Other issues
Preceded by Lewis Powell
4 Analysis of Supreme Court tenure
5 Conservative criticism Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for
6 Outside activities the Ninth Circuit
7 See also In office
8 References
May 30, 1975 – February 18, 1988
9 Further reading
10 External links Nominated by Gerald Ford
Preceded by Charles Merrill
Succeeded by Pamela Rymer
Personal details
Born July 23, 1936
Kennedy was born and raised in Sacramento, California, the Sacramento, California, U.S.
son of Anthony J. Kennedy, an attorney with a reputation for
influence in the California legislature, and Gladys McLeod, Spouse(s) Mary Davis

who participated in many local civic activities.[5] As a boy, Alma mater Stanford University
Kennedy came into contact with prominent politicians of the London School of Economics
day, such as California Governor and later U.S. Chief Justice Harvard Law School
Earl Warren. He served as a page in the California State Religion Roman Catholicism[1]
Senate as a young man.[6] He is not a member of the Kennedy
political family.

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Kennedy graduated from C. K. McClatchy High School in 1954. He was an undergraduate student at Stanford
University from 1954–58, graduating with a B.A. in Political Science, after spending his senior year at the
London School of Economics.[7] He earned an LL.B from Harvard Law School, graduating cum laude in 1961.

Kennedy was in private practice in San Francisco, from 1961 to 1963, then took over his father's practice in
Sacramento from 1963 to 1975 following his father's death.[6] From 1965 to 1988, he was a Professor of
Constitutional Law at the McGeorge School of Law, University of the Pacific[7] and currently continues
teaching law students (including legal seminars during McGeorge's European summer sessions in Salzburg,
Austria). He remains Pacific McGeorge's longest-serving active faculty member.

During Kennedy's time as a California law professor and attorney, he assisted then-California Governor Ronald
Reagan with drafting a state tax proposal.[6]

Kennedy has served in numerous positions during his career, including the California Army National Guard in
1961 and the board of the Federal Judicial Center from 1987–1988. He also served on two committees of the
Judicial Conference of the United States: the Advisory Panel on Financial Disclosure Reports and Judicial
Activities (subsequently renamed the Advisory Committee on Codes of Conduct) from 1979–1987, and the
Committee on Pacific Territories from 1979–1990, which he chaired from 1982–1990.

On March 3, 1975, upon Reagan's recommendation,[6] President Gerald Ford nominated Kennedy to a seat on
the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit vacated by Charles Merton Merrill. Kennedy was
unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate on March 20, 1975, and received his commission on March
24, 1975.

On November 30, 1987, Kennedy was nominated to the Supreme Court seat vacated by Lewis F. Powell, Jr.,
after Reagan's failed attempts at placing Robert Bork (formally rejected by the Senate) and Douglas Ginsburg
(withdrew from consideration).[8][9] Following Ginsburg's withdrawal for admitted marijuana use, Kennedy was
subjected to a then unprecedentedly thorough investigation of his background, which he easily passed.

In a lower court dissent that Kennedy had written before coming to the Supreme Court, he criticized the police
for bribing a child into showing them where the child's mother hid drugs, believing such conduct was offensive
and destroyed the family; Kennedy wrote that "indifference to personal liberty is but the precursor of the state's
hostility to it."[10] However, Kennedy had written an article the year before about judicial restraint, and this
excerpt was read aloud at his confirmation hearing:

One can conclude that certain essential, or fundamental, rights should exist in any just society. It
does not follow that each of those essential rights is one that we as judges can enforce under the
written Constitution. The Due Process Clause is not a guarantee of every right that should inhere in
an ideal system. Many argue that a just society grants a right to engage in homosexual conduct. If
that view is accepted, the Bowers decision in effect says the State of Georgia has the right to make a
wrong decision—wrong in the sense that it violates some people's views of rights in a just society.
We can extend that slightly to say that Georgia's right to be wrong in matters not specifically
controlled by the Constitution is a necessary component of its own political processes. Its citizens
have the political liberty to direct the governmental process to make decisions that might be wrong
in the ideal sense, subject to correction in the ordinary political process.[11]

Kennedy said about Griswold v. Connecticut (a privacy case regarding contraceptives): "I really think I would

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like to draw the line and not talk about the Griswold case so far as its reasoning or its result."[12] He also
discussed "a zone of liberty, a zone of protection, a line that's drawn where the individual can tell the
Government, 'Beyond this line you may not go.'"[13][14] Ultimately, Kennedy gained more bipartisan support
than Bork and Ginsburg. The United States Senate confirmed him on February 3, 1988, by a vote of 97 to 0.[14]
Kennedy received his commission on February 11, 1988.

Jurisprudence

Appointed by a Republican president, Kennedy’s tenure on the Court has seen him take a somewhat mixed
ideological path; he looks at cases individually rather than adhering to any rigid ideology.[6] As Kennedy told a
reunion of his law clerks, "We always tried to get it right." Georgetown University Law Center professor Randy
Barnett has described Kennedy's jurisprudence as "libertarian,"[15] although other legal scholars have
disagreed.[16]

Kennedy and Sandra Day O'Connor have been swing votes in many 5-4 and 6-3 decisions during the Rehnquist
and Roberts Courts. On issues of religion, he holds to a less separationist reading of the Establishment Clause
than did O'Connor, favoring a "Coercion Test" that he detailed in County of Allegheny v. ACLU.[citation needed]

Kennedy has supported adding substance to the "liberty" interest protected by the Due Process Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment, which means he supports a constitutional right to abortion in principle, though he has
voted to uphold several restrictions on that right, including laws to prohibit partial-birth abortions. He is "tough
on crime" and opposes creating constitutional restrictions on the police, especially in Fourth Amendment cases
involving searches for illegal drugs, although there are some exceptions, such as his concurrence in Ferguson v.
City of Charleston. He also takes a very broad view of constitutional protection for speech under the First
Amendment,[citation needed] invalidating a congressional law prohibiting "virtual" child pornography in the 2002
decision, Ashcroft v. ACLU.[17]

Abortion

In Hodgson v. Minnesota (1990), Kennedy upheld a restriction on abortion for minors requiring both parents to
be notified about the procedure.

In 1992, he joined O'Connor's plurality opinion in Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), which reaffirmed in
principle (though without many details) the Roe v. Wade decision recognizing the right to abortion under the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The plurality opinion, signed jointly by three justices appointed
by Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, ignited a firestorm of criticism from conservatives. Kennedy had
stated at least as early as 1989 that to uphold precedent he might not overrule Roe.[18] At the same time,
Kennedy reportedly had considered overturning Roe, according to court insiders, but in the end decided to
uphold restrictions without overturning precedent.[19]

In later abortion decisions, it became apparent that Kennedy thought Casey had narrowed Roe and allowed more
restrictions. Because of a changed composition on the Court under President Clinton, Kennedy was no longer
the fifth vote to strike down abortion restrictions. Thus, O'Connor became the justice who defined the meaning
of Casey in subsequent cases while Kennedy was relegated to dissents in trying to explain what he thought
Casey meant. For example, Kennedy dissented in the 2000 decision of Stenberg v. Carhart, which struck down
laws criminalizing partial-birth abortion.[20]

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After the judicial appointments of President George W. Bush, Kennedy again became the needed fifth vote to
strike down abortion restrictions. Since Kennedy's conception of abortion rights is more narrow than O'Connor's,
this has led to a slightly more lenient review of abortion restrictions since 2006. Kennedy wrote the majority
opinion in 2007's Gonzales v. Carhart, which held that a federal law criminalizing partial-birth abortion did not
violate Casey because it did not impose an "undue burden." The decision did not expressly overrule Stenberg,
although many commentators saw it having that effect.[21][22]

Gay rights and homosexuality

Kennedy's concept of "liberty" has included some protections for sexual orientation. He wrote the Court's
opinion in the 1996 case, Romer v. Evans, invalidating a provision in the Colorado Constitution denying
homosexuals the right to bring local discrimination claims. In 2003, he authored the Court's opinion in Lawrence
v. Texas, which invalidated criminal prohibitions against homosexual sodomy under the Due Process Clause of
the United States Constitution, overturning the Court's previous ruling in 1986's Bowers v. Hardwick. In both
cases, he sided with the more liberal members of the Court. Lawrence also controversially referred to foreign
laws, specifically ones enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and the European Court of Human
Rights, in partly justifying its result.[23]

Kennedy voted, with four other Justices, to uphold the Boy Scouts of America's organizational right to ban
homosexuals from being scoutmasters in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale in 2000.

On October 19, 2009, Kennedy temporarily blocked Washington state officials from releasing the names of
people who signed petitions for a referendum ballot measure that would repeal a gay rights domestic partnership
law but joined the subsequent majority decision in Doe v. Reed that the Washington law permitting signature
release was constitutional, but remanding the matter to the lower court to determine whether the release of this
particular petition's signatures was constitutional.

In the 2010 case Christian Legal Society v. Martinez, the Court held that a public law college's policy requiring
that all student organizations allow any student to join was constitutional. The Christian Legal Society wanted an
exemption from the policy because the organization barred students based on religion and sexual orientation.
Hastings College of Law refused to grant the exemption. The Court found that Hastings' policy was reasonable
and viewpoint neutral. Kennedy wrote a concurrence joining the majority.

Capital punishment

Kennedy has shown an open mind with regard to capital punishment, upholding it in specific cases, voting to
restrict the right of unlimited habeas review by federal courts, while voting to restrict the use of the death
penalty with regard to minors and the mentally ill. With the Court's majority in Atkins v. Virginia and Roper v.
Simmons, he voted to hold unconstitutional the execution of the mentally ill and those under 18 at the time of the
crime. However, in Kansas v. Marsh, he declined to join the dissent, which questioned the overall "soundness"
of the existing capital punishment system.

On June 25, 2008, Kennedy authored the 5-4 majority opinion in Kennedy v. Louisiana. The opinion, which was
joined by the court's four more liberal judges, held that "[t]he Eighth Amendment bars Louisiana from imposing
the death penalty for the rape of a child where the crime did not result, and was not intended to result, in the
victim's death." The opinion went on to state, "The court concludes that there is a distinction between intentional
first-degree murder, on the one hand, and non-homicide crimes against individuals, even including child rape, on
the other. The latter crimes may be devastating in their harm, as here, but in terms of moral depravity and of the
injury to the person and to the public, they cannot compare to murder in their severity and irrevocability." The
opinion concluded that in cases of crimes against individuals, "the death penalty should not be expanded to

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instances where the victim's life was not taken."[24]

Gun control

On June 26, 2008, Kennedy joined the majority in District of Columbia v. Heller, which struck down the ban on
handguns in the District of Columbia. At issue was whether Washington, D.C.'s ban violated the right to "keep
and bear arms" by preventing individuals—as opposed to state militias—from having guns in their homes.
Kennedy sided with the conservative side of the Court, holding that the Second Amendment conferred an
individual right to keep and bear arms. (The decision came the day after the Court's ruling in Kennedy v.
Louisiana, a capital punishment decision authored by Kennedy, in which he sided with the liberal justices.)
Kennedy similarly voted to extend Heller's holding to the states in McDonald v. Chicago, which was filed on
June 28, 2010.

The environment

Kennedy authored the majority decision in Coeur Alaska v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council (2009),
which involved an Alaskan mining company that planned to extract new gold from a mine that had been closed
for decades using a technique known as “froth-flotation.” This technique would produce approximately
4.5 million tons of “slurry,” thick waste product laced with toxic elements such as lead and mercury. The
company intended to dispose of the waste in a nearby lake, which would eventually decrease the depth of the
lake by fifty feet and flood the surrounding land with contaminated water. While federal law forbids “[t]he use
of any river, lake, stream or ocean as a waste treatment system,” Kennedy’s decision states that pollutants are
exempt from this law so long as they have “the effect of . . . changing the bottom elevation of water.” Justice
Ginsburg's dissent states that such a reading of federal law “strains credulity” because it allows “[w]hole
categories of regulated industries” to “gain immunity from a variety of pollution-control standards.”

Habeas corpus

On June 12, 2008, Kennedy wrote the 5-4 majority opinion in Boumediene v. Bush. The case challenged the
legality of Boumediene’s detention at the Guantanamo Bay military base as well as the constitutionality of the
Military Commissions Act (MCA) of 2006. Kennedy was joined by the four more liberal judges in finding that
the constitutionally guaranteed right of habeas corpus applies to persons held in Guantanamo Bay and to persons
designated as enemy combatants on that territory. They also found that the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005
failed to provide an adequate substitute for habeas corpus and that the MCA was an unconstitutional suspension
of that right.[25][26][27][28]

The Court also concluded that the detainees are not required to exhaust review procedures in the court of
appeals before seeking habeas relief in the district court. In the ruling Kennedy called the Combatant Status
Review Tribunals "inadequate."[25][26][27][28] He explained, “to hold that the political branches may switch the
constitution on or off at will would lead to a regime in which they, not this court, 'say what the law is.'”[29] The
decision struck down section seven (7) of the MCA but left intact the Detainee Treatment Act. In a concurring
opinion, Justice Souter stressed the fact that the prisoners involved have been imprisoned for as many as six
years.[30]

Other issues

On the issue of the limits of free speech, Kennedy joined a majority to protect flag burning in the controversial
case of Texas v. Johnson (1989).[31] In his concurrence, Kennedy wrote, "It is poignant but fundamental that the

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flag protects those who hold it in contempt."

Kennedy has joined with Court majorities in decisions favoring states' rights and invalidating federal and state
affirmative action programs. He ruled with the majority on Equal Protection grounds in the controversial 2000
Bush v. Gore case that halted continuing recounts in the 2000 presidential election and ended the legal challenge
to the election of President George Bush.

In the 2005 Gonzales v. Raich case, he joined the liberal members of the Court (along with conservative Justice
Scalia) in permitting the federal government to prohibit the use of medical marijuana, even in states where it is
legal.[32] Several weeks later, in the controversial case of Kelo v. City of New London (2005), he joined the four
more liberal justices in supporting the local government's power to take private property for economic
development through the use of eminent domain.[33]

In Norfolk & Western Railway Co. v. Ayers (2003), Kennedy authored a partial dissent in which he argued that
railroad workers who had contracted asbestosis from their employment should not be entitled to recovery for the
emotional pain and suffering from their increased risk of cancer.[34]

Kennedy has reliably issued conservative rulings during most of his tenure, having voted with William Rehnquist
as often as any other justice from 1992 to the end of the Rehnquist Court in 2005.[35] In his first term on the
court, Kennedy voted with Rehnquist 92 percent of the time—more than any other justice.[36]

According to legal writer Jeffrey Toobin, starting in 2003, Kennedy also became a leading proponent of the use
of foreign and international law as an aid to interpreting the United States Constitution.[37] Toobin sees this
consideration of foreign law as the biggest factor behind Kennedy's occasional breaking with his most
conservative colleagues.[37] The use of foreign law in Supreme Court opinions dates back to at least 1829,
though according to Toobin, its use in interpreting the Constitution on "basic questions of individual liberties"
began only in the late 1990s.[37] Especially after 2005, when Sandra Day O'Connor, who had previously been
known as the court's "swing vote", retired, Kennedy began to get that title for himself. Kennedy is more
conservative than former Justice O'Connor was on issues of race, religion, and abortion, and intensely dislikes
being labeled a "swing vote".[38]

On the Roberts Court, Kennedy often decides the outcome of a case. In the 2008–2009 term, he was in the
majority 92 percent of the time. In the 23 decisions in which the justices split 5-to-4, Kennedy was in the
majority in all but five. Of those 23 decisions, 16 were strictly along ideological lines, and Kennedy joined the
conservative wing of the court 11 times; the liberals, 5.[39]

According to legal reporter Jan Crawford Greenburg, Kennedy attracts the ire of conservatives when he does not
vote with his more rightist colleagues.[40] According to legal analyst Jeffrey Toobin, conservatives view
Kennedy's pro-gay-rights and pro-choice rulings as betrayals.[37] According to Greenburg, the "bitter" quality of
some movement conservatives' views on Kennedy stems from his eventual rethinking of positions on abortion,
religion, and the death penalty (which Kennedy believes should not be applied to juveniles or the mentally
challenged).[40]

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A short 2008 law review article by retired lawyer Douglas M. Parker in the legal journal The Green Bag[41]
charged that much of the criticism of Kennedy was based upon "pop psychology," rather than careful analysis of
his opinions.

Kennedy has been active off the bench as well, calling for reform of overcrowded American prisons in a speech
before the American Bar Association. He spends his summers in Salzburg, Austria, where he teaches
international and American law at the University of Salzburg for the McGeorge School of Law international
program and often attends the large yearly international judges conference held there. Defending his use of
international law, in 2005 Kennedy told The New Yorker's staff writer Jeffrey Toobin, "Why should world
opinion care that the American Administration wants to bring freedom to oppressed peoples? Is that not because
there’s some underlying common mutual interest, some underlying common shared idea, some underlying
common shared aspiration, underlying unified concept of what human dignity means? I think that’s what we’re
trying to tell the rest of the world, anyway.”[42]

Kennedy is one of thirteen Catholic justices – of whom six sit on the Court as of the 2010–2011 term – out of
111 justices in total in the history of the Supreme Court.[43]

List of Justices of the Supreme Court of United States Supreme Court cases during
the United States the Rehnquist Court
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of United States Supreme Court cases during
the United States the Roberts Court
List of U.S. Supreme Court Justices by
time in office

1. ^ Anthony Kennedy (http://www.nndb.com/people/910/000023841/) from Notable Names Database
2. ^ Jeffrey Toobin, The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court (2010) p 198
3. ^ Steffen W. Schmidt et al. American Government & Politics Today (2008) p 547
4. ^ Jeffrey Rosen, "Courting Controversy" (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1638444,00.html) ,
Time June 28, 2007
5. ^ "Anthony M. Kennedy" (http://www.oyez.org/justices/anthony_kennedy/) . Oyez. http://www.oyez.org/justices
/anthony_kennedy/. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
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October 21, 2008.
7. ^ a b "LII: US Supreme Court: Justice Kennedy" (http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/justices/kennedy.bio.html) .
http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/justices/kennedy.bio.html. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
8. ^ Greenburg, Jan Crawford. Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States
Supreme Court.2007. Penguin Books. Pages 53–60.
9. ^ Greenhouse, Linda. (1987, Nov. 30). Washington Talk: Court Politics; Nursing the Wounds From the Bork Fight
(http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE1D8103FF933A05752C1A961948260&sec=&spon=&
pagewanted=all) . The New York Times.

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Supreme Court.2007. Penguin Books. Page 55.
11. ^ Kennedy, Anthony (July 24 – Aug. 1, 1986). "Unenumerated Rights and the Dictates of Judicial Restraint."
(http://web.archive.org/web/20080627022153/http://www.andrewhyman.com/1986kennedyspeech.pdf) . Address to
the Canadian Institute for Advanced Legal Studies, Stanford University. Palo Alto, California. p. 13. Archived
from the original (http://www.andrewhyman.com/1986kennedyspeech.pdf) on June 27, 2008. http://web.archive.org
/web/20080627022153/http://www.andrewhyman.com/1986kennedyspeech.pdf. (Also quoted at p. 443 of Kennedy's
1987 confirmation transcript (http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/senate/judiciary/sh100-1037/browse.html) ).
12. ^ Kennedy Confirmation Hearing, page 164. (http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/senate/judiciary/sh100-1037
/164-165.pdf) (1987).
13. ^ “The Questions Begin: 'Who Is Anthony Kennedy?'” (http://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/15/us/the-questions-begin-
who-is-anthony-kennedy.html?pagewanted=1) , New York Times (December 15, 1987).
14. ^ a b Greenhouse, Linda. Becoming Justice Blackmun. Times Books. 2005. Page 189.
15. ^ Barnett, Randy (July 10, 2003) Kennedy's Libertarian Revolution (http://article.nationalreview.com/269324
/kennedys-libertarian-revolution/randy-barnett) , National Review, retrieved April 9, 2010
16. ^ Shapiro, Ilya, Book Review: A Faint‐Hearted Libertarian At Best: The Sweet Mystery Of Justice Anthony
Kennedy (http://www.harvard-jlpp.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/shapiro.pdf) , 33 Harvard Journal of Law and
Public Policy 333 (Winter 2010).
17. ^ "FindLaw for Legal Professionals – Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code"
(http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=000&invol=03-218) . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com.
http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=000&invol=03-218. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
19. ^ James Savage, Turning Right: The Making of the Rehnquist Supreme Court 1993. pp 268–269, 288, 466–471
20. ^ Frank J. Colucci, Justice Kennedy's jurisprudence: the full and necessary meaning of liberty (2009) p 58
21. ^ "05-380 – Gonzales v. Carhart ( April 18, 2007)" (http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/06pdf/05-380.pdf)
(PDF). http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/06pdf/05-380.pdf. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
22. ^ Colucci, Justice Kennedy's jurisprudence p 38
23. ^ Colucci, Justice Kennedy's jurisprudence ch 4
24. ^ "Opinion of the court, authored by Kennedy – Part IV-A paragraph 7" (http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct
/html/07-343.ZO.html) . Law.cornell.edu. http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/07-343.ZO.html. Retrieved May 4,
2011.
25. ^ a b Mark Sherman (June 12, 2008). "High Court: Gitmo detainees have rights in court" (http://ap.google.com
/article/ALeqM5iS3b8PdQ_oVlJA2eFtDvhnnTUvFwD918J1QO0) . Associated Press. http://ap.google.com/article
/ALeqM5iS3b8PdQ_oVlJA2eFtDvhnnTUvFwD918J1QO0. Retrieved June 12, 2008. "The court said not only that
the detainees have rights under the Constitution, but that the system the administration has put in place to classify
them as enemy combatants and review those decisions is inadequate." mirror (http://www.webcitation.org
/query?url=http%3A%2F
%2Fap.google.com%2Farticle%2FALeqM5iS3b8PdQ_oVlJA2eFtDvhnnTUvFwD918J1QO0&date=2008-06-12)
26. ^ a b Mark Sherman (June 12, 2008). "Terror suspects can challenge detention: U.S. Supreme Court"
(http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080612.wgitmo0612/BNStory/International/home) .
Globe and Mail (Canada). http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080612.wgitmo0612/BNStory
/International/home. Retrieved June 12, 2008.
27. ^ a b Mark Sherman (June 12, 2008). "High Court sides with Guantanamo detainees again" (http://web.archive.org
/web/20080624232719/http://www.montereyherald.com/ci_9562577?nclick_check=1) . Monterey Herald. Archived
from the original (http://www.montereyherald.com/ci_9562577?nclick_check=1) on June 24, 2008.
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28. ^ a b James Oliphant (June 12, 2008). "Court backs Gitmo detainees" (http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com
/news/politics/blog/2008/06/court_sides_with_gitmo_detaine.html) . Baltimore Sun. http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com
/news/politics/blog/2008/06/court_sides_with_gitmo_detaine.html. Retrieved June 12, 2008. mirror
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May 4, 2011.
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/uploads/2008/06/06-1195.pdf. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
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Page 277. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-76787-9
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Supreme Court. 2007. Penguin Books. Page 162.
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39. ^ Liptak, Adam (July 1, 2009). "Roberts Court Shifts Right, Tipped by Kennedy" (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07
/01/us/01scotus.html?pagewanted=1) . The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/01/us
/01scotus.html?pagewanted=1. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
40. ^ a b Greenburg, Jan Crawford. Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States
Supreme Court.2007. Penguin Books. Page 86, 162.
41. ^ Justice Kennedy: The Swing Justice and his Critics, 11 Green Bag 317 (2008)
42. ^ Jeffrey Toobin (September 12, 2005). "Swing Shift" (http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/09
/12/050912fa_fact) . The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/09/12/050912fa_fact. Retrieved
June 20, 2010.
43. ^ Religious affiliation of Supreme Court justices (http://www.adherents.com/adh_sc.html) Justice Sherman Minton
converted to Catholicism after his retirement.

Colucci, Frank J. Justice Kennedy's Jurisprudence: The Full and Necessary Meaning of Liberty
(University Press of Kansas, 2009)243 pp.ISBN 978-0-7006-1662-6 online review (https://www.h-
net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=30454)
Knowles, Helen J. The Tie Goes to Freedom: Justice Anthony M. Kennedy on Liberty (Rowman &
Littlefield, 2009) isbn-0742562573
Toobin, Jeffrey. "Swing Shift: How Anthony Kennedy’s passion for foreign law could change the
Supreme Court," The New Yorker (2005). online (http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles
/050912fa_fact)
Schmidt, Patrick D. and David A. Yalof. "The 'Swing Voter' Revisited: Justice Anthony Kennedy and
the First Amendment Right of Free Speech," Political Research Quarterly, June 2004, Vol. 57 Issue
2, pp 209–217

Supreme Court (http://www.supremecourt.gov/) official site with biographies
(http://www.supremecourt.gov/about/biographies.aspx)
Profile (http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=1256) at the Biographical Directory of Federal

9 of 11 12/23/2011 8:09 PM


Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center
Legal resources (http://www.loc.gov/law/find/court-confirmed.php#kennedy) at the Law Library of
Congress
Biography and writings (http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/justices/kennedy.bio.html) at the Legal
Information Institute
Profile (http://www.oyez.org/justices/anthony_kennedy) at the Oyez Project
Appearances (http://www.c-spanvideo.org/anthonymkennedy) on C-SPAN
Profile (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1195090) at the Internet Movie Database
Financial information (http://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/candlook.php?CID=N99999923) at
OpenSecrets.org
Collected news and commentary (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people
/s/antonin_scalia) at The New York Times
Works by or about Anthony Kennedy (http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n88-77384) in libraries
(WorldCat catalog)
Profile (http://www.nndb.com/people/910/000023841) at Notable Names Database
Supreme Court Research Guide and Bibliography: Anthony M. Kennedy (http://www.dsl.psu.edu
/library/lrr/guides/supct/kennedy.html)
"Kennedy's Benchmarks" (http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=6822) by Mark Trapp,
American Spectator (July 14, 2004).
Transcript of Senate Confirmation Hearing (http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/senate/judiciary
/sh100-1037/browse.html) , 1987.*Jonah Goldberg, "Justice Kennedy's Mind: Where the Constitution
resides (http://www.nationalreview.com/goldberg/goldberg200503090749.asp) ," 2005.

Legal offices
Judge of the Court of Appeals for the
Preceded by Succeeded by
Ninth Circuit
Charles Merrill Pamela Rymer
1975–1988
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of
Preceded by
the United States Incumbent
Lewis Powell
1988–present
United States order of precedence
Preceded by Succeeded by
Antonin Scalia Order of Precedence of the United States Clarence Thomas
as Associate Justice of the Supreme as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court as Associate Justice of the Supreme
Court Court

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Kennedy&oldid=463324168"
Categories: 1936 births Alumni of the London School of Economics American legal scholars
American Roman Catholics California lawyers Harvard Law School alumni
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Living people
People from McLean, Virginia People from Sacramento, California Stanford University alumni
University of the Pacific (United States) faculty
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Gerald Ford
United States federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan United States Supreme Court justices

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