The document outlines the syllabus for a course on services and other areas of interest in materials and construction. It discusses topics like mechanical services, electricity, wastewater treatment, illumination, sound insulation, construction industry roles, safety, planning impacts, structural systems, energy sources and performance, passive design, and building energy rating. Mechanical services like water, heating, solar panels, and wastewater systems are described in detail. The building energy rating process is also summarized.

1. WT5912/EY4106MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTIONWeek 11 Services & Others Areas of Interest Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology Lecturer/Teacher: Mr. Joseph Lyster Academic Year 2011: Spring Semester Technical Support: Mr. Joe Murray & Mr. Richie Hennessy Notes prepared by: Mr. Joseph Lyster

2. WT5912 Building Services Syllabus Outline: Services and External Works – Mechanical services, electricity, wastewater treatment, sewage, etc… Heat and Thermal Effects In Buildings – Construction type, Insulation, material conductivity, air tightness etc… Illumination In Buildings – Natural Light, glazing, LUX, heat transfer, dwelling orientation etc… Sound In Buildings – Insulation etc… Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

4. Safety on site - the importance of managing safety, accident rates, training, risk assessment, safety statements etc.

5. Social impact of planning - how planning can improve (and worsen) the lives of ordinary people

6. Natural construction materials (NB sustainable forestry sources etc.)

7. Manufactured construction materials (NB waste, embodied energy etc.)

8. Eco’ construction materials (NB waste, embodied energy etc.)

9. Structural systems (concrete cavity) (NB airtightness, insulation)

10. Windows & doors (modern designs only e.g. triple glazed)

11. Energy sources: on grid energy

12. Structural systems (timber frame cavity) (NB airtightness, insulation)

13. Structural systems (Steel frame cavity) (NB airtightness, insulation)

14. Structural systems (straw bale) (NB airtightness, insulation)

15. Structural systems (SIP) (NB airtightness, insulation)

16. Structural systems (ICF) (NB airtightness, insulation)Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

18. Energy performance of houses - house design & energy consumption - looking at ordinary houses to explore factors that impinge on energy performance (use real world examples)

19. Passive design (e.g. passivhaus standards)

20. Zero carbon housing

21. Building energy rating - the purpose and process - comparing examples water sources & treatment in Ireland (use real world Irish examples)

22. Grey water supply (e.g. bord namonarainsava)

23. Hot water supply (boiler & solar)

24. Drainage (municipal treatment of wastewater - use a real world example)

25. Drainage (additional measures for one-off treatment - e.g. puraflow/ reed bed etc.)

26. Air flow, ventilation, m.v.h.r

27. Airtightness, air pressure testing etc.

28. Sound - insulation detailsDepartment of Design & Manufacturing Technology

30. The benefits of improving thermal insulation & retrofitting insulation to improve roofs

31. The benefits of improving thermal insulation & retrofitting insulation to improve walls.

32. Heat TGD L 2010 (key terms and calculations)Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

33. EY4106/WT5912 Construction Studies BER Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

34. WT5912 T4 Recommendation (T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

35. WT5912 T4 Recommendation (T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

36. WT5912 T4 Recommendation (T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

38. A Dwelling with a high rating will save the owner/ occupier money in energy costs.(T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

40. WT5912 Building standards & energy use Typical for Building Regs Part L 2005 Building Regulations 2007/08 Primary Energy kWh/ m2 per year Low/ Zero Carbon Irish construction standard/year (T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

42. Heat gains through glazed openings.

43. Ventilation and air permeability.

44. Domestic hot water system and control.

45. Space heating control and energy required.

46. Lighting and internal heat gains.(T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

48. Measurement Unit kWh/m2/yr 1 kWh of electricity costs 18 cent Kilo watt / hour (T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

49. WT5912 Energy Labelling Domestic Appliances Energy labelling informs the consumer of costs. (T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

51. DEAP – Dwelling Energy Assessment ProcedureBER scale (kWh/m2/yr)A1,A2,A3,B1,B2,B3 etc. CO2 indicator (kg/m2/yr) (T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

55. B or C rating(T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

57. BER must be produced by a registered BER Assessor.

58. BER is valid for 10 years unless changes are made to the building.

59. The BER is independant of how the occupants behave in the building.

60. An advisory report must accompany a BER certificate(T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

62. WT5912 Calculating the BER DEAP Computer Software Download from: http://www.seai.ie/Your_Building/BER/BER_Assessors/Technical/DEAP/ (T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

63. WT5912 Information required for DEAP (T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

65. New dwellings can be measured from the plans.

66. Existing buildings may need to be surveyed.(T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

68. Number of fans and vents

69. Number of sheltered sides

70. Presence of a draught lobby or porch.

71. Method of ventilation:

72. Natural or MechanicalWT5912 2. Ventilation Details (T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

74. Blower door testing required on new dwellings.

75. Required to be 10 m3/(h.m2) for new dwellings @ 50 pa.(T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

78. Wall U-Value

79. Thermal bridging factor typical 0.11 W/m2K(T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

81. Orientation.

83. WT5912 6. Details of the hot water system Instant or storage system. Level of Insulation on storage cylinder Insulation on pipe work. Temperature and time controls. (T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

84. WT5912 7. Boiler and space heating details Boiler efficiency % Fuel used Heating controls Radiator’s or under floor heating (T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

85. Insulation on pipe work. Temperature and time controls. Weather compensation controls. WT5912 7. Boiler and space heating details contd. (T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

87. Geothermal energy

93. Thermally massive construction. e.g.concrete block with hollowcore. WT5912 11. Thermal mass category of the buildingranging from: (T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

95. Vary the inputs to improve the rating.(T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

96. WT5912 (T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

97. WT5912 (T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

98. WT5912 (T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

99. WT5912 (T4, 2009) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

100. WT5912 Mechanical Services Water Systems Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

102. Indirect Cold Water Systems

103. Direct Hot Water Systems

104. Indirect Hot Water (Vented/Un-vented)

105. Solar Water Heating System

106. Geothermal Water Heating System

107. Boilers:

108. Oil-Fired

109. Gas-Fired

110. Solid Fuel

111. Wood – Chip

112. etc...Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

122. WT5912 Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

142. WT5912 Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

144. Purpose of pipe work – Transport fluids, Control leakage, Resist deposits of solids, Resist blockages

145. Waste pipes are commonly - Ø32mm for hand basins, Ø40mm for bath/shower, Ø100mm from toilet (w.c)

146. Ø100mm for discharge stack

147. Ø40mm/Ø32mm pipes from the showers and sinks have a slope of 18/90mm/m, with a max length of 3 metres to the stack

148. Ø100mm pipes from the toilets with a slope of 9mm/m, with a max length of 6 metres to the stack, a macerator unit will be used if the distance exceeds 6 metres.

149. Two hundred mm minimum centre line radius at the bottom of the stack for a gradual turn.

150. The stack (Ø100mm) has to be 900mm minimum above the window in this case as it is within three metres of the window.Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

152. Soak pit used to take the grey water from the kitchen sink, dishwasher and the washing machine.

153. Use of “P” traps to prevent odours entering the house, with a seal depth of 75mm minimum.

154. Air admittance valve can be used to combat incorrect installation and design by providing a source of air when a vacuum may be generated and syphonage can occur.

155. A wastewater Puraflo Liquid Effluent Treatment System can be easily integrated with a new oreven existing septic tank and is constructed to meet building regulations.

156. Wastewater flows from the home into a watertight primary/ septic tankDepartment of Design & Manufacturing Technology

158. The solids settle and the liquid effluent flows by gravity into a pumping chamber.

159. The pumping chamber is fitted at least 0.5m from the septic tank. The septic tank outlet is connected to the pumping chamber using a 100mm diameter pipe at a gradient of 1 in 100. The peat filter is located 7 metres from the septic tank.

160. The liquid effluent is pumped intermittently into the Puraflo modules and distributed evenly onto the biofibrous peat filter.

161. A combination of biological, chemical and physical processes treat the wastewater as it filters through the biofibrous peat in the modules.

162. Treated liquid emerges from the Puraflo unit for dispersal into the ground through a soil polishing filter.

163. High level of treatment achieved, energy efficient, low running costs, consistent operational efficiency, minimal maintenance required, odour-free wastewater treatment, Bord na Móna warranty, service agreements and call-out service, alarm system included if the level of waste water in the pumping chamber becomes to high and it is installed by Bord na Móna Environmental Ltd. Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

164. WT5912 Bord Na Mona Puraflo System (Hickey, 2006) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

166. An area is prepared and levelled to create an even surface on which to place concrete blocks and lintels to support the modules. Broken stone approximately 25–50mm is filled level with the top of the concrete blocks and lintels over are placed over this area to a depth of 200mm approx.

167. I chose this as it only uses an intermittent pump so it only pumps the water on a “needed basis”, unlike other new systems which constantly need a power supply, this saves on the cost and usage of electricity and a power loss would not disrupt the system like it could do with others.

168. The Puraflo system is Irish Agrément certified & EPA compliant.Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

169. WT5912 Bord Na Mona Puraflo System (Hickey, 2006) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

170. WT5912 Bord Na Mona Puraflo System Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

171. WT5912 Traps/Pipes Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

172. WT5912 Soak Pit Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

173. WT5912 Manhole Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

174. WT5912 Biocycle Treatment Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

176. Given the layout and considerations of the dwelling . I decided to go with a 12,000 litre Biocycle treatment unit. This system is highly efficient and has a long de-sludge interval period.

177. It is environmental and user friendly.

178. The unit will cater for all foul waste included waster containing household detergent. These detergents do not affect the functionality of the unit.

179. The unit consists of 4 chambersDepartment of Design & Manufacturing Technology

180. WT5912 Biocycle Treatment 1 Primary- Big chamber to allow for retention of sludge. Sludge broke down with anaerobic bacteria. 2 Aeration- Aerobic bacteria break down the effluent by a culture of bacteria within a process known as submerged aerated biological filtration. Oxygen, to support the degradation processes, is introduced by a small air pump. 3 Clarification- The clarification chamber is designed to provide quiescent conditions allowing any bacterial flocs remaining in the effluent to settle out. 4 Pump- The large pump chamber allows the treated effluent to be stored before it is pumped to the polishing filter or surface irrigation system. The pump is operated intermittently to ensure low energy usage. Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

182. WT5912 Biocycle Treatment Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

183. WT5912 Biocycle Treatment (Hickey, 2006) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

184. WT5912 U-Values The U-Value question is not a compulsory question but it is contained within the options question, usually Question 5 on the paper. The question generally contains 3 parts – A, B, and C. A. Generally requires the visual manipulation (Section view sketch +Labelling!!!), the tabulation of data in logical and functional order, and the calculation of a U-Value for the material data given. B. There are variations to this part. The typical variations are the calculation of oil used with subsequent calculation of cost loss, the sizing of insulation omitted from the initial question or insulation required achieved the required U-value standard, the size of glazing units with their impact on the U-Value performance, and there are variations to the afore mentioned but nothing too different. C. This part generally requires a recommendation to improve or show the difference between different systems presented in the question. Sketches and notes usually apply and it serves to show you have an understanding for the area at hand. Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

186. It is a step by step style question with the variation on part B and C of the question that can also be well prepared as there are about 4 different variations that can be asked of you in these part.

187. The question requires the understanding of U-Values and the ability of students to use the data correctly to show visual, arithmetic, data comprehension/manipulation/tabulation and procedural capabilities. Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

189. You will need a calculator as decimalisation is required, so be competent and comfortable in the use of your calculator.

190. Always re-check your calculations!!!

191. Also do not be intimidated by the Units that apply to the different variants. Once you have learnt them and consistently use them correctly whilst practising the question it should not be a problem. If you don’t apply the unit to the calculations you will lose valuable marks!!Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

193. In the case of this question the area of U-Values apply to the external envelope of the building i.e. The external wall structure, the foundation structure, and the roof structure.

194. External wall structure:

195. Block cavity construction and timberframe construction, glazing etc...

196. Roof Structure: Flat and Pitched with Ceiling, etc...Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

198. Under current building regulations 2007 Technical Guidance Document L on The Conservation of Fuel and Energy it is stated that buildings by standard should be built to achieve a U-value of at least 0.220 W/m²⁰K.

199. This is achieved by adhering to the building codes and standards where sustainability and material selection combined with an efficient construction process all serve to limit the impact on the environment.

200. When we lose heat we lose money€€€€ but most concerning is that to replace heat and energy loss we expend further energy resources creating a greater demand and inturn showing further disrespect for our environment.Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

202. Typical Heat Loss PercentagesDepartment of Design & Manufacturing Technology

204. In doing so you will begin to realise the difference between materials and their ability to resist heat/energy loss. The influence of insulation will be a key factor and it is advised that you take time to investigate different insulation products.Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

206. The Materials Presented i.e. block, timber, etc.

207. 1. U-Value =Thermal Transmittance (W/m² ⁰k)

208. 2. R = Resistance (m² ⁰k/W)

209. 3. r = Resistivity N/A

210. 4. k = Conductivity (W/m⁰k)

211. 5. T = Thickness (m = metres)

212. W = Watts, m = metres, ⁰k = degree Kelvin ( or alternatively ⁰C = degree Celsius)Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

214. It will enable you to visualise the process alot easier and understand the thermal data difference between relevant materials so you can form a guess estimate by where you can measure the outcome of your work through out the question. It is basically a level of common sense that will serve to build your competence in the question.Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

216. Unit Value = W/m² ⁰k

217. Definition: A measure of the rate at which heat passes through a particular element of a building when unit temperature difference is maintained between the ambient air temperatures on each side. The U-Value takes into account the resistances of various materials, the surface resistances and the cavity.Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

219. Unit Value = m² ⁰k/W

220. Definition: A measure of a materials ability to resist the flow of heat energy. The higher the R-Value the greater the resistance of the material.Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

222. Unit Value = W/m⁰k

223. Definition: A measure of a materials ability to conduct heat energy.

224. When comparing insulation products the k-value is used as the comparative benchmark as the lesser the k-value the better the product in terms of performance. However the constituents of the insulation material is always the greatest debate in terms of its availability, embodied energy and impact on the environment.Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

228. Step 2: Tabulate all data as shownDepartment of Design & Manufacturing Technology

230. When filling in the material thickness column it is important that you convert the data to metres (m) as the question gives it in millimetres (mm). This catches alot of students out so ensure to do this before you fill the table in.

231. Example: Block = 100mm, so 100÷1000= 0.1m, this is the value that is input into the table. You divide all thickness and width data by 1000 to convert from mm to m.Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

233. Formula 1: R = T/k, you may have to manipulate this formula to find data so here is a tip if switching formula’s around confuses you!!!

235. Also in the event of a resistivity value being given you may apply this formula, “remember resistivity = r”, R = T x rDepartment of Design & Manufacturing Technology

237. Once the R- Column is complete the you get the sum of that column to calculate the R- total.

238. Step 4: Calculating U-Value

239. U-Value = 1/R total

240. Indicate all Unit values!!!Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

242. WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

243. WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

244. WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

245. WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

246. WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

247. Mr.J Lyster Study Purposes Only WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

248. WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

249. WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

250. WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

251. WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

252. WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

253. WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

254. WT5912 U-Values Part A – The Sketch Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

255. WT5912 U-Values Part A – The Table + U-Value Calculation Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

256. WT5912 U-Values Part B – Heat Loss, Oil and Cost Loss Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

257. WT5912 U-Values Part C - Insulation Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

258. WT5912 U-Values Part C - Insulation Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

259. WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

260. WT5912 U-Values Part A – The Sketch Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

261. WT5912 U-Values Part A – The Table + U-Value Calculation Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

262. WT5912 U-Values Part B – Heat Loss, Oil, and Cost Loss Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

263. WT5912 U-Values Part C – Interstitial Condensation Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

264. WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

265. WT5912 U-Values Part A – This time no sketch required. Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

266. WT5912 U-Values Part B – Design Considerations Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

267. WT5912 U-Values Part B – Design Considerations Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

268. WT5912 U-Values Part B – Design Considerations Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

269. WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

270. WT5912 U-Values Part A. No table or sketch required. Apply Calculations from the information given!! Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

271. WT5912 U-Values Part B Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

272. WT5912 U-Values Part C. Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

273. WT5912 U-Values Part A Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

274. WT5912 U-Values Part B Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

275. WT5912 U-Values Part C Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

276. WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

277. WT5912 U-Values Part A Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

278. WT5912 U-Values Part B Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

279. Mr.J Lyster Study Purposes Only WT5912 U-Values Part C Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

280. WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

281. WT5912 U-Values Part A Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

282. WT5912 U-Values Part B Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

283. WT5912 WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

284. WT5912 WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

285. WT5912 WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

286. WT5912 WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

287. WT5912 WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

288. WT5912 WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

289. WT5912 WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

290. WT5912 WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

291. WT5912 WT5912 U-Values Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

292. WT5912 Orientation Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

293. WT5912 Notes on Glazing Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

294. WT5912 Orientation Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

295. WT5912 Glazing etc... Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

296. WT5912 Room Layout & Solar Gain Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

297. WT5912 Thermal Mass/Space Heating Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

298. WT5912 Materials etc... Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

299. WT5912 Materials etc... Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

300. WT5912 Components of Electrical System Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

301. WT5912 Ring Main Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

302. WT5912 Radial Lighting Control Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

303. WT5912 Distribution Board/Fuse Box Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

305. Cost effective, health beneficial and an efficient solution to saving energy

307. Health benefits: alleviate symptoms of asthma, cold and hay-fever by removing airborne pollution and irritants

308. MHRV can also extract smoke and cooking odours

309. Requires minimum maintenance and leads to increased security and noise reduction as well as aesthetic enhancement

310. New MHRV systems operate at 95% efficiency compared to 65% efficiency of older systemsDepartment of Design & Manufacturing Technology

311. WT5912 Mechanical Heat Recovery Ventilation (MHRV) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

312. WT5912 Mechanical Heat Recovery Ventilation (MHRV) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

313. WT5912 Mechanical Heat Recovery Ventilation (MHRV) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

314. WT5912 Mechanical Heat Recovery Ventilation (MHRV) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

315. WT5912 Mechanical Heat Recovery Ventilation (MHRV) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

316. WT5912 Rainwater Harvesting Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

317. WT5912 Grey Water Harvesting Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

318. WT5912 Rain Water/Grey Water Harvesting (Hickey 2006) Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

319. WT5912 Tank Sizing Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

320. WT5912 Department of Design & Manufacturing Technology

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