9. introduction to kingdom fungi
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Fungus comes from the Greek word mykes “Mushrooms” They are Eukaryotic organism that digests food externally and absorbs nutrients directly through its cell walls. Consist of about 100,000 spp.
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9. introduction to kingdom fungi
- 1. Introduction To Kingdom Fungi Presented by: Fasama Hilton Kollie Lecturer, Department of Biology Mother Patern College of Health Sciences April 9, 2019
- 2. Lesson Outline • Overview of Fungi • General characteristics of Fungi • Reproduction • Diversity of Fungi
- 3. Lesson Objectives • Upon completion of this topic, students will be able to; • Describe Kingdom Fungi • Give a brief description of the general characteristics of fungi • Briefly describe the basic pattern of reproduction in fungi • Describe the classification of fungi
- 4. Kingdom Fungi Overview • Fungus comes from the Greek word mykes “Mushrooms” • Eukaryotic organism that digests food externally and absorbs nutrients directly through its cell walls • Consist of about 100,000 spp. • The science dealing with the study of fungi is called Mycology
- 5. • Constitute an enormous variety of living organisms collectively referred to as Eucomycota • They include; yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, and mushrooms • Include also fungus-like protist such as slime molds and water molds Overview Cont’d…
- 6. General Characteristics: Habitat • Most fungi are inconspicuous • Found in most habitat • Woods and meadows are the best places to go hunting for fungi. Of the two, woods are by far the best place to look, as over 80% of fungi are associated with trees.
- 8. Mildews
- 9. Molds
- 10. Mushrooms
- 11. Characteristics of Fungi: Thallus Organization • The plant body of true fungi is a thallus • It may be Non-mycelial or mycelia • Most fungi are multicellular and are composed of long filaments called hyphae • All hyphae in a particular fungus from an interwoven mass called a Mycelium • Mycelium may be aseptate or septate
- 14. Structure of Fungi: • Mushrooms are fungi • What you see are the hyphae • On the cap the hyphae are really close together • Underground the hyphae are spaced out more
- 16. Characteristics of Fungi: Thallus Organization • In higher forms the mycelium gets organized into loosely woven structure which looks like a tissue called pletenchyma • It is of two types; • Prosenchyma • Pseudoparenchyma
- 17. Characteristics of Fungi: Cell Organization • Cell wall mainly made up of chitin and cellulose • Precisely, the cell wall may be made up of • Cellulose-glucan (oomycetes), • Chitin chitosan (zygomycetes) • Mannan-glucan (ascomycotina), • Chitin-mannan (basidiomycotina) • Chitin-glucan (some ascomycotina, basidiomycotina and deuteromycotina)
- 18. Characteristics of Fungi: Nutrition • Fungi are achlorophyllous organisms • They live as heterotrophs • Parasites • Saprophytes • Some forms live symbiotically with other green forms
- 19. Nutrition Cont’d: Parasites • They obtain their food from a living host • It may be; • Obligate • Facultative • On the basis of their place of occurrence on the host, parasites can be ectoparasite or endoparasite
- 20. Nutrition Cont’d: Saprophytes • Derive food from dead and decaying organic matter • Saprophytes may be; • Obligate saprophytes • Facultative saprophytes
- 21. Nutrition Cont’d: Symbionts • Some fungal establish symbiotic association with green/blue-green algae • This constitute lichen • The algal component is photosynthetic and the fungal is reproductive • Fungal also establish a mutualist relationship with the root of plant • This constitute mycorrhiza
- 22. General Characteristics: Reproduction • Three methods of reproduction; • Vegetative reproduction • Asexual reproduction • Sexual reproduction
- 23. Reproduction Cont’d: Vegetative Reproduction • Any form of asexual reproduction in which a new plant grows from a fragment of the parent plant or a specialized reproductive structure • Several types; • Fragmentation • Budding • Fission
- 24. Example of Fragmentation in Hydra
- 25. Example of Budding in Hydra Parent Hydra Developing Bud New Bud New Hydra
- 26. Reproduction Cont’d: Asexual Reproduction • Involve a single parent and results in the formation of daughter cells identical to parent cell • Several types: • Sporangiospores • Zoospores • Conidia
- 27. Reproduction Cont’d: Sexual Reproduction • Sexual reproduction is found in all groups of fungi except one • Deuteromycotina (Fungi imperfecti) • Compactible nuclei show specific behavior responsible for the onset of three distinct mycelial phases during sexual reproduction • The three phases of nuclear behavior are; • Plasmogamy • Karyogamy • Meiosis
- 28. Classification of Fungi • The morphology of the mycelium, mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies form the basis for the division of the kingdom into various divisions; • Those species that have well-characterized life cycles are placed in one of four phyla, namely; • Phylum Chytridiomycota • Phylum Zygomycota • Phylum Ascomycota • Phylum Basidiomycota • Phylum Deuteromycota**
- 30. Classification Cont’d… • Fungi are classified into 4 phyla depending on the type of fruiting body they produce 1. Phylum Chytridiomycota 2. Phylum Zygomycota 3. Phylum Basidiomycota 4. Phylum Ascomycota 5. Phylum Deuteromycota**
- 31. Reference • Introduction In Botany, Nabors, MurrayW., Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco,CA 94111. www.aw- bc.com • WIKIPEDIA,The Free Encyclopedia • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungu • Fungi andTheir Habitat • http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/fungi/habitats.htm • http://www.biologydiscussion.com/fungi/modification-of-hyphae-7-types-with-diagram- fungi/63039
- 32. “ Eighty percent (80%) of our output depends on twenty percent (20%) of our time spend reading. ” THE END
- 33. Assignment #1 • List and discuss 5 economic, ecological and medical importance of fungi respectively. • List 5 negative economic imparts of fungi
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- In this lesson, we will consider the characteristics that distinguish fungi from other eukaryotic organisms and what have led biologists to place fungi in their own kingdom We will also identify the four phyla of fungi We will also identify those fungi who cannot be classified due to the fact that their life cycle is incomplete
- Envision (have a mental picture) of a world where dead organisms still remain dead as they are What will become of the live available in that biodiversity??????? Thanks to the availability of organisms [nematods, soil bacteria's, earthworms and fungi) that help to return such organisms to their natural state. Decomposers helps to make life easy by breaking down dead decaying organism and allowing the nutrients available in their tissues to recircle through a continuous process. Through the activities of decomposers; Minerals from the tissues of other organisms are released into the soil as ions Nitrogen is released into the atmosphere as N2 or nitrous oxides Carbon is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide Without Decomposers: Without the various types of fungi on Earth, we would soon be knee-deep in dead leaves that refused to rot. Trees that died would just continue to lie where they fell. Only fungi can break down lignin, the tough material at the heart of woody tissues. Our crops would fail because the nutrients that fungi recycle from dead plant tissues would no longer be available. Important farm animals, like sheep, are unable to digest grass without a little help from some friendly fungi. Large organic matter are being recycle when consumed instead of being broken down. This is the way of life (modus operandi ) of Heterotrophs Members of the kingdom Fungi and are placed in the division Thallophyta along with Algae and Lichens Mushroom [signifying their saprophytic nature] Mycena is a large genus of small saprotrophic mushrooms
- This phylum constitute different groups of organisms that we are/are not aware of some of them All these organisms are grouped and collectively referred to as Eucomycota Fungi may be mildew, molds, rusts, smuts, puffballs, mushrooms and yeasts. There are over 1.5 million species of fungi. Eucomycota signifying these organisms are the real fungi distinguishing them from other fungi like the fungus-like fungi [Slime molds and water-molds] A division consisting of the true fungi, eukaryotic heterotrophic walled organisms distinguished from the Myxomycota (funguslike slime molds) Why are the Myxomycota[slime molds] and oomycote [water molds] called FUNGUS-LIKE ?????? What are some characteristic that they do share with the “true fungi” and what are some things that are different The fungus-like protists were once classified as fungi because they produce sporangia. However, slime molds and water molds, which are the fungus-like protists, are now recognized as being different to fungi. These organisms differ from true fungi in many ways; They have a cellulose [plant] cell wall rather than Chitin [fungi] Do not have divisions between their cells like fungi do. these protists have diploid nuclei, whereas fungi have haploid nuclei.
- Fungi usually grow best in environments that are slightly acidic. They can grow on substances with very low moisture. Fungi live in the soil and on your body, in your house and on plants and animals, in freshwater and seawater. A single teaspoon of topsoil contains about 120,000 fungi. In comparison, fungi thrive at slightly acidic pH values of 5.0–6.0. Microorganisms that grow optimally at pH less than 5.55 are called acidophiles. Fungi. The two types of fungi that are important in food spoilage are yeasts and molds. Both yeasts and molds are able to grow in an acidic environment (pH less than 7).
- Woods and Forests. A wood is an area covered in trees, larger than a grove or a copse. A forest is also an area covered in trees, but it is larger than a wood. The trees in woods and forests grow thickly, and the space between them is overgrown with grasses, shrubs and underbrush. Summary Table Forest cover a wider land area - wood coer a smaller land area Forest has high tree population - wood has low tree population Forest has large percentage of canopy cover - small area covered by canopy
- A thin whitish coating consisting of minute fungal hyphae, growing on plants or damp organic material such as paper or leather Mildew is a form of fungus. It is distinguished from its closely related counterpart, mold (British English: mould), largely by its color: Moulds appear in shades of black, blue, red, and green, whereas mildew is white or gray Prolonged exposure to mold and mildew can have serious consequences for your health and well-being. Many suffer immediately after being exposed to spores, especially if they rest on clothing in close proximity to the mouth and nose. Touching or inhaling mold and mildew can cause a wide range of health problems in both allergic and non-allergic people -- regardless if the spores are dead or alive. Ailments include throat irritation nasal issues like congestion, sneezing and bloody noses. Eyes may water and turn red, and skin can break out in hives or rashes.
- There are three types of molds: Allergenic molds, pathogenic molds and toxigenic molds. Allergenic Molds: do not normally cause life-threatening health effects and tend to affect individuals who are already allergic, asthmatic and have a weak immune system. Responses to this type of mold are usually mild, typically causing scratchy throats, eye and nose irritations and rashes. Pathogenic Molds: Tend to cause infections and quite harmful to individuals with low functioning immune system. Most healthy people are able to resist infection by these organisms regardless of dose. In some cases, high exposure could lead to hypersensitivity pneumonitis (an acute response to exposure to an organism). Toxigenic Molds/Mycotoxins: Can produce serious health effects in most people. Their toxicity can range from short-term irritation to immunosuppression, cancer and even death if not treated. When toxigenic molds are found further evaluation is recommended
- Fungi comes in many sizes, shapes, and colors Mushrooms are the spore-producing structures of some fungi. A mushroom consists of a stalk and a cap, and in most species the spores are formed on gills. A mushroom, or toadstool, is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus Mushroom is not a vegetable nor a fruit Basidiomycota****
- Hyphae branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus. Mycelium An interwoven mass The mycelium makes up the thallus, or undifferentiated body, of a typical fungus. Mycelium is the vegetative part of a fungus or fungus-like organism, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae
- Advantage of Septate over Aseptate/coenocytic
- Each cell has a cell wall made of chitin Hyphae are hair-like filamentous chains of cells Structure consists of: Mycelium (mass of hyphae) Fruiting body (the reproductive structure)
- Plectenchyma (from Greek pleko "I weave" and enchyma "infusion, i.e., “a woven tissue“ Generally plectenchyma is the general term employed to designate all types of fungal tissues PROSENCHYMA Any of various tissues of higher plants composed of elongated usually pointed cells mostly with little or no protoplasm and including tissues specialized for conduction and support PSEUDOPARENCHYMA A tissue that superficially resembles plant parenchyma but is made up of an interwoven mass of hyphae Examples of pseudoparenchymatous structures are the fruiting bodies (mushrooms, toadstools, etc.) of certain fungi and the thalli of certain red and brown algae.
- Chitin a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides and forming the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi. CHITIN VS. CELLULOSE The main difference between chitin and cellulose is that the chitin is a polymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine whereas the cellulose is a polymer of D-glucose. Furthermore, chitin occurs in the cell wall of fungi and also, it makes up the exoskeleton of arthropods while cellulose occurs in the cell wall of plants and algae. Chitin and cellulose are two polysaccharides made up of glucose-based polymers.
- Parasitic fungi attack living organisms, penetrate their outer defenses, invade them, and obtain nourishment from living cytoplasm, thereby causing disease and sometimes death of the hosts Most pathogenic (disease-causing) fungi are parasites of plants. Most parasites enter the host through a natural opening, such as a Stoma (microscopic air pore) in a leaf, a Lenticel (small opening through bark) in a stem, Broken plant hair Among the most common and widespread diseases of plants caused by fungi are the various downy mildews (e.g., of grape, onion, tobacco), powdery mildews (e.g., of grape, cherry, apple, peach, rose, lilac), smuts (e.g., of corn, wheat, onion), rusts (e.g., of wheat, oats, beans, asparagus, snapdragon, hollyhock), apple scab, brown rot of stone fruits, and various leaf spots, blights, and wilts. An obligate parasite or holoparasite is a parasitic organism that cannot complete its life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host. ... This is opposed to a facultative parasite, which can act as a parasite but does not rely on its host to continue its life-cycle. An obligate parasite is one that MUST be parasitic in order to complete it’s life cycle. It is not free living at any point in it’s life cycle. A facultative parasite on the other hand has a free living stage in it’s life cycle but becomes parasitic when it enters a living cell.
- Saprophyte may refer to: Saprotrophs; organisms, particularly fungi, which obtain nutrients directly from dead organic matte Saprotrophs feed by a process known as absorptive nutrition, Absorptive Nutrition: A process in which the nutritional substrate (e.g., dead organism or other nonliving organic matter) is directly digested by a variety of enzymes that are excreted by the saprotroph. Facultative Saprophytes: organisms that usually feed on a living host (parasitic) but they can also (occasionally) take nourishment from dead plants (saprophytic) Obligate Saprophyte: An organism which can only live off dead organic matter.
- The key difference between vegetative reproduction and asexual reproduction is that the vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction that uses a vegetative part of the parent to propagate while asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction that involves a single parent. Stems, roots, leaves s flowers are the vegetative parts of vascular plants.
- Vegetative reproduction (also known as vegetative propagation, vegetative multiplication or vegetative cloning) is any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants in which a new plant grows from a fragment of the parent plant or a specialized reproductive structure
- Fragmentation: A form of asexual reproduction wherein a parent organism breaks into fragments, each capable of growing independently into a new organism
- Budding: A type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site.
- Sporangiospores are spores that are produced in a sporangium A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion Also called a swarm spore, these spores are created by some protists, bacteria and fungi to propagate themselves. A conidium (plural conidia), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium is an asexual, non-motile spore of a fungus – Ascomycota Emerge from vertical sponrangiospore called Conidiaphore
- Sexual reproduction, an important source of genetic variability, allows the fungus to adapt to new environments. Deuteromycotina: Only their asexual form of reproduction is known, meaning that these fungi produce their spores asexually, in the process called sporogenesis. There are about 25,000 species that have been classified in the deuteromycota Sexual reproduction in the fungi consists of three sequential stages PLASMOGAMY A stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi, in which the cytoplasm of two parent cells (usually from the mycelia) fuses together without the fusion of nuclei, effectively bringing two haploid nuclei close together in the same cell. KARYOGAMY A the final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells, and refers specifically to the fusion of the two nuclei MEIOSIS Once karyogamy has occurred, meiosis (cell division that reduces the chromosome number to one set per cell) generally follows and restores the haploid phase.