2. By definition a microscope
An optical instrument consisting of a lens or combination of lenses to
produce magnified images of small objects especially which are too small
to be seen by naked eye.
Microscope
Derived from two Greek Words
Micron means “Small”
Scope means “Aim”
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
7. Magnification or magnifying power
• is the degree of increase in size of optical image over the actual size of object
being viewed.
• Total magnification of a field is the product of the magnification of objective
lens and ocular lens:
• Scanning field ( 40x)
• Low power field (100X)
• High power field (400x) and
• Oil immersion field (1000X)
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
8. Resolution power:
• Ability to produce separate images of closely placed objects so that they can be
distinguished as two separate entities. The resolution
• Unaided human eye is about 0.2 mm (200 μm).
• Light microscope is about 0.2 μm.
• Electron microscope is about 0.5 nm (0.2 μm).
• Resolution depends on refractive index of the medium.
• Oil has a higher refractive index than air; hence, use of oil enhances the
resolution power of a microscope.
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
9. INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
Good contrast
the difference in light intensity between the image and the adjacent background relative
to the overall background intensity.
This can further be improved by staining the specimen. When the stains bind to the cells,
the contrast is increased
This is achieved by use of lenses. There are two type of concave lenses used:
• Ocular lens with a magnification power of the 10X.
• Objective lens-
• scanning (4x), low power (10X),
• high power (40x) and oil immersion (100X).
11. Bright-field OR Light Microscope
Dark field Microscope
Phase contrast Microscope
Fluorescence Microscope
Confocal Microscope
Electron Microscope
Inverted plane Microscope
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPEPARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
13. The bright-field or light microscope forms a dark image against a
brighter background.
Working Principle
The rays emitted from the light source pass through the iris
diaphragm and fall on the specimen. The light rays passing through
the specimen is gathered by the objective and a magnified image is
formed. The image is further magnified by the ocular lens to produce
the final magnified virtual image.
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
BRIGHT-FIELD
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
15. Structure
The parts in a bright-field microscope are divided into three groups
Mechanical Parts.
Base
C-shaped arm
Mechanical stage
Magnifying Parts
Ocular lens
Objective lens
Illuminating Parts
Condenser:
Iris diaphragm
Light source
Fine and coarse adjustment knobs
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
BRIGHT-FIELD
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
16. Applications
Bright-field microscope is used:-
• Viewing stained or naturally pigmented specimens
• Stained prepared slides of tissue sections or living photosynthetic organisms.
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
BRIGHT-FIELD
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
18. INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
DARK-FIELD
Dark field microscope, the object appears bright against a dark background.
The dark field condenser has
central opaque area that blocks Light from entering the objective lens directly.
peripheral annular hollow area which allows the light to pass through and focus
on the specimen obliquely.
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
19. INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
DARK-FIELD
Ray Diagram of Dark field
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
20. Applications
• Identify the living unstained cells and
• Thin bacteria like spirochetes, the most notorious bacterium
Trepnonema pallidum_the causative agent for syphilis, which cannot
be visualized by light microscopy.
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
DARK-FIELD
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
Trepnonema pallidum
22. This microscope visualizes the unstained living cells by creating difference in
contrast between the cells and water.
It converts slight differences in refractive index and cell density into easily
detectable variations in light intensity.
The background, formed by un deviated light is bright, while the unstained object
appears dark and well defined.
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
Phase contrast
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
24. INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
Phase contrast
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
How phase contrast microscope works
25. Applications
Phase contrast microscopy is especially useful for studying:
Microbial motility
Determining the shape of living cells, and
Detecting bacterial components, such as
Endospores and
Inclusion bodies which become clearly visible because they have refractive
indices markedly different from that of water.
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
Phase Contrast
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
28. The "fluorescence microscope" refers to any microscope that uses
fluorescence property to generate an image.
Principle of Fluorescence Microscope
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
Fluorescence Microscope
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
29. Applications
Epifluorescence microscope: it is the simplest format of
fluorescence microscope, which has the following
applications.
Auto fluorescence: Certain microbes directly
fluoresce when placed wider uv lamp, e.g. Cyclospora
(a protozoanparasite).
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
Fluorescence Microscope
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
30. INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
Fluorescence Microscope
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
• Microbes coated with fluorescent dye: Certain microbes fluoresce when they
are stained non-specifically by fluorochrome dyes.
• Acridine orange dye is used for the detection of malaria parasites by a method
called as quantitative buffy coat (QBC) examination.
• Auramine phenol is used for the detection of tuberclebacilli
31. INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
Fluorescence Microscope
Tubercle bacilli seen under fluorescence
microscope
32. INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
Confocal Microscope
CONFOCAL
MICROSCOPE
33. INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
Confocal Microscope
Is an updated version of fluorescence microscopy.
Confocal microscopy is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and
contrast of a micrograph.
Uses pin hole screen to produce high resolution images.
Eliminates out of focus
So images have better contrast and are less hazy.
a series of thin slices of the specimen are assemble is generate a three dimensional images.
34. Principle
In confocal microscopy two pin holes are typically used :-
• a pin hole is placed in front of the illumination source to allow transmission only through a
small area
• This elimination pin hole is imaged on to the focal plane of the specimen that is only a point
of a specimen is eliminated at one time
• Fluorescence excited in this manner at the focal plane is imaged on to a confocal pinhole
placed right in front of the detector.
• Only fluorescence excited within the focal plane of the specimen will go through the detector
pinhole
• Scanning of small sections is done and joined them together for better view .
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
Confocal Microscope
35. INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
Confocal Microscope
Applications:
Confocal microscopy allows analysis of fluorescent labelled thick specimen without
physical sectioning
Three- Dimensional reconstruction of specimen.
More color possibilities.
Improved resolution.
38. An electron microscope (EM) uses accelerated electrons as a source
of illumination.
Because the wavelength of electrons can be up to 100,000 times
shorter than that of visible light photons.
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
Electron Microscope
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
39. • The EM has a much better resolving power than a light
microscope; hence, it can reveal the details of flagella, fimbriae
and intracellular structures of a cell.
• Electron microscopes are of two types:
1. Transmission electron microscope
2. Scanning electron microscope.
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
Electron Microscope
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
40. INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
Transmission Electron Microscope
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
The TEM is somewhat analogous to the brightfield light microscope in
terms of the way it functions. However, it uses an electron beam from
above the specimen that is focused using a magnetic lens (rather than a
glass lens) and projected through the specimen onto a detector.
Working Principle
41. Applications
1. TEMs offer very powerful magnification and resolution.
2. TEMs have a wide-range of applications and can be utilized in a variety of
different and scientific, educational and industrial fields.
3. TEMs provides information on elements and compound structure.
4. Images are high-quality and detailed
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
Transmission Electron Microscope
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
43. SEM uses electron beams to visualize surfaces; useful to observe the three-
dimensional surface details of specimens.
Scanning electron microscopy is used for inspecting topographies of specimens at
very high magnifications.
SEM magnifications can go to more than 300,000 X.
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
44. INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
principle
45. INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Applications
Detailed 3D and topographical imaging and the versatile information garnered
from different detectors.
Instrument works very fast.
Modern SEM allow for the generation of data in digital form.
Can magnify up to 100,000x
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
48. INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
Scanning tunnelling microscope
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is an instrument for imaging
surfaces at the atomic level.
The scanning tunneling microscope was invented in 1982 by Binnig and Rohrer.
The instrument consists of a sharp conducting tip which is scanned across a flat
conducting sample.
49. INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
Scanning tunnelling microscope
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
How STMWorks
The STM uses a tip that ends in a single atom and a voltage is passed though the
tip and the sample.
Electrons use a quantum mechanical effect to ‘tunnel’ from the tip to the
sample or vice versa.
The current that results depends upon the distance between probe tip and
sample surface.
The tip is attached to a piezoelectric tube and voltage applied to the piezo rod
is altered to maintain a constant distance for the tip from the surface.
Changes in this voltage allows a three dimensional picture of the material
surface to be built up as the tip is scanned back and forth across the sample.
50. INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
Scanning Tunnelling Microscope
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
Applications
useful for studying friction,
surface roughness, defects and surface reactions in materials like catalysts.
STMs are also very important tools in research surrounding semiconductors and
microelectronics.
53. An inverted microscope is a microscope with its light
source and condenser on the top, above the stage pointing
down, while the objectives and turret are below the stage
pointing up.
It was invented in 1850 by J. Lawrence Smith, a faculty
member of Tulane University (then named the Medical
College of Louisiana).
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
Inverted Plane Microscopes
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE
54. Applications
Inverted microscopy is a very popular technique for live cell
imaging. Here, living cells are observed through the bottom of a cell
culture vessel.
Inverted microscope is also used for visualization of
the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in the technique called
microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay (MODS).
INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PROPERTIES OF MICROSCOPE
Inverted Plane Microscopes
PARTS OF MICROSCOPE TYPES OF MICROSCOPE