Introduction to Communication Communication Cycle Definition in communication Types of Communication Types of data flows Frequency bands

1.  Introduction to Communication
 Communication Cycle
 Definition in communication
 Types of Communication
 Types of data flows
 Frequency bands

2. Definition
 The word “communication” has been derived
from LATINword “Communicare”.
 “Communicare” means toshare.
 The sharing of information ,knowledge
,understanding ,andthoughts to other is called
communication.

3.  There are two parties required for Communication.
 Firstpartycalls as “Sender” and second calls as “Receiver”.
 Absenceof these twoparties communicationcan not take place.
 It is termed effectiveonlywhen the receiverreceive the message
intended by the sender in the same perspective.
otherwise, it is miscommunication.

4. Communication Cycle

5.  Sender first encode the message and send it.
 Message goes through in well defined channel.
 Messagereaches to the receiver, theydecodes the message
and give pay attention on its ,if receiver understand the
message , then theygive the feedback tothe sender.
 Feedback is nothing but it is reply the suitableanswer to
thesender.
 Forevery moment it is not necessary that receiverwill
understand the message.
 This is happened due topresence of some noiseand fault
inchannel.

6. Effective Communication
 Essential for effectivecommunication
 A common communicationEnvironment
 Co-operation between the senderand the receiver
 Selection of an appropriatechannel
 Correct encoding and decoding of themessage
 Receipt of the desired response andfeedback

7. Noise
 If responseand desired answerdo notget back tothe sender from the
receiver , thencommunication has not been done.
 This is because of presence ofnoise.
 “Noise” is defined as any unplanned interference in the communication
environment ,whichcauses hindrance in the transmissionof the message.
 Noisedistorts interpretationordecoding partof thecommunicationprocess.

8.  There are two types of“Noise”.
o Channel Noise
o Semantic Noise
Channel Noise
 Channel noise is any interference in the mechanism of the
medium used to send amessage.
 Channel noise is developedexternally.
Example:- Noise in telephone lines , too highvolume from
loudspeaker etc.

9. Semantic Noise
 This type of error produced in the message itself.
 It is developed internally.
 It is generated due to faultygrammar, misspellings
and incorrect punctuation.
Example:- Sender interpret “Condescend” in positive
manner but receiver interpret in negative
manner.

10. Type of Communication
 General Communication
 Technical Communication
 Extra personal Communication
 Intra personal Communication
 Interpersonal Communication
 Mass Communication

11. General Communication
 It contains a generalmessage.
 Informal in style andapproach.
 No set pattern ofcommunication.
 Mostlyoral
 Notalways fora specific audience.
 Doesn’t involvethe useof technical vocabularyorgraphics, etc.

12. Technical Communication
 It contains a technicalmessage.
 Mostly formal
 Follows a setpattern
 Both oral andwritten
 Always for a specificaudience
 Frequently involves jargon, graphics,etc.

13. Extra personal Communication
 Communication between human beings and non-humanentities
is called “Extra personal Communication”.
 This form of communication requires perfect co-ordination and
understanding between thesenderand receiver .
Example:- Communication betweenyou and yourpetdog.

14. Intrapersonal Communication
 This takes place within theindividual.
 Self-motivation , self-determination ,etcare take place in intrapersonal level.
Example:- When you begin to “Feel hot” , the information is sent to
the brain and you may decide to “turn on the cooler” ,
responding to instructions sent from the brain to the hand.
-> In this case ,the relevant organ is the sender, theelectrochemical
impulse is the message , and the brain is the receiver.

15. Interpersonal Communication
 Communicationat this level refers tosharing of informationamong
people.
 Interpersonal communicationdiffers fromother formsof
communication.
 In that thereare few participants involved.
 The interactants are in close physical Proxemity to each other.
 There are many sansory channel used , and feedback is immediate.
 It can be formal orinformal.

16. Mass Communication
 This type of communication requirea mediatorto transmit information.
 Mass media such as journals, books, newspapers, and television which
mediate suchcommunication.
 This kind of message are for largeaudience.
 Oral communication through mass media requires some equipment,
such as microphone, amplifiers,etc.
 Forwritten form needs printorvisual media.

17. Type of Communication
Verbal
Verbal Communication refers to
the form of communication in
which massage is transmitted
verbally, Communication is
done by word, mouth and a
piece of writing.
Non-Verbal
Non-verbal communication
includes action, such as gesture,
vocalisation, facial expression
and other behavior.

18. Type of Verbal Communication
 In written communication, written
signs or symbols are used to
communicate. A written massage may
be printed or handwritten.
 Written communication can be
transmitted via, email, letter, report,
memo etc.
 It may influenced by the
vocabulary, grammar, writing style
and clarity of language use.
Oral
In Oral communication spoken
words are used. It includes
face-to-face conversation ,
speech, telephonic,
conversation, video, radio,
television, Voice over internet.
In oral communication is
influenced by volume, speed
and clarity of speaking.
Written

19. Type of Non-verbal Communication
• Body Language
– Facial Expression
– Head
– Eye Gaze
– Gesture and posture
– Physic of Body

20. Type of Non-verbal communication
• Touch Language

21. Types of Non-verbal communication
• Sign Language

22. Types of Non-verbal communication
• Time Language
– If some one called at 02:00 am then it shows an
emergency.
– You reached office at right time than it shows that
you are punctual.

23. Types of Non-verbal communication
• Paralanguage
– Attributes of speaking which include the tone, volume,
tempo, rhythm and etc.
– We can understand the mood and situation by
paralangual.

24. Inter-personal Communication
• Communication between two people is called inter-
personal communication.

25. Intra-personal Communication
• It is process that people communicates with
themselves either consciously or
uncounsiousely.

26. Extra-personal Communication
• Communication between human being and non
human being entitles.

27. Group Communication
• Where communication establish between more then
two people and also the group.

28. Mass Communication
• Where communication establish by public stuff; like
TV, Radio, Mass media, Journal, newspaper and etc.

29. Element of Communication
It can
conflict or
not

30. Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

31. Data Flow Examples
 Simplex mode
 Keyboard, mouse, traditional monitor
 Radio, TV
 Half duplex
 Walkie-talkie
 Citizen band radio
 Advantage: entire bandwidth can be used for transmission
 Cons: not suitable for high interactive application
 Full duplex
-Email, phone call

32. Frequency Band Name Frequency Range Application
Extremely Low Frequency (ELF)
3-30 Hz
Underwater Communication
Super Low Frequency (SLF) 30-300 Hz
AC Power (though not a transmitted wave)
Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) 300-3000 Hz
Very Low Frequency (VLF) 3-30 kHz Navigational Beacons
Low Frequency (LF) 30-300 kHz AM Radio
Medium Frequency (MF) 300-3000kHz Aviation and AM Radio
High Frequency (HF) 3-30 MHz Shortwave Radio
Very High Frequency (VHF) 30-300 MHz FM Radio
Ultra High Frequency (UHF) 300-3000 MHz
Television, Mobile Phones, GPS
Super High Frequency (SHF) 3-30 GHz
Satellite Links, Wireless Communication
Extremely High Frequency (EHF)
30-300 GHz
Astronomy, Remote Sensing
Visible Spectrum
400-790 THz (4*10^14-
7.9*10^14)
Human Eye
Chart of Common Frequency Bands