Lesson Presentation

1. Nationalism
The Unification of
European Nations
Or
The Road to World
War One

2. Nationalism
• Nationalism is defined as pride in one’s
country
• One of the results of Napoleonic era was
a sense of nationalism or being connected
to one’s homeland

3. Nationalism
• Nationalism
– Strong feelings for one’s country.
– People who share a common language,
history heritage.
– Nationalism causes people to join together to
form their own government without outside
interference.

4. Nationalism
• Historically, however, nationalism takes on
a far greater meaning. Throughout
history, large groups of people who share
a cultural identity (language, customs,
history) have felt the pulling power of
nationalistic feeling.

5. Nationalism
• The spirit of
nationalism also
includes the belief
that one's nation is
better off as an
autonomous state.
• Autonomy is defined
as a nation governing
itself independently.

6. Nationalism
• Still another aspect of
nationalism is the
willingness to go to
extreme measures to
achieve self-rule.
• Revolutions, wars,
ethnic tension, and other
conflicts of varying
degrees have occurred
throughout history
because of a love for
one's country.
• The French Revolution,
The American
Revolution, The
Revolution in Haiti

7. Nationalism
• 6 bonds that unify a
people
– common religion
– common language
– common ethnicity or
ancestry
– common history
– common land
– common culture

8. Nationalism
• Good
– Can work to bring people
together.
– Give people a common
goal.
– Pride or loyalty to one’s
country.
• Bad
– Can pull countries apart.
– Can cause revolts and
wars within the country.
– Extreme nationalism can
cause world wars because
one country feels it is
better then another.

9. Nationalism
• Nationalism can unite people into
cohesive, stable nations.
• Likewise, it can tear nations apart which
can result in long periods of social
upheaval and political chaos.

10. Nationalism
• Nation-state
– When the nation has it’s own independent
government.

11. Nationalism
• Nationalism can be like a
bomb and split nations
apart
– Russia
– Ottoman Empire
– Austro-Hungarian
• These nations/empires
controlled vast numbers
of different ethnic
groups who wanted self
government.

12. Nationalism
• Nationalism can be
like a magnet and
bring people together
to create nation-
states.
• Places like Italy and
Germany

13. Congress of Vienna
• Met in 1814-1815 to
redraw the map of
Europe after the
Napoleonic Era.
• European leaders
wanted to restore
order and stability to
Europe.

14. Congress of Vienna
• The Key Participants
– Austria
– Russia
– England
– France

15. Congress of Vienna
• Goals
– Prevent France from
going to war again.
• Actions
– Strengthen countries
around France.
• Belgium, Holland and
Lux become the
Netherlands
– Austria takes control
of Italy.

16. Congress of Vienna
• Goal
– Return Europe to the
way it was before
Napoleon
• Action
– Give power back to
monarchs

17. Nationalism
• The French Revolution and wars caused a
strong sense of nationalism in France.
• Napoleon inspired nationalism among the
nations he conquered.
– People hated the French and the French rule.
Drove people to develop their own sense of
nationalism.
– French revolution showed that people could
be free.

18. Nationalism
• Europe saw many national uprisings after
Napoleon
– Greece, 1821, revolted against the Ottoman Empire
– Poland, 1830, revolted against the Russians
– Belgium, 1831, separated themselves from the Dutch
– Revolutions of 1848, Italy, Germany.
• Remember Revolutions were one way of people
gaining their independence and running their
own nations

19. Nationalism
• While nationalism had built strong
empires in France, Spain Portugal, Britain
and Russia two regions in Europe still
remained feudal.
• Germany and Italy had been the center of
European warfare and remained dis-
unified
• By the middle of the 19th Century that
would change

20. Italy and Nationalism
• After the fall of the
Roman Empire Italy had
been a nation of small
states.
• Napoleon united Italy
into the Kingdom of
Italy.
• The Congress of Vienna
redivided Italy and
placed Italy under the
rule of Austria.
• Italy continued to remain
a country of small feudal
states

21. Italian Unification
• In 1849 the King of
Sardinia Victor
Emmanuel II and
Count Camillo
Cavour began to
work for Italian
unification

22. Italy
• The Congress of Vienna had ensured that
Italy remained divided up
– The Austrians controlled Venetia, Lombardy
and Tuscany in the north
– France controlled Rome and the Papal states
– Spain controlled Sicily and Naples
– The only thing Italy controlled was Sardinia
and island off the coast of Italy

23. The Three Leaders of Italy
• Count Camillo
Cavour
– Used alliances with
Prussia and France to
drive out the
Austrians.

24. Italian Unification
• Cavour used the rivalry between Austria
and France to start a war between both
countries
• Cavour sided Italy with France and
together Italy and France drove the
Austrians out of northern Italy by 1859
• Northern Italy was turned over to the
Italians

25. The Three Leaders of Italy
• Giuseppe Mazzini
– Formed the Young
Italy Movement in
1831.
– Was exiled for his
views.
– His writing and
speeches inspired
other nationalist.

26. The Three Leaders of Italy
• Giuseppe Garibaldi
– Lead forces (Red
Shirts) which helped
control the north and
south of Italy.

27. Italian Unification
• In the south Garibaldi started a
revolutionary movement to drive the
Spanish out of Italy
• Garibaldi’s followers known as Red Shirts
began attacking the Spanish in Sicily
• In 1860 the Red Shirts and Garibaldi had
driven the Spanish out of Italy
• Finally in 1870 the French withdrew from
Italy leaving it a newly unified country

28. Italian Unification
• By 1861 most of Italy was unified
• Victory Emmanuel II became king of the
newly unified Italy

29. Italy and Nationalism
• Prior to independence Italy because it was
sectioned off had developed regionally and
lacked a sense of unity
• Problems
– There was no tradition of unity for Italy.
– Urban sections fought with rural sections.
– North fought with the South.
– The Catholic Church resisted the unification.

30. German
Nationalism

31. Germany and Nationalism
• Most Germans lived in
small states to which they
felt loyalty.
• Feeling of nationalism
were felt by Germans
who wanted to be free of
the French.
• The German region had
not been unified since
the decline of
Charlemagne’s Holy
Roman Empire
• Nationalist called for a
unified Germany.
• The Congress of Vienna

32. Germany and Nationalism
• The Rise of Prussia
– Prussia establishes itself
as the strongest of the
German states.
– Sets up a trade union with
the other German states
helping to unify Germany.
– Bismarck is appointed
Chancellor of Prussia
– Prussia wanted to unify
the German regions into a
powerful nation-state to
compete against other
European nations

33. Germany and Nationalism
• Otto von Bismarck
– Strong political leader
– Did not believe in
nationalism but saw
unification as a way to
make the King of
Prussia the King of
Germany.

34. Germany and Nationalism
• Realpolitik
– Bismarck’s idea of
politics.
– Means “the politics
of reality”
– Tough power politics
with no room for
ideals
– No friends, don’t
trust anyone.

35. Germany and Nationalism
• Blood and Iron
– Bismarck believed
that the only way to
unify Germany was
through “blood and
iron” or war.
– In 7 years Prussia
fought 3 wars

36. War with Austria
• Bismarck knew he had to
drive the Austrian and
their influence out of the
German region
• Prussia and the German
states defeat the
Austrians in seven weeks
• This quick victory also
kept other European
nations from entering the
war

37. Franco-Prussian War
• Franco-Prussian War 1870
• Used nationalism and hatred against France and Napoleon
to invade France.
• Bismarck and the Prussian formed an alliance with the
Catholic states along the French boarder to stop French
aggression
• In 1870 Bismarck provokes a war with France and France
declares war on Prussia
• The Catholic states now become unified under Prussia in a
effort to fight the war
• By 1871 the Prussian win the war
• Prussia gains land from France.
• Germany is unified

38. Germany and Nationalism
• In 1871 the German states unite under the
Prussian king William I.
• William calls himself Kaiser which means
emperor.

39. Results of German Nationalism
• Germany quickly industrialized and became a
world power
• Germany quickly developed a strong army and
navy
• Germany further began to colonize in Africa
and Asia
• By 1888 Bismarck was out favor with the
socialist
• In 1890 William II dismissed Bismarck
• By 1914 Germany felt it was strong enough to
handle any European power.

40. Zionism
• Anti-Semitism
– Hatred of the Jews
• There had always been a
hatred of the Jews in the
world since the death of
Christ
• In 73 CE the Jews had be
exiled from their homeland in
Palestine/Israel by the
Romans.
• This was called the Diaspora.
• Jews had to find other places
to lived and many moved into
Europe
• The Jews had no homeland or
country to call their own

41. Zionism
• As nationalism grew in Europe many
nations wanted to expel those who did
not fit the countries national background.
– The French did not want people who were
not French
• Many countries became intolerant of Jews

42. Zionism
• Some countries in Eastern Europe began
to expel and in some cases even murder
their Jewish populations.
• As Anti-Semitism grew Jews knew they
needed to find their own homeland

43. Zionism
• Jews began buying
property in Palestine
from Arab
landholders
• They organized into
farming
Communities
• In 1896 a Jewish
Journalist Theodor
Herzl witnessed the
horrors of Anti-
Semitism in France
and called for Jews to

44. Zionism
• Herzl’s movement was called Zionism
• It was devoted to creating an independent
nation state in Palestine
• In 1947 the nation state of Israel was
created

45. How
Nationalism
can Cause
Problems

46. Indian Nationalism
• The British had taken over India during
the late 16th Century
• Because of British rule the Indians were
forced to follow British laws, customs and
live under the British government even in
their own homeland

47. Indian Nationalism
• India
– Indians under British rule begins to have nationalist
feelings.
– 1885 the Indian National Congress is formed.
• Made up of Hindu professionals
• Called for equal opportunity to serve in Indian government.
• Wanted greater democracy and self rule.
• Wanted a Hindu controlled government
– In 1911 the Muslim League is formed
• Made up of Muslim professionals
• Wanted self rule
• Wanted a Muslim controlled government

48. Indian Nationalism
• Indians begin to revolt
against the British
• Gandhi leads a
movement of peaceful
protest from 1919 to
1946
• Finally in 1947 Indian
gains it’s independence
from the British
• However even today
both Hindu s and
Muslims still fight over
India

49. The Ottoman Empire
• The Sick Man of Europe
– By the 1800’s many European countries saw the
Ottoman Empire as the “sick man of Europe”
– The Ottoman Empire had been in decline since the
16th Century
– The Ottoman Empire had fought a series of wars
with Russia over the Balkans and Black Sea area.
These wars drained money and men out of the
Ottoman Empire
– The Ottoman Empire controlled a diverse group of
people such as
• Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians and Armenians

50. The Ottoman Empire
• Britain and France were worried that if
the Ottoman Empire fell the Russian
would take over the eastern Mediterranean
• Britain and France kept the Ottoman
Empire going to keep Russia from
expanding

51. The Ottoman Empire
• The Balkans
– As the Ottoman Empire weakened many groups
decided to try and break away from the Ottoman
Empire
– In 1878 the Slavic state of Serbia declared its
independence
– Russia supported a Pan-Slavism movement
• Based on the idea that all Slavic people shared a common
nationality.
• Serbians or Serbs fought for freedom.
• Austria-Hungary feared Serbian nationalism and believed it
would spread to the Austro-Hungarian Empire and took
over two areas belonging to Serbia (Bosnia and
Herzegovina) in 1908.

52. The Ottoman Empire
• Because of this take over by the Austro-
Hungarian Empire it strained relations
between Serbia and the Austro-Hungarian
Empire
• This would lead to the start of World War
One in 1914

53. The Ottoman Empire
• Turkey
• In an effort to strengthen the Muslim
control of the Ottoman Empire a group
of Muslims called the Young Turks
wanted to take control of Turkey and
make it an independent Muslim state
• By 1914 the Young Turks did have control
of Turkey

54. The Ottoman Empire
• During World War One the Young Turks
committed acts of genocide against the
Armenian Christians that lived in Turkey
• 1.5 million Armenians were killed between 1914
and 1918
• After the war the Young Turks were removed
from power
• Even today Turkey refuses to acknowledge that
a genocide occurred in Turkey

55. Results of Nationalism
• Nationalism drove Germany and Italy to
unify
• Nationalism in the America’s lead to
independent movements
• In India (Sepoy) China (Boxers) and
Africa (African National Congress)
nationalistic movements lead to an effort
to drive foreign influence out of these
regions

56. Results of Nationalism
• Nationalism lead by Napoleon lead to a
strong sense of nationalism in France and
a nationalistic movement in Europe
• Nationalism drove countries to compete
against one and other for colonies

57. Results of Nationalism
• By 1914 people of the world had a strong
sense of identification to one’s country