SYNTAX

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
English is the main foreign language known, interesting, and very
important to learn. As far as we learn English, we have focused on the
morphology and phonology, and all that we have been focusing on the word
level. Now we turn our attention to analyzing structures that larger units of
language: the preparation of words and sentences. In focusing greater part of
this structure, we will find some of the english syntax. Need a deeping and a
lot of practice in the world of language because the science of syntax is
usually and always used in English language. What is mean by The part of the
simple sentence in english? So, in this mini paper we will discuss about:
Intransitive verbs and adverbials, Adverbial Complement, Direct object and
inderect object, Direct object and direct complement, The basic sentence
structure and also The meaning of the sentence element.
B. Statements of the Problem
1. What is the Intransitive verbs and adverbials
2. What is the Adverbials Complement
3. What is the Direct object and inderect object
4. What is the Direct object and direct complement
5. What is The basic sentence structure
6. What is The meaning of the sentence element
C. Objectives
1. Knowing and understanding Intransitive verbs and adverbials
2. Knowing and understanding Adverbial Complement
3. Knowing and understanding Direct object and inderect object

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4. Knowing and understanding Direct object and direct complement
5. Knowing and understanding The basic sentence structure
6. Knowing and understanding The meaning of the sentence element

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CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Intransitive Verbs and Adverbials
1. Intransitive Verbs
Intransitive verbs are verbs that do not require an object or a
complement to enhance the meaning of a sentence, as has been perfected
and understood its meaning. Example:
 The sun rises in the East.
 My hand is bleeding.
From that example, the word “rises” and “bleeding” named by Intransitive
Verbs because they don’t need object.
However, there are view of Intransitive Verb that use object but have
the same meaning with the object it self. The named of this object is
Cognate Object (object that have same source, character and meaning).
Cognate Object have five different types:
1. Cognate Object is in the form of verb, example :
- He fought a brave fight.
- She laughed a hard laugh.
2. Adjectives that gives nature to cognate object, example :
- She tried his hardest trial.
- They sang her sweetest song.
3. Cognate object that is synonymous with the verb, example :
- We walked a long way
- She struck a deadly blow
4. Cognate object that describe the verb, example :
- They played the fool

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5. Cognate object that is represented by it, for example :
- They must foot it, because they don’t have motor cycle.1
If a main verb does not require another element to complete it, the verb is
intransitive:
a. I (S) agree (V).
b. No cure (S) exists (V).
c. They (S) are lying (V).dddddd
d. The protestors (S) were demonstrating (V).
2. Adverbials
Adverbials is a word (an adverb) or a group of word (an adverbials
phrase or an adverbials clause) that modifies or tells us something about
the sentence or the verb.
The structures are basic because we can always add optional elements
to them. These optional elements are adverbials. Adverbials (A) convey a
range of information about the situation depicted in the basic structure. In
the example below, the adverbial noisily depicts the manner of the action,
and the adverbial outside the White House indicates the place of the
action:
Ex : The protestors were demonstrating noisily (A) outside the White
House (A).
That example indicates, a sentence may have more than one adverbial.
We should be careful to distinguish adverbials from adverbs. The
adverbial, like the subject, is a sentence constituent; the adverb, like the
noun, is a word.2
1 Novia Windy, Basic Englsh Grammar, Gama Press, 2010, page: 158 - 159
2 Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson, An introduction to English grammar, Longman, Great
Britanian, 2002, page 28

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B. Adverbials Complement
Adverbials are that render a sentence ungrammatical and meaningless if
removed. However, some elements that convey the same information as
adverbials are obligatory because the main verb is not complete without them.
Such obligatory elements are adverbial complements (aC).
Contrast example [1.a] with [1.b] :
[1.a] The protestors were demonstrating outside the White House (A).
[1.b] The protestors were outside the White House (aC).
In [1.a] the sentence is complete without the adverbial, but in [1.b] the
sentence is not complete without the adverbial complement.
Typically, adverbial complements refer to space, that is, location or direction:
 The city lies 225 miles north of Guatemala City (aC).
 The nearest inhabitants are a five-day mule trip away (aC).
 George is getting into his wife’s car (aC).
 This road goes to Madison (aC).
Adverbial complements may convey other meanings:
 Their work is in the early stages (aC).
 The show will last for three hours (aC).
 The children were with their mother (aC).
 These letters are for Cindy (aC).3
C. Direct Object and Indirect Object
Direct objects are nouns, pronouns, clauses and phrases. Direct objects
follow transitive verbs (action verbs that require something or someone to
receive the action). You can identify the direct object by using this simple
formula: subject + verb + who? or what? = DIRECT OBJECT.
3 Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson, op.cit page 29

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Indirect objects are nouns or pronouns that identify to whom or for
whom the action of the verb is performed, as well as who is receiving the
direct object. Indirect objects are seen infrequently. In order to have an
indirect object, there is a direct object. The indirect object typically precedes
the direct object and is identified by asking who or what received the direct
object.4
Direct objects can be found in the predicate of a sentence, direct object
can also become the subject.Some transitive verbs can have two objects: an
indirect object followed by a direct object. The indirect object (iO) refers to a
person indirectly affected by the action described in the sentence. The person
generally receives something or benefits from something:
1. Ruth gave my son (iO) a birthday present (dO).
2. I can show you (iO) my diploma (dO).
3. My friends will save her (iO) a seat (dO).
4. You may ask the speaker (iO) another question (dO).
The indirect object is usually equivalent to a phrase introduced by to or for,
but that phrase normally comes after the direct object.
D. Direct Object and Object Complement
An object complement is a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective which
follows a direct object to rename it or state what it has become. Object
complement is a noun yet completes or adds to meaning of the direct object.
Object Complete usually follow the noun they modify and used when the
direct object would not make complete sense by itself. The complement is
related to the direct object.
Example:
4 http://www.write.com/writing-guides/general-writing/grammar/direct-and-indirect-objects/

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In the first structure, the direct object is followed by an object complement
(oC):
[1] His jokes made the audience (dO) uneasy (oC).
[2] I declared the meeting (dO) open (oC).
[3] The heat has turned the milk (dO) sour (oC).
[4] They elected her (dO) their leader (oC).
This SVOC structure parallels the SVC structure (cf. 3.8), but in the first
structure the complement is related to the direct object and in the second it is
related to the subject.Compare [1]–[4] with [1a]–[4a]:
[1a] The audience (S) is uneasy (sC).
[2a] The meeting (S) is open (sC).
[3a] The milk (S) is sour (sC).
[4a] She (S) is their leader (sC).
E. The Basic Sentence Structure
Sentence Structure is the arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses in a
sentence. The grammatical meaning of a sentence is dependent on this structural
organization. The function in the basic sentence structures:
Subject S
Verb V
Object O – direct object dO
O – indirect object iO
Complement C – subject complement sC
C – object complement oC
A – adverbial complement Ac
These elements enter into the seven basic sentence structures:
1. SV : subject + intransitive verb
Someone (S) is talking (V).

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2.SVA : subject + verb + adverbial complement
My parents (S) are living (V) in Chicago (aC).
3. SVC : subject + linking verb + subject complement
I (S) feel (V) tired (sC).
4. SVO : subject + transitive verb + direct object
We (S) have finished (V) our work (dO).
5. SVOO : subject + transitive verb + indirect object + direct object .
She (S) has given (V) me (iO) the letter (dO).
6. SVOA : subject + transitive verb + direct object + adverbial complement.
You (S) can put (V) your coat (dO) in my bedroom (aC).
7. SVOC : subject + transitive verb + direct object + object complement
You (S) have made (V) me (dO) very happy (oC).
The structures depend on the choice of the main verbs, regardless of any
auxiliaries that may be present. The same verb (sometimes in somewhat different
senses) may enter into different structures. Here are some examples:
SV : I have eaten.
SVO : I have eaten lunch.
SV : It smells.
SVC : It smells sweet.
SVC : He felt a fool.
SVO : He felt the material.
SVO : I made some sandwiches.
SVOO : I made them some sandwiches.
SVO : I have named my representative.
SVOC : I have named my representative5
5 Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson, op.cit page 33-34

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F. The Meanings of The Sentence Elements
The sentence elements are grammatical, not semantic, categories.
However, they are associated with certain meanings. Sentence element are the
group of words that combine together to comprise the building unit of a well-
formed sentence. A sentence element approach to grammar assumes a top-down
methodology.in other words it starts with the sentence as a whole and the
divides it into its functional components. There are five type of sentence
element such as subject, predicate, object, complement and adverbials.
The meaning of the sentence elements has some typical meanings.
o Subject: consist of agentive, identified, characterized, affected, ‘it’.
o Verb: is the major distinction in meaning is between verbs that are
stative and verbs that are dynamic.
o Direct Object: they are affected, resultant, and eventive.
o Indirect Object: the person that is indirectly involved in the action.
o Subject compelement and object complement
o Adverbial: has typical examples like space, manner, time, degree,
cause, comment on the truth-value, evaluation of what the sentence
refers to and also providing a connection between units.6
6 Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson, op.cit page 36-37

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CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
The parts of the simple sentence in english has many part such as the
intransitive verbs and adverbials, adverbials complement, direct object and
inderect object, direct object and object complement, the basic sentence
structure, and the las is the meaning of the sentence element. Intransitive
verb are verbs that do not require an object or a complement to enhance
the meaning of a sentence, as has been perfected and understood its
meaning, while adverbials is a word or a group of word that modifies or
tells us something about the sentence or the verb. Adverbials complement
is some elements that convey the same information as adverbials are
obligatory because the main verb is not complete without complement.
Direct objects can be found in the predicate of a sentence, direct object can
also become the subject. Object complement sometime follows the direct
object. About basic and the meaning of sentence its usually connected with
subject, predicate, also others.

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REFERENCES
Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson, An introduction to English grammar,
Longman, Great Britanian, 2002.
Windy Novia, Basic Englsh Grammar, GAMA PRESS, 2010
http://www.write.com/writing-guides/general-writing/grammar/direct-and-
indirect-objects/