A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute resulting in a solution.
most of the solvents are combustible, often highly volatile and extremely flammable and they should always be handled with care.
An organic solvent containing oxygen as part of the molecular structure.
EXAMPLE:-
alcohols, glycol ethers, ketones, esters, and glycol ether.
USES
These solvents are widely used in paints, inks, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, adhesives, cosmetics, detergents, and food processing.During the synthesis of such solvents like alcohol, the residue of molasses is disposed off out of the industry containing microbes, may contaminate the soil & water.
Alcohol poisoning
Respiratory depressions
Low rate of metabolism by abnormal liver.
2. SOLVENTS
• A solvent is a substance that
dissolves a solute resulting
in a solution.
• most of the solvents are
combustible, often highly
volatile and extremely
flammable and they should
always be handled with
care.
3. INTRODUCTION
• Every product we use have some
impact on the environment.
• The air that we breathe, the water
we drink and the food we eat all
contain naturally occurring
chemicals.
• For example, the smell of the forest
is due to a mixture of certain
organic chemicals. Many of these
chemicals are classified as volatile
organic compounds or VOCs.
5. OXYGENATED SOLVENTS
• An organic solvent containing
oxygen as part of the molecular
structure.
• EXAMPLE:-
• alcohols, glycol ethers, ketones,
esters, and glycol ether.
• USES
• These solvents are widely used in
paints, inks, pharmaceuticals,
perfumes, adhesives, cosmetics,
detergents, and food processing.
6. DISADVANTAGES
• During the synthesis of such
solvents like alcohol, the
residue of molasses is
disposed off out of the
industry containing microbes,
may contaminate the soil &
water.
• Alcohol poisoning
• Respiratory depressions
• Low rate of metabolism by
abnormal liver.
7. METHANOL
• Methanol is the simplest
alcohol and is a light,
volatile, colourless,
flammable liquid with a
distinctive odour very
similar to that of ethanol.
• it is a highly toxic
colourless liquid that may
explode when exposed to
flames
8. sources
• Methanol can be
produced from natural
gas, coal and renewable
sources such as
municipal waste,
biomass and recycled
carbon dioxide.
• Methanol – CH3OH – is
four parts hydrogen,
one part oxygen and
one part carbon.
9. uses
• antifreeze products
• an ingredient of some paint
• used in the production of some pharmaceuticals such as
vitamins and hormones.
• used in semi-conductor manufacturing.
10. DISADVANTAGES
• swallowing, breathing or absorbing
large quantities of methanol through
the skin, as in an industrial setting,
can cause death.
• Exposure to methanol can cause
visual problems and lead to blindness.
• it can cause convulsions, coma, loss of
consciousness, kidney failure, liver
damage, low blood pressure,
respiratory arrest and damage to the
central nervous system.
12. benzene
• benzene is a colorless,
flammable liquid with a
pleasant odor.
• it is used as a solvent in
many areas of industries,
such as rubber and shoe
manufacturing,
• in production of styrene,
phenol and cyclohexane.
• it is essential in the
manufacture of detergents,
pesticides and paint
removers.
13. sources
• Natural sources of benzene
include volcanoes and
forest fires.
• Benzene is also a natural
part of crude oil, gasoline,
and cigarette smoke.
• Benzene is widely used in
the United States.
• It ranks in the top 20
chemicals for production
volume.
• Also prepared industrially.
14. HEALTHS EFFECTS
• Carcinogenic
• benzene causes leukemia
• Enter the body by inhalation &
pass through the skin.
• high exposure to benzene may
cause irregularities in the heart
beat which can lead to death.
• aplastic anemia
• Decreased ovaries size in women.
• Abnormal amount of
chromosomes in sperms in males.
16. FORMALDEHYDE
• formaldehyde is a colourless,
flammable gas or liquid that
has pungent, suffocating
odour.
• it is a volatile organic
compound, which is an
organic compound that easily
becomes a vapour or gas.
• it is also naturally produced in
small, harmless amounts in
the human body.
17. sources
• Formaldehyde is found in
cigarette smoke and also
can be formed in the
environment during the
burning of fuels or
household waste.
• Very small amounts found
naturally in the human
body.
• found in new manufactured
or mobile homes than in
older conventional homes.
18. • Used manufacturing urea
formaldehyde resins, used
in particleboard product.
• chemical intermediate.
• extensively used as an
insulating material.
19. IMPACTS
• acute animal tests in
rats and rabbits have
shown formaldehyde
to have high acute
toxicity from
inhalation, oral and
dermal exposure.
• coughing, wheezing,
chest pains and
bronchitis in
humans.
20. HALOGENATED
SOLVENTS
• These are the solvents
that contains C, H along
with the halogens.
• Have more pungent
aroma than
hydrocarbons.
• Highly effective
solvents.
• Chlorinated form has
some safety risks.
22. CHLOROFLUOROCAR
BONS
• CFCs is an organic compound Which are produced as
volatile derivatives of methane, ethane and propane.
• Halogenation of hydrocarbon gives the CFCs.
24. IMPACTS
• Direct exposure to some
types of CFCs can cause
unconsciousness, shortness
of breath and irregular
heart beat.
• confusion, drowsiness,
coughing, sore throat, eye
redness and pain.
• direct skin contact with CFCs
can cause frostbite or dry
skin.
25. • Cause ozone depletion.
• harmful ultraviolet rays
reach the earth.
• Exposure to increased
ultraviolent rays can
cause skin cancer,
cataracts and weakened
immune systems.
26.
27.
28. IMPACT ON PLANTS
• Growth rate effects.
• Cause diseases
• Disturbs their life cycle
29. IMPACT ON
MARINE LIFE
• Disrupt food chain
• Reduce survival rate
• Damage early
development stages
30. Conti……..
• Some of halo hydrocarbons cause
persistent water pollution.
• These are depressants on CNS in
humans.
• Methyl chloroform cause impaired
memory.
• CCl₄ most potent to cause
hepatotoxicity.
• Neurotoxicity in humans by
chloroform, CCl₄ & trichloroethylene.
31. PREVENTIVE
MEASURES
• Do not wash benzene into the
sewage system. it may cause an
explosion. benzene is a
hazardous waste.
• Be careful while dealing with
such solvents.
• Reduce the use of sprays, fire
suppressors, air conditioners.
• Wear specific uniforms while
working in industries to reduce
the exposure.
• Ceasing to use the chemical.
32. GREEN
SOLVENTS• Green solvents are
environmentally friendly
solvents or bio solvents,
which are derived from
the processing of
agricultural crops.
• The use of petrochemical
solvents are the key to the
majority of chemical
processes but not without
severe implications on the
environment.
33. • The best way to reduce the hazardous
solvent’s effect is to replace them with the
green solvents.
• substitution of benzene by Cyclohexane or
toluene.