1. 'Trends and challenges for
research, technology and
innovation policy'
JVI-Seminar
Public Governance and Structural Reforms
3. May 2011
Wolfgang Polt
Joanneum Research Ltd. -
POLICIES – Centre for Economic and Innovation Research
wolfgang.polt@joanneum.at
3. Definition of Research, Technology and
Innovation Policy
Innovation Policy: “… all public measures that
attempt to influence actors (enterprises,
public institutions, households) to develop new
knowledge and technologies (invention), to
commercialise these new technologies
(innovation) or to use them (diffusion)”.
Research (or Science) policy: aimed at
promoting research and the production of
fundamentally new knowledge.
(see Gassler/Polt/Rammer 2007)
4. Rationale(s) for Research and Innovation
Policies (1) – Effects on Economic Growth
Innovation is the mayor driver of
productivity and economic growth
Increasing share (though not and never
ALL) of innovation is based on
research and development (R&D)
Structural change is going into the
direction of more ‚knowledge/skill/R&D
intensive„ sectors
Competitiveness increasingly relies on
mastering these knowledge intensive
sectors
5. Rationale(s) for Research and Innovation
Policies (2) – Effects on Societal Well-Being
R&D and Innovation contribute to
coping with societal challenges:
Health
Environment
Security
Nutrition
Mobility
….
6. Rationale(s) for Research and Innovation
Policies (3) – market and systems failures
Public good characteristics of
information and knowledge (spill-
overs, externalities, non-rival
consumption)
Indivisibilities, critical mass and
network externalities
Risk aversion of private actors
and capital markets
Coordination failures (market- and
non-market incentives co-exist)
7. Basic Conceptions of Research and Innovation
The (in)famous
‚linear model‘
The ‚chain-linked
model‘
The ‚open
innovation
model‘
8. Basic Instruments of Science and Innovation Policy
‚Base„ or ‚core„ or ‚institutional‘
funding of research institutions
(universities, public research labs
etc.)
Public funding of private R&D
Direct funding (subsidies)
Indirect funding (R&D tax
credits)
Intellectual Property rights (e.g.
patents, trademarks as incentives
for innovation)
9. Basic Structures in a National Innovation
System (NIS)
Demand Framework Conditions
Financial environment; taxation and
Consumers (final demand) incentives; propensity to innovation and
Producers (intermediate demand) entrepreneurship; mobility
Industrial System Education and Political System
Research System
Professional
Large companies Government
education, training
Intermediaries
Research
Higher education
Mature SMEs institutes Governance
and research
Brokers
New, technology- Public sector
RTD policies
based firms research
The potential reach of
public policiesÉ
Infrastructure
Banking, venture IPR and Innovation and Standards and
capital information business report norms
Source: Erik Arnold and Stefan Kuhlman, RCN in the Norwegian Research and Innovation System,
Background Report No 12 in the Evaluation of the Research Council of Norway, Oslo: Royal Norwegian
Ministry for Education, Research and Church Affairs, 2001.
10. Developments of Instruments of Science and
Innovation Policy in a systemic perspective
Fostering ‚Industry-Science –
Relations‘ (ISR)
Creating Public-Private
Partnerships (PPPs)
(Again) addressing ‘Grand
(societal) Challenges‘ (Mission-
oriented Research)
11. Recent trends and good practice in Research and
Innovation Policy
RTP has become a major policy area in many
OECD countries
Increasingly to be seen: formulation of explicit
RTP strategies
Setting quantitative targets
Explicit ‚policy learning„ (‚open method of co-ordination„)
Setting targets and identifying priorities
Thematic
Functional
Refining funding instruments
Increasingly ‚Competitive„ / Programme funding -
Increasing the leverage effects of direct funding of
private R&D
Increases in ‚indirect„ support to R&D via R&D tax
credits
12. Recent trends and good practice in Research and
Innovation Policy
Fostering Human Resources for R&D
Output of S&T graduates
Career path for young researchers
Attract talent
Increase participation of women
Coping with globalisation of R&D
Reforming funding and performing instiutions
Increased emphasis on monitoring and
evaluation (‚strategic intelligence for RTP„)
Improving the ‚governance„ of RTP
Strengthening the NIS as a SYSTEM
…especially industry-science relations !
15. Paradigm shifts in post-war RTP and PROs:
Relative Importance
New ‚missions‘ ?
New Public
Managment?
Generic elements of innovation systems
Civil ‚key‘ technologies
Classic mission-oriented approach
World War II today
Source: Rammer,Polt, Gassler(2008)
17. Some basic trends in R&D
General increases in the knowledge intensity
of production of goods and services
Share of business sector increases with level
of development
Share of service sector in R&D and in
innovation increases
New ‚mode of production of knowledge„:
INTERACTION !
Specialisation patterns between countries
differ … and will continue to do so (industrial
history, public priority setting…)
Increasing globalisation (also of R&D) … in
various channels (international mobility,
international cooperation, inward/outward FDI)
18. R&D – global trends: intensity rises
over time
Source: OECD STI Outlook 2008
31. Current Challenges for RTI Policies
Reaction to the Crisis !
Private <-> Public Spending
Coordination of Policies across a
growing number of policy domains
(environment, health, security,
energy, transport/mobility,
communication, industry policies…)
In search for Excellence….
32. R&D and innovation in the business cycle,
OECD total (annual change)
Source: OECD STI Outlook 2008
34. Characteristics of CEEC innovation systems
Low overall R&D intensity,
CEEC have – in contrast to other
countries – considerably decreased
R&D spending post 1990 !
Private sector R&D is still considerably
lower than in more advanced countries
Large share of R&D in the Government
Sector Academies of Sciences;
Institutes in Energy and Defense R&D
35. Characteristics of CEEC innovation systems
With the break-down of old structures
industry science link almost collapsed
Problems in Human Ressources and
Quality of Education
Clear divide between the EU members
of CEEC and the non-EU members
High FDI inflows,
considerable share of high/medium-high
tech industries characterize the former
much stronger focus of process innovation
than elsewhere
42. Characteristics of CEEC‘s R&I policies
STI policies were not given much
attention in the post-1990 period,
focus was rather on ‚macroeconomic
stability‘ (‚Washington consensus‘)
‚Stop and Go‘ approach to STI policies
Pressure to build up own STI
capacities is rising, competitive
advantage of cheap, skilled labour +
low business taxation/regulation is
eroding
43. Characteristics of CEEC R&I policies
EU plays considerable role for STI poliy
formulation and governance
… but the creation of institutions (e.g.
implementing agencies) and orientation towards
EU STI policy setting (Framework Programme,
Structural Funds) is not generally favourable !
Lack of priority setting (mechanisms)
„…CEE innovation policies tend to solve
problems not existing in the respective
economies“ (KATTEL & PRIMI 2010) – e.g.
PPPs and TT
44. Main sources and suggested further reading:
OECD: Science,Technology and Innovation Outlook
2010. Paris
EU: Innovation Union Scoreboard 2010. Brussels
Austrian Report on Research and Development 2010.
Vienna
Helmut GASSLER, Wolfgang POLT, Christian RAMMER:
Setting priorites in Science and Technology Policy. In:
Claire Nauwelaires: Innovation Policy in Europe. Edward
Elgar. 2008
Rainer KATTEL, Annalisa PRIMI: The periphery
paradox in innovation policy: Latin America and Eastern
Europe compared. March 2010
Alasdair REID: EU Innovation Policy: Towards a
differentiated approach across countries. January
2009