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टाइफसको संक्रमण
मुलुकका विभिन्न जिल्लामा एक महिनायता फै भलएको स्क्क्रि
टाइफस नामक नयााँ रोगले आठिना बालबाभलकासहित एक
गिभितीको ज्यान भलएको छ।
टाइफसको संक्रमणबाट ४० िना अस्क्पतालमा िनाभ िएको र
एक सयिन्दा बढीको उपचार िइसके को स्क्िास्क््य सेिा
वििाग, मिामारी तथा रोग ननयन्रण मिाशाखाले आइतबार
पुजटट गरेको छ।लगातारको तराई बन्द, नाकाबन्दीिस्क्ता
समस्क्याले रोग ननयन्रणमा कहठनाइ िएको मिशाखा प्रमुख
डा. बाबुराम मराभसनीले बताए।
‘देशको खराब जस्क्थनतले रोगका लक्षण देखखएका बबरामी
अस्क्पताल गएर उपचार गनभ पाएका छैनन् । न त
स्क्िा्यकमीको टोली प्रिावित क्षेरमा पुग्न सके को छ’,
मराभसनीले िने, ‘रगत िााँचका लागग माननसिरू
प्रयोगशालामा िान पाएका छैनन् । िामीले समेत सिि
रूपमा रगतको नमुना संकलन गरी परीक्षणका लागग
काठमाडौं ल्याउन सके का छैनांैै ।
आठ बालबाललकासहित एक गर्भवतीको ज्यान  गयो
• मिाशाखाका अनुसार मुसा, गाईिैंसी, झाडीलगायतमा पाइने
साना ककनाभ (माइट) ले टोक्दा सने ब्याक्टेररयाका कारण
माननसमा टाइफस देखा पछभ । धरानजस्क्थत बीपी कोइराला
स्क्िास्क््य विज्ञान प्रनतटठान र धनगढीजस्क्थत सेती अञ्चलनमा
उपचारका लागग िनाभ िएकाको ज्यान गएको िो ।
अहिले धरान र सेती अञ्िल अस्क्पतालमा टाइफसबाट
संक्रमनत ४० िना बबरामीको उपचार िइरिेको छ ।िोिपुर,
संखुिासिा, ताप्लेिुङ, खोटाङ, धनकु टालागयत पूिी पिाडी
जिल्लाबाट पजचचमी जिल्लामा टाइफस फै भलएको मिाशाखाको
प्रारजभिक अनुसन्धानले देखाएको छ।
टाइफसबाट धाहदङमा समेत माननस थला पनभ थालेको र
टेकु जस्क्थत शुक्रराि ट्रवपकल तथा सरुिारोग अस्क्पतालमा के िी
बबरामी उपचार गरी फककभ एका छन्। एकपनछ अको जिल्लामा
फै लाँदै गएको टाइफस ननयन्रणमा ठू लो चुनौती देखखएको
देखखएको सरकारी अगधकारीले बताएका छन्।
• अचानक ज्िरो आउने, ससाना बबभमरा देखखने,
टाउको दुख्ने, मााँसपेसी दुख्ने, झाडापखाला िुनेिस्क्ता
मुख्य लक्षणको यो रोग लागेपनछ ननमोननया िा
मेनेन्िाइहटस िएर महिला र बालबाभलकाको
ज्यान िाने गछभ । विशेष गरी रोग लागेको ६
देखख १८ हदनभिर बबरामीको मृत्यु िुने गरेको छ ।
‘ज्िरो आएको के िी हदनमै रोग पत्ता लगाई
आिचयक एजन्टबायोहटक खाएमा रोग ननको िुन्छ
। हढलो िुाँदा बबरामीलाई बचाउन सककाँ दैन’,
मराभसनीले िने, ‘बबरामी भसककस्क्त परेपनछ मार
अस्क्पताल आउने गरेका छन ्, िसले गदाभ
उनीिरूलाई बचाउन कहठन िुन्छ ।’
• रोग ननयन्रणका लागग प्रिावित जिल्लामा िएका
ककनाभ मानुभपने िए पनन बिेट अिािमा काम
अनि बढ्न सके को छैन । ‘यो रोगबारे धेरै
गचककत्सक र स्क्िास्क््यकमीलाई पनन िानकारी
छैन’, मराभसनीले िने, ‘उनीिरूलाई ताभलम
आिचयक छ ।’
िापान िुाँदै रूस, अस्क्ट्रेभलया, अफगाननस्क्तान,
पाककस्क्तान, थाइल्यान्डमा देखखएको टाइफस
ननयन्रण र रोकथामका लागग विचि स्क्िास्क््य
संगठनले आह्िान गरेको गथयो । -
रोग अन्सुन्धान  गन भ र्ारतीय ववज्ञ
न ेपालमा
स्क्क्रि टाइसफ फै भलने र यसबाट माननसको ज्यान िाने
क्रम बढेपनछ थप अनुसन्धानका लागग िारतीय सरुिा
रोग विशेषज्ञ डा. चयमाल विचिासलाई नेपाल बोलाइएको
छ ।
विचिासको नेतृत्िमा मिामारी तथा रोग ननयन्रण
मिाशाखाका गचककत्सकको टोलीले रोग साने ककनाभ
नेपालमा किााँ कसरी फै भलएको िन्नेबारे अनुसन्धान
गरररिेको छ ।
विशेष गरी रोग साने ककनाभका ब्याक्टेररयाबारे अनुस
ताँ के वपडडत त्यो बािुन छेरी पो वपडडत
तैले कमसेकम समाबेसीको कु रा गनभ सक्छस
त्यो त िेर आफ्नै अगाडी क्षेमता िएता पनन लुरुक्क परेर बस्क्छ
त्यो त िेर टुप्पी कसेर पढ़छ तर समाबेसीमा नतम्रो कोटाको अगाडी नतमस्क्तक िएर खाडी पस्क्छ
अब िन ताँ को वपडडत त्यो बािुन छेरी पो वपडडत ……..
तैले नपढेर अिसर पनयनस िोला
तेस्क्ले संसार पढेको छ
तेस्क्ले संसार िानेर के गने
तेस्क्लाई अिसरबाट बजन्चत गयो िनेर २ सब्द बोल्न सक्दैन
ताँ के वपडडत त्यो बािुन छेरी पो वपडडत
कपुतिरुले नेपाल आमालाई बन्दकी राख्दैछ
नेपालमा ढुङ्गा िान्दै िारनतय रोटी चाख्दै छ
भसककम िस्क्तै मधेसलाइ ताग्दैछ
स्क्िाभिमानी नेपालीिरु देश बचाउन िाग्दैछ,
• Happy Dashain 2072 to You......मााँ
दुगाभर्वान ीले िाम्रो न ेतािरुलाई सदबुद्धध प्रदान 
गरुन  ् । .... देशमा सुशासन , सुव्यवस्था,
शान्न्त र आत्मनन र्भर बन्न े बाटो देखाइहदऊ्न 
....
What Is Typhus?
Typhus fevers are caused by
the rickettsiae bacteria and transmitted by
arthropod (e.g. flea, mite, tick) bites. When
arthropods bite a victim, they leave
the rickettsaie bacteria behind. Scratching the
bite opens the skin to the bacteria, allowing
them to enter the bloodstream. Within the
blood stream, the bacteria grow and replicate.
• Different arthropods carry
specific rickettsaie bacteria for each type of
typhus. Typhus symptoms vary slightly by
type. The most common symptoms are
universal, affecting nearly all typhus patients.
• Treatment focuses on using antibiotic
medication to stop the infection. Untreated
typhus can lead to serious complications and
be potentially fatal. Prevention of typhus is
easier than treatment. Methods of prevention
focus on destroying or avoiding arthropod
infestations.
Cause of Typhus
Typhus is not transmitted from person to person
like a cold or the flu. Arthropods are typically
carriers of one typhus strain unique to them.
Types of typhus and carriers:
• epidemic/louse-borne typhus (caused
by Rickettsia prowazekii) carried by the body-
louse
• murine typhus (caused by R. typhi) carried by the
rat or cat flea
• scrub typhus (caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi)
carried by mites
Global distribution of typhus:
• epidemic/louse-borne: global (focused in
areas of high population and poor sanitation,
where conditions are best for lice)
• murine typhus: global
• scrub typhus: common in Asia, Australia,
Papua New Guinea, and the Pacific Islands
Carrier bites are loaded with the bacteria. When the bites
are scratched, they allow the bacteria into the
bloodstream. The bacteria grow within the bloodstream,
increasing over time.
Symptoms of Typhus
Symptoms vary slightly by the type of typhus..
Common symptoms of typhus include:
• headache
• high fever
• chills
• rash
Rare symptoms of epidemic typhus include
stupor and seeming out of touch with reality.
Diagnosing Typhus
If you suspect that you have typhus, your doctor
will ask about your symptoms and your
medical history, including any travel or bites
you may have received. To help with the
diagnosis, tell your doctor if you:
• are living in a crowded environment
• know of a typhus outbreak in your community
• have a history of travel
Diagnosis is difficult because symptoms
are common to other diseases, including:
• dengue (breakbone fever)
• malaria (infectious disease spread by
mosquitos)
• brucellosis (infectious disease caused by the
brucella bacteria)
Diagnostic tests for the presence of
typhus include:
• Western blot (test to identify presence of
typhus bacteria)
• immunofluorescence test (using fluorescent
dyes to detect typhus in sputum samples)
• blood test (results can indicate the presence of
infection)
Treatment for Typhus
Antibiotics most commonly used to treat typhus
include:
• doxycycline (preferred treatment)
• cholramphenicol (option for those not
pregnant or breastfeeding)
• ciprofloxacin (used for those who are unable
to take doxycycline)
Complications of Typhus
Common complications of typhus include:
• hepatitis (infection of the liver)
• gastrointestinal hemorrhage (bleeding inside
the intestines)
• hypovolaemia (decrease in blood volume)
• The mortality rate for untreated typhus is 15 percent
(Mazumder, et al., 2009). People who are most at risk
of dying are generally those in poor, unsanitary, and
crowded conditions. Many are unable to afford
adequate and prompt treatment.
• Patients with underlying diseases (diabetes mellititus,
alcoholism, chronic renal disorders, etc.) have a high
risk of mortality. Delayed treatment and misdiagnosis
can lead to a more severe case of typhus. Those who
receive prompt and correct treatment have a good
chance for a successful recovery.
Suggestions for prevention of typhus
include:
• maintaining personal hygiene (helps guard against
lice carrying the disease)
• controlling the rodent population (rodents are
known to carry arthropods)
• avoiding places where exposure has occurred
(typhus has been responsible for epidemics and
outbreaks)
• chemoprophylaxis with doxycycline (used as a
preventative only in those at high risk, such as
those on humanitarian campaigns in areas with
extreme poverty and little or no sanitation)

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टाइफस

  • 2. मुलुकका विभिन्न जिल्लामा एक महिनायता फै भलएको स्क्क्रि टाइफस नामक नयााँ रोगले आठिना बालबाभलकासहित एक गिभितीको ज्यान भलएको छ। टाइफसको संक्रमणबाट ४० िना अस्क्पतालमा िनाभ िएको र एक सयिन्दा बढीको उपचार िइसके को स्क्िास्क््य सेिा वििाग, मिामारी तथा रोग ननयन्रण मिाशाखाले आइतबार पुजटट गरेको छ।लगातारको तराई बन्द, नाकाबन्दीिस्क्ता समस्क्याले रोग ननयन्रणमा कहठनाइ िएको मिशाखा प्रमुख डा. बाबुराम मराभसनीले बताए। ‘देशको खराब जस्क्थनतले रोगका लक्षण देखखएका बबरामी अस्क्पताल गएर उपचार गनभ पाएका छैनन् । न त स्क्िा्यकमीको टोली प्रिावित क्षेरमा पुग्न सके को छ’, मराभसनीले िने, ‘रगत िााँचका लागग माननसिरू प्रयोगशालामा िान पाएका छैनन् । िामीले समेत सिि रूपमा रगतको नमुना संकलन गरी परीक्षणका लागग काठमाडौं ल्याउन सके का छैनांैै । आठ बालबाललकासहित एक गर्भवतीको ज्यान गयो
  • 3. • मिाशाखाका अनुसार मुसा, गाईिैंसी, झाडीलगायतमा पाइने साना ककनाभ (माइट) ले टोक्दा सने ब्याक्टेररयाका कारण माननसमा टाइफस देखा पछभ । धरानजस्क्थत बीपी कोइराला स्क्िास्क््य विज्ञान प्रनतटठान र धनगढीजस्क्थत सेती अञ्चलनमा उपचारका लागग िनाभ िएकाको ज्यान गएको िो । अहिले धरान र सेती अञ्िल अस्क्पतालमा टाइफसबाट संक्रमनत ४० िना बबरामीको उपचार िइरिेको छ ।िोिपुर, संखुिासिा, ताप्लेिुङ, खोटाङ, धनकु टालागयत पूिी पिाडी जिल्लाबाट पजचचमी जिल्लामा टाइफस फै भलएको मिाशाखाको प्रारजभिक अनुसन्धानले देखाएको छ। टाइफसबाट धाहदङमा समेत माननस थला पनभ थालेको र टेकु जस्क्थत शुक्रराि ट्रवपकल तथा सरुिारोग अस्क्पतालमा के िी बबरामी उपचार गरी फककभ एका छन्। एकपनछ अको जिल्लामा फै लाँदै गएको टाइफस ननयन्रणमा ठू लो चुनौती देखखएको देखखएको सरकारी अगधकारीले बताएका छन्।
  • 4. • अचानक ज्िरो आउने, ससाना बबभमरा देखखने, टाउको दुख्ने, मााँसपेसी दुख्ने, झाडापखाला िुनेिस्क्ता मुख्य लक्षणको यो रोग लागेपनछ ननमोननया िा मेनेन्िाइहटस िएर महिला र बालबाभलकाको ज्यान िाने गछभ । विशेष गरी रोग लागेको ६ देखख १८ हदनभिर बबरामीको मृत्यु िुने गरेको छ । ‘ज्िरो आएको के िी हदनमै रोग पत्ता लगाई आिचयक एजन्टबायोहटक खाएमा रोग ननको िुन्छ । हढलो िुाँदा बबरामीलाई बचाउन सककाँ दैन’, मराभसनीले िने, ‘बबरामी भसककस्क्त परेपनछ मार अस्क्पताल आउने गरेका छन ्, िसले गदाभ उनीिरूलाई बचाउन कहठन िुन्छ ।’
  • 5. • रोग ननयन्रणका लागग प्रिावित जिल्लामा िएका ककनाभ मानुभपने िए पनन बिेट अिािमा काम अनि बढ्न सके को छैन । ‘यो रोगबारे धेरै गचककत्सक र स्क्िास्क््यकमीलाई पनन िानकारी छैन’, मराभसनीले िने, ‘उनीिरूलाई ताभलम आिचयक छ ।’ िापान िुाँदै रूस, अस्क्ट्रेभलया, अफगाननस्क्तान, पाककस्क्तान, थाइल्यान्डमा देखखएको टाइफस ननयन्रण र रोकथामका लागग विचि स्क्िास्क््य संगठनले आह्िान गरेको गथयो । -
  • 6. रोग अन्सुन्धान गन भ र्ारतीय ववज्ञ न ेपालमा स्क्क्रि टाइसफ फै भलने र यसबाट माननसको ज्यान िाने क्रम बढेपनछ थप अनुसन्धानका लागग िारतीय सरुिा रोग विशेषज्ञ डा. चयमाल विचिासलाई नेपाल बोलाइएको छ । विचिासको नेतृत्िमा मिामारी तथा रोग ननयन्रण मिाशाखाका गचककत्सकको टोलीले रोग साने ककनाभ नेपालमा किााँ कसरी फै भलएको िन्नेबारे अनुसन्धान गरररिेको छ । विशेष गरी रोग साने ककनाभका ब्याक्टेररयाबारे अनुस
  • 7. ताँ के वपडडत त्यो बािुन छेरी पो वपडडत तैले कमसेकम समाबेसीको कु रा गनभ सक्छस त्यो त िेर आफ्नै अगाडी क्षेमता िएता पनन लुरुक्क परेर बस्क्छ त्यो त िेर टुप्पी कसेर पढ़छ तर समाबेसीमा नतम्रो कोटाको अगाडी नतमस्क्तक िएर खाडी पस्क्छ अब िन ताँ को वपडडत त्यो बािुन छेरी पो वपडडत …….. तैले नपढेर अिसर पनयनस िोला तेस्क्ले संसार पढेको छ तेस्क्ले संसार िानेर के गने तेस्क्लाई अिसरबाट बजन्चत गयो िनेर २ सब्द बोल्न सक्दैन ताँ के वपडडत त्यो बािुन छेरी पो वपडडत
  • 8. कपुतिरुले नेपाल आमालाई बन्दकी राख्दैछ नेपालमा ढुङ्गा िान्दै िारनतय रोटी चाख्दै छ भसककम िस्क्तै मधेसलाइ ताग्दैछ स्क्िाभिमानी नेपालीिरु देश बचाउन िाग्दैछ,
  • 9. • Happy Dashain 2072 to You......मााँ दुगाभर्वान ीले िाम्रो न ेतािरुलाई सदबुद्धध प्रदान गरुन ् । .... देशमा सुशासन , सुव्यवस्था, शान्न्त र आत्मनन र्भर बन्न े बाटो देखाइहदऊ्न ....
  • 10. What Is Typhus? Typhus fevers are caused by the rickettsiae bacteria and transmitted by arthropod (e.g. flea, mite, tick) bites. When arthropods bite a victim, they leave the rickettsaie bacteria behind. Scratching the bite opens the skin to the bacteria, allowing them to enter the bloodstream. Within the blood stream, the bacteria grow and replicate.
  • 11. • Different arthropods carry specific rickettsaie bacteria for each type of typhus. Typhus symptoms vary slightly by type. The most common symptoms are universal, affecting nearly all typhus patients. • Treatment focuses on using antibiotic medication to stop the infection. Untreated typhus can lead to serious complications and be potentially fatal. Prevention of typhus is easier than treatment. Methods of prevention focus on destroying or avoiding arthropod infestations.
  • 12. Cause of Typhus Typhus is not transmitted from person to person like a cold or the flu. Arthropods are typically carriers of one typhus strain unique to them. Types of typhus and carriers: • epidemic/louse-borne typhus (caused by Rickettsia prowazekii) carried by the body- louse • murine typhus (caused by R. typhi) carried by the rat or cat flea • scrub typhus (caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi) carried by mites
  • 13. Global distribution of typhus: • epidemic/louse-borne: global (focused in areas of high population and poor sanitation, where conditions are best for lice) • murine typhus: global • scrub typhus: common in Asia, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Pacific Islands Carrier bites are loaded with the bacteria. When the bites are scratched, they allow the bacteria into the bloodstream. The bacteria grow within the bloodstream, increasing over time.
  • 14. Symptoms of Typhus Symptoms vary slightly by the type of typhus.. Common symptoms of typhus include: • headache • high fever • chills • rash Rare symptoms of epidemic typhus include stupor and seeming out of touch with reality.
  • 15. Diagnosing Typhus If you suspect that you have typhus, your doctor will ask about your symptoms and your medical history, including any travel or bites you may have received. To help with the diagnosis, tell your doctor if you: • are living in a crowded environment • know of a typhus outbreak in your community • have a history of travel
  • 16. Diagnosis is difficult because symptoms are common to other diseases, including: • dengue (breakbone fever) • malaria (infectious disease spread by mosquitos) • brucellosis (infectious disease caused by the brucella bacteria)
  • 17. Diagnostic tests for the presence of typhus include: • Western blot (test to identify presence of typhus bacteria) • immunofluorescence test (using fluorescent dyes to detect typhus in sputum samples) • blood test (results can indicate the presence of infection)
  • 18. Treatment for Typhus Antibiotics most commonly used to treat typhus include: • doxycycline (preferred treatment) • cholramphenicol (option for those not pregnant or breastfeeding) • ciprofloxacin (used for those who are unable to take doxycycline)
  • 19. Complications of Typhus Common complications of typhus include: • hepatitis (infection of the liver) • gastrointestinal hemorrhage (bleeding inside the intestines) • hypovolaemia (decrease in blood volume)
  • 20. • The mortality rate for untreated typhus is 15 percent (Mazumder, et al., 2009). People who are most at risk of dying are generally those in poor, unsanitary, and crowded conditions. Many are unable to afford adequate and prompt treatment. • Patients with underlying diseases (diabetes mellititus, alcoholism, chronic renal disorders, etc.) have a high risk of mortality. Delayed treatment and misdiagnosis can lead to a more severe case of typhus. Those who receive prompt and correct treatment have a good chance for a successful recovery.
  • 21. Suggestions for prevention of typhus include: • maintaining personal hygiene (helps guard against lice carrying the disease) • controlling the rodent population (rodents are known to carry arthropods) • avoiding places where exposure has occurred (typhus has been responsible for epidemics and outbreaks) • chemoprophylaxis with doxycycline (used as a preventative only in those at high risk, such as those on humanitarian campaigns in areas with extreme poverty and little or no sanitation)