This document provides an overview of conventional and novel drug delivery systems. It defines drug delivery as administering pharmaceutical compounds to achieve therapeutic effects. Conventional systems like oral, intravenous, and transdermal delivery are described along with their advantages and disadvantages. Novel drug delivery systems aim to improve drug potency, control release rates, increase safety, and target tissues. They provide sustained therapeutic effects by maintaining drug concentrations and reducing dosing frequency. Various novel approaches include targeted, controlled, and modulated release systems using materials like nanoparticles, liposomes, and hydrogels.

1. CONVENTIONALAND NOVEL DRUG
DELIVERY SYSTEM
By: ZILLE ALI
Department of Pharmaceutics IIT(BHU)
zilleali.da@gmail.com

2. CONTENTS
 DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
 CONVENTIONAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
 NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

3. DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Drug delivery is the method of administering pharmaceutical
compound to achieve a therapeutic effect in humans or
animals.
Most common methods of drug delivery includes the oral
(through the mouth), topical (skin), trans-mucosal (nasal,
buccal, sublingual, vaginal, ocular,rectal),parenteral(injection
into systemic circulation) and inhalation routes.
The drug delivery system can further be divided into two
main types:
1. Conventional drug delivery system.
2. Novel drug delivery system.

4. CONVENTIONAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Conventional Drug Delivery System is the Classical
methods for the delivery of Drug into the body. The
Examples of these systems includes:
 Oral Delivery
 Buccal / Sublingual Delivery
 Rectal Delivery
 Intravenous Delivery
 Sub Cutaneous Delivery
 Intramuscular Delivery

5. Oral Delivery
It includes tablets, capsules, syrups etc. taken directly through
mouth and travels through GIT.
Advantages of Oral Delivery:
 Convenience in Administration
 Non invasive
 Accurate and measured dose.
 Unit Dosage form
 Higher compliance
 Cheap to the patient.
Disadvantages of Oral Delivery:
 Unconscious patients cannot take dose
 Low permeability.
 Degradation by Gastro-Intestinal enzymes.
 First pass metabolism
 Irregular absorption

6. Buccal / Sublingual Delivery
Here tablets or chewing gums are placed under tongue
(sublingual) and between cheeks (buccal).
Advantages
 By-pass First pass metabolism
 Rapid absorption
 Low enzymatic activity
Disadvantages
 Discomfort during dissolution
 Probability of swallowing- lost of effect
 Small doses

7. Rectal Delivery
Here suppositories are placed inside rectum and it melts at
body temperature to give quick effect.
Advantages
 By-pass first pass metabolism
 Useful for children
Disadvantages
 Absorption depends on disease state
 Degradation by bacterial flora
 Uncomfortable

8. Intravenous Delivery
Drug in liquid form is administered directly into blood by
injecting in vein with the help of sterile injector.
Advantages
 Drug 100% bioavailable
 Rapid response
 Can administer drugs degradable in stomach.
 By-passes First Pass Metabolism
Disadvantages
 Invasive
 Trained personnel
 Possible toxicity due to incorrect dosing
 Sterility

9. Subcutaneous Delivery
Here liquid drug is administered in subcutaneous tissue by
injecting with injector.
Advantages
 Patient self-administration
 Slow, complete absorption
 By-pass FPM when placed at lower part of rectum.
Disadvantages
 Invasive
 Irritation
 Inflammation
 Maximum dose volume - 2mL

10. Intramuscular Delivery
The liquid drug is administered in the muscle tissue by
injecting with injector.
Advantages
 Drug is absorbed slowly, so prolong effect.
 Larger volume than subcutaneous
 By-pass first pass metabolism
Disadvantages
 Invasive – patient discomfort
 Irritation,
 Inflammation
 May require some training

11. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (NDDS)
It is a combination of advance technique and new dosage
forms which are far better than conventional dosage forms
and involves medicinal devices.
It improves drug potency, control drug release to give a
sustained therapeutic effect, provide greater safety and target
a drug specifically to a desired tissue.
Advantage of NDDS over conventional
 The conventional dosage forms provide drug release
immediately and it causes fluctuation of drug level in
blood depending upon dosage form.
 Therefore to maintain the drug concentration within
therapeutically effective range need novel drug delivery
system.

12.  It provide optimum dose at the right time and right location.
 Efficient use of expensive drugs, excipients and reduction in
production cost.
 Beneficial to patients, better therapy, improved comfort and
standard of living.
MODES OF NDDS
 Targeted Drug Delivery System
 Controlled Drug Delivery System
 Modulated Drug Delivery System
Targeted Drug Delivery System
 The drug is delivered in such a way that drug is only active in
the target area of the body (cancerous tissues) in which drug is
released over a period of time in a controlled manner. e.g.,
Colon targeted drugs.

13. Controlled Drug Delivery System
Release of drug is for long periods. In this the rate or speed
at which the drug is released is controlled by modification
in formulation. e.g. Nifidipine.
Modulated Drug Delivery System
Here the rate of drug release is controlled and modulated by
devices such as nebulizer, MDI (metered dose inhaler) etc.
Classification of NDDS with reference to
release control
1. Matrix Diffusion Types: Here rate of release is
controlled by diffusion of dissolved drug in the matrix.
 Rigid Matrix Diffusion : Here insoluble plastic
materials like PVP & fatty acids are used.

14.  Swellable Matrix Diffusion:
Here gums are used. These are also called Glassy
Hydrogels and popular for sustaining the release of highly
water soluble drugs.
 Reservoir System:
Here polymer content in coating, thickness of coating &
hardness of micro-capsules control the release of the drug.
2. Dissolution Matrix Type
Here drug is homogeneously dispersed in rate controlling
waxy medium like bees wax, castor oil etc.
 Encapsulation: Dissolution is controlled by coating
system like use of cellulose, Polyethylene Glycols,
polymethylacrylates, and waxes. Dissolution rate also
depend upon coating material stability and thickness of
coating film.

15. 3. Dissolution & Diffusion Controlled Release System:
Drug is encapsulated in partially soluble membrane, pores are
created due to soluble parts of coating film which permits entry
of aqueous medium into core and drug dissolution starts by
diffusion of dissolved drug out of system. Mixture of water
soluble PVP and water insoluble ethyl cellulose is used for this
purpose.
4. Water penetration/Osmotic Pressure Controlled NDDS :
Drug may be osmotically active or drug may be combined with
osmotically active salts like NaCl.
5. Chemically controlled NDDS: These systems change their
chemical nature/structure when exposed to biological fluids.
6. Hydrogels: Three dimensional network structures of
hydrophilic polymers with chemical and physical cross links to
provide desirable protection of drugs, proteins and peptides..

16. 7. Ion Exchange Resins Controlled Release Systems: Here
ionisable drug is absorbed on ion-exchange resins granules
then granules are coated with water permeable polymers using
spray dryer technique.
List of drug carrier in NDDS
 Nanosomes
 Liposomes
 Niosomes
 Nanoparticle
 Nanosphere
 Microsphere
 Microparticle
 Microemulsion
 Nanosuspension
 Micelles

17. Advantages of NDDS
 Decreased dosing frequency.
 Reduced rate of rise of drug concentration in blood.
 Sustained and consistent blood level within the therapeutic
window.
 Enhanced bioavailability.
 To achieve a targeted drug release.
 Reduced side effects.
 Improved patient compliance.

18. REFERENCES:
 Teachers Handbook HSS 302 - NQ2014 Drug Delivery
System
PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education,
Shyamla Hills, Bhopal