Strategize a Smooth Tenant-to-tenant Migration and Copilot Takeoff
Chapter 1 fundamentals of digital imaging
1.
2. Computer Graphics
Is one of the most effective and
commonly used way to
communicate the processed
information to the user.
It displays the information in the
form of graphics objects such as
pictures,charts,graphs and
diagrams instead of simple text.
3. Advantages of Computer Graphics
1. It provides tools for producing pictures not
only of concrete real world objects but also of
abstract, synthetic objects such as
mathematical surface in 4D and of data that
have no inherent geometry such as survey
results.
2. It has the ability to show moving pictures
and thus it is possible to produce animations
with computer graphics.
3. With computer graphics user can also control
the animation speed, portion of the view, the
goniometric relationship the object in the
scene to one another, the amount of detail
shown and on.
4. Advantages of Computer Graphics
4. The computer graphics provides tool
called motion dynamics.
5. The computer graphics also provides
facility called update dynamics.
6. With the recent development of digital
signal processing (DSP) and audio
synthesis chip the interactive graphics
can now provide audio feedback along
with the graphical feedbacks to make the
simulated environment even more
realistic.
5. Applications of Computer Graphics
User Interface
Plotting of Graphics and Charts
Office Automation and Desktop Publishing
Computer-aided Drafting and Design
Simulation and Animation
Art and Commerce
Cartography
6. User Interface
User friendliness is one of the
main factors underlying the
success and popularity of any
system.
It is now a well established fact
that graphical interfaces provide
an attractive and easy
interaction between users and
computers.
7. Plotting of Graphics and Chart
Is the most commonly used to create 2D and
3D graphs of mathematical, physical and
economic functions in form of histograms, bars
and pie-charts.
8. Office Automation and Desktop
Publishing
The desktop publishing on
personal computers allow the
use of graphics for the creation
and dissemination of
information. It allows the user
to create documents which
contain text, tables, graphs and
other forms of drawn or
scanned images.
9. Computer-aided Drafting and Design
Uses graphics to design components and systems
electrical, mechanical, electromechanical and electronic
devices such as automobile bodies, structures of building,
airplane, ships, very large scale integrated chips, optical
systems and computer networks.
10. Simulation and Animation
Use of graphics in simulation
makes mathematic models and
mechanical systems more realistic
and easy to study.
The interactive graphics supported
by animation software proved their
use in production of animated
movies and cartoons films.
11. Art and Commerce
This allows user to
create artistic pictures
which express messages
and attract attentions.
Such pictures are very
useful in advertising.
12. Cartography
Computer graphics is also used to represent
geographic maps, weather maps, oceanographic
charts, contour maps, population density maps.
13. Classification of Computer Graphics
Two categories in classification of computer
graphics:
Passive computer graphics
Interactive computer graphics
14. Passive computer graphics
• A computer graphics
operation that transfers
automatically without
operator intervention.
• Non-interactive computer
graphics involves one way
communication between the
computer and the user.
15. Interactive computer graphics
• In interactive Computer
Graphics user have some
controls over the picture, the
user can make any change in
the produced image.
• It require two-way
communication between the
computer and the user.
16. Pixel
• is a physical point in a raster
image, or the smallest
addressable element in an all
points addressable display
device.
• it is the smallest controllable
element of a picture
represented on the screen.
17. Bit Depth
Refers to the color information stored
in an image.
The higher the bit depth of an image,
the more colors it can store.
The simplest image, a 1 bit image, can
only show two colors, black and white.
An 8 bit image can store 256 possible
colors, while a 24 bit image can display
over 16 million colors.
18. Resolution
Is sometimes identified by the width and height of
the image as well as the total number of pixels in
the image.
The more pixel per inch. the higher your image
resolution will be.
19. Megapixels Image Resolution Maximum Print Size
0.3 Megapixel 640 x 480 1.6" x 2.3" at 300 dpi
1.3 Megapixel 1392 x 1024 3.2" x 4.3" at 300 dpi
2.0 Megapixel 1600 x 1200 4" x 5.3" at 300 dpi
3.3 Megapixel 2080 x 1542 5.1" x 6.8" at 300 dpi
5.0 Megapixel 2580 x 1944 6.4" x 8.5" at 300 dpi
6.0 Megapixel 2816 x 2112 9.4" x 7" at 300 dpi
8.0 Megapixel 3264 x 2448 8" x 11" at 300 dpi
12.5 Megapixel 4080 x 3072 10.24" x 13.6" at 300 dpi
32 Megapixel 6464 x 4864 16" x 21.5" at 300 dpi
20. Image Size
is the term given to describe the height and width of an
image in pixels.
Maximum Image Size is determined by the megapixels of a
given camera.for example, a 10-megapixel camera will give
a maximum image size of 2592 by 3872 pixels.
21. Image Resizing
is necessary when you
need to increase or
decrease the total number
of pixels, whereas
remapping can occur
when you are correcting
for lens distortion or
rotating an image.
22. Device Resolution
Is the number of pixels on a device found in each
dimension that can be displayed on the screen.
For example: a device with the resolution of “1024 x
768” has a 1024 pixel width and a 768 pixel height.
23. Digital Color
This elegant representation
of color bridges the gap between
additive and subtractive systems
of color, and defines the method
by which colors are stored,
manipulated, and reproduced
using computer technology.
24. Primary Colors
• a set of real colorants or
colored lights that can be
combined in varying
amounts to produce
a gamut of colors.
• Primary colors include
red, blue and yellow.
25. Secondary Colors
A color produced by mixing two
additive primary colors in equal
proportions.
The secondary colors are cyan,
magenta and yellow. Each
secondary color is also the
complementary color of the
primary color whose wavelength
it does not contain.
26. Color Gamut
The term color gamut
refers to the range of
colors a device can
reproduce, the larger or
wider the gamut the more
rich saturated colors
available.
27. Color Model
is an abstract mathematical model describing
the way colors can be represented as tuples of
numbers, typically as three or four values or
color components.
28. Color Management
is the controlled conversion
between
the color representations of
various devices, such as image
scanners, digital cameras,
monitors, TV screens, film
printers, computer printers,
offset presses, and
corresponding media.
30. LUMINANCE
• Is brightness which corresponds to its physical property.
• It measures the total energy in the light.
• It is proportional to the area bounded by P (λ) and the λ
axis in the 400 to 700 nm range.
31. Hue
Distinguish a white light form a red light or a
green light.
When white light is incident on the object ,
some of its gets reflected.
32. Saturation
Describes the degree of vividness.
Saturation corresponds to the physical property called
excitation purity which is defined to be the percentage of
luminance that is allocated to the dominant or pure color
component.
Notas del editor
Computer graphics
In computer graphics, pictures or graphics object are presented as a collections of discrete pictures elements called pixels.
Take note that computer graphics allows rotation, translation, scaling and performing various projections on the picture before displaying it.
It also allows to add effects such as hidden surface removal, shading or transparency to the picture before final representation.
“Advantages of computer graphics”
In short, computer graphics permits extensive, high bandwidth user computer interaction.
It significantly enhances the ability to understand information, to perceive trends and to visualize real or imaginary objects either moving or stationary in a realistic environment.
“applications of computer graphics”
today, computer graphics is used in a variety of fields ranging from routine everyday activities to very specialized area in widely different fields so let us know and discuss some of the major application areas of computer graphics.
There are 8 major applications of computer graphics first we have user interface….ect.
These graphs and charts are very useful for decision making.
Many organizations does the in-house creation and printing of documents.
And this is one approach towards the office automation.
Computer aided design software packages range from 2D vector based drafting systems to 3D solid and surface modellers.
Computer graphics has been classified into two categories according to the application do main and requirement.
They are passive and interactive computer graphics.
So class picture is produced on the monitor and the user does not have any control over the produced picture.
The example of passive computer graphics is screen saver and static website
Static website - contains Web pages with fixed content.
This is also called on-line graphics.
This is termed as interactive computer graphics because the user can interact with the machine as per his requirements.
The example of interactive computer graphics is Videogames, dynamic websites, special effects in movies, cartoons.
Pixel are normally arranged in a 2-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots, squares and rectangles.
It is the smallest piece of the display screen which we can control, the control is achieved by setting the intensity and color of the pixel which compose the screen.
The simplest image, a 1 bit image, can only show two colors, black and white. That is because the 1 bit can only store one of two values, 0 (white) and 1 (black).
An 8 bit image can store 256 possible colors, while a 24 bit image can display over 16 million colors.
As the bit depth increases, the file size of the image also increases because more color information has to be stored for each pixel in the image.
When you save an image as a GIF or a PNG, you can select the bit depth of the resulting file. With certain types of images that naturally have few colors such as logos or simple designs, you may be able to drastically reduce the size of the image file without degrading the quality of the image. With other images reducing the number of colors in an image will severely degrade the image quality.
More pixel means higher resolution, which creates better image quality because you end up with more realistic representation of colour,better gradations of both individual colors and gray tones and crisper images in general
To determine what resolution you will need for particular print sizes, see the chart.
Primary colors cannot be mixed from other colors.
They are the source of all other colors.
A secondary color is a color made by mixing of two primary colors in a given color space
Cyan (a mixture of blue and green)
Magenta ( mixture of blue and red)
Yellow (mix of green and red)
color gamut is the color pallete that a given technology or process is capable of reproducing.
The entire range of colors available on a particular device such as a monitor or printer.
A monitor, which displays RGB signals, typically has a greater color gamut than a printer, which uses CMYK inks. When a color is "out of gamut," it cannot be properly converted to the target device; for example, to a different type of printer.
RGB-Red- Green- Blue
CMYK inks -CMYK refers to the four ink plates used in some color printing: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black).
Tuples -s a finite ordered list (sequence) of elements.
Color model is a particular representation of color that is useful for at least one particular application.
WE have 7 different color model:
RGB model-(red,green,blue),is an additive model in which adding components produces colors , this model used for active displays such as television and computer screens.
CMY model (Cyan, magenta and yellow)-this model is useful for describing color output to hard copy devices.
CMYK model (Cyan,magenta,yellow and key (black))-works by partially or entirely masking certain colors on the typically white background that is absorbing particular wavelength of light.
HSV model (Hue, Saturation and value) is more intuitive than the RGB color model. User specifies a color and the amount of white and black to add to the color to obtain different shakes, tones and tints.
YIQ model (black-and-white, orange-blue, purple-green)model – is used in U.S commercial color television broadcasting and is therefore closely related to the color raster graphics.
HLS model-(hue,lightness,Saturation)-allows a user to think in terms of making a selected hue darker or lighter.
HIS model-respond closely to the way humans perceive color and thus this model is suited for interactive manipulation of color images where changes occur for each variable shift that correspond to what the operator expects.
Class the primary goal of color management is to obtain a good match across color devices; for example, the colors of one frame of a video should appear the same on a computer LCD monitor, on a plasma TV screen, and as a printed poster.
Color management helps to achieve the same appearance on all of these devices, provided the devices are capable of delivering the needed color intensities.
In computer graphics Light can be characterized in three perceptual terms.
The higher the luminance the brighter the light to the observer
The combination of frequencies of the reflected light is called dominant frequency which is responsible for the color of the object.
It is called as hue or color of light.
Vividness means clarity or brightness, like the vividness of a specific, distinct childhood memory or the vividness of a glowing neon sign on a clear night.