The Development of Islamic State

1. The Islamic State of Madina
Political & Military aspect
Inner Light for ALL

2. Why this topic ?
► Two aspect of Prophets life
 Meccan Period
 Medinan Period
►
►
Some aspects of Prophet’s life not known
Islamic state of Medina
 First constitution of Islamic state
► Military/political aspect of Prophet’s personality

3. Introduction
Salar e Zaman P-110

4. Background
► Social Structure
 Tribe - based on blood relations
 Social status of slaves & attached people
►Economic life based on trade,
agriculture
►Wars for worldly gains

5. Muslim life in Mecca
►Ummah & brotherhood
►Threat to established order
►Excessive persecution
 Shayab Abi Talib
 Hijrat to Abyssinya
►No retaliation allowed

6. Political Social status of Medina
► Pagan Tribes
 Two tribes : Aus , Khazraj
 Profession : Agriculture
 Involved in years of warfare
►Jews
 Three tribes : B.Qainuqah, B.Nazir, B.Quraiza
 Profession : Trade, Agriculture, Usury
 Militarily strong

7. Development of Islam in Medina
► Exposure to Islam: 5th year of Nabuwa
►First Pact of Aqaba ( 10th Nabvi)
 Initial commitments to lead a pious life
►Second Pact of Aqaba (12 Nabvi)
 Invitation to Prophet to migrate
 Commitment to protect the Prophet
 Pact of War

8. Importance of Hejirah
Makkah
Foundation of first Islamic State
-Medina-

9. A constitution was required for the first state to regulate
its political and social life

10. Misaq e Medina
►All tribes of Medina will be single Ummah
►Central Authority of Prophet
 Matters of difference referred to Prophet
 No war without permission of Prophet
►Insistence on Loyalty
►Warning against treachery & oppression.
►Insistence on mutual advice & consultation

11. Misaq e Medina : Internal affairs
►Diyat & Fidya Collective responsibility of Muslims
►Joint action against treachery, rebellion & oppression.
►No Muslim will help an un-Believer against a Muslim
►No Muslim will help a treacherous element
Qisas : Death penalty for murderer
Blood money (Diyat) : money paid to the family of murdered person
Fidya : money paid to relieve a prisoner

12. Misaq e Medina : Internal Affairs
► Protection given by a Muslim will be binding on all
Muslims
► Punishment for killing a Muslim
 If a person kills a Muslim, without reasonable cause, he shall be given death
punishment in return or pay blood money if relatives agree- All Muslims will jointly
act against the killer
► No one will be stopped from taking revenge for injury
► Any one who is wronged must be helped
► Yasrib will be treated as Haram

13. Pact of Medina : External Affairs
► Joint defence during attack on Yathrib
► No separate peace
► Unbelievers will not
 protect life & property of Quraysh
 interfere with the Muslims in such a matter
► Muslims will avenge the Blood of one
another when fighting in the path of Allah
► Quraysh & their allies will not be helped

14. Misaq e Medina: Status of Jews
►Equality & help to Jews
►Religious Freedom
►Jews will help Muslims in war
►Punishment for treachery & oppression

15. Enemies & Friends of Medina
Makkah
Khaiber
Medina Nejd Tribes
Zamra
,Juhaina
,Mazina
Ghassan
International
trade route

16. Initial Expeditions : Hijrat - Badr
► 8 Expeditions before Badr/6 diplomatic in nature
► Military impact
► Other benefits




Navigation in the desert
Observe Meccan trade caravans
Military training
Develop Leadership qualities
► Permission to fight given in Safar 2 A.H
َ
َ‫ا‬
َ
َ
‫ن‬
َ
َ‫او‬
َ‫ر‬َ‫ي‬َ‫د‬ََ‫ـ‬‫ق‬َ‫ل‬‫م‬‫ه‬َ‫ر‬َ‫ص‬َ ‫ـ‬َ‫ن‬‫ىل‬َ‫ع‬ َ
َ‫او‬َ‫م‬ََ‫لظ‬َ ‫م‬‫ه‬ََ‫نا‬ََ
‫ب‬‫ن‬َ‫و‬ََ‫ل‬َ‫تق‬ََ‫ي‬‫ن‬َ‫ي‬َ‫ذ‬ََ‫ل‬َ‫ل‬‫ن‬َ‫ذ‬ََ‫ا‬
‫)ہک‬ ‫ےہ‬‫تزاجا‬‫ک‬‫و‬‫نا‬‫ےہ‬‫اج‬‫ت‬‫ی‬‫ک‬‫ی‬‫اڑل‬‫ئ‬‫ی‬ ( ‫ہاوخم‬‫ہاوخ‬ ) ‫ےس‬‫نوناملسم‬‫نج‬‫گ‬‫ا‬‫ےرک‬‫ددم‬‫ک‬‫ی‬
‫)نا‬ ‫ادخ‬‫روا‬‫۔ےہ‬‫اہر‬‫وہ‬‫ملظ‬‫پ‬‫ر‬‫نا‬‫ک‬‫ی‬‫و‬‫ن‬‫ک‬‫ہ‬ ( ‫نیڑل‬‫یھب‬‫ہو‬
‫ےہ‬‫رداق‬‫پ‬‫ر‬‫ددم‬‫ک‬‫ی‬‫نا‬ً‫ی‬‫ق‬‫ی‬‫ن‬‫ا‬ (‫ہو‬

17. Initial Expeditions : Hijrat - Badr
Makkah
Khaiber
Medina Nejd Tribes
Zamra
,Juhaina
,Mazina
Ghassan
International
trade route

18. Battle of Badr : Ramzan 2 A.H

19. Battle of Badr : Ramzan 2 A.H
► Result
 14 Muslim martyr
 70 killed,70 POW
► Islamic state demonstrates its defensive
capability
► Immense Prestige for Muslims
► Quraysh seek revenge
► Reaction of Jews

20. Military Strategy
► Network of Spies
► Immediate preparation & attack
► Element of surprise
► Steadfastness on the field
► Inclination towards Peace

21. Campaigns : Badr - Uhud
► Ghazwa B.Sulaim
► Ghazwa B.Qainqah – Jews exiled
► Sirya Zaid B Harisa – Against trade caravan
► Ghazwa Sawiq
► Ghazwa Kadr
► Ghazwa Ghatfan
Due to sound military
tactics, enemy retreated
without battle in all these
campaigns

22. The Battles : Uhud
Mount Uhud

23. The Battles : Uhud

24. The Battles : Uhud
► Lessons learnt


Never disobey the Leader
Lack of Discipline can be fatal
►Muslim prestige diminishes
► Muslim state could not be defeated
by Quraysh alone

25. Period between Uhud & Ahzab
►
►
Muh 4 AH-Sha 5 AH
7 Military Campaigns
 Sirya Qatn
 Sirya Wadi Urna
 Ghazwa Banu Nazir (Jews of Medina exiled)
 Ghazwa Badr al Mo’id
 Ghazwa Zaat Al Riqah
 Ghazwa Dumat ul Jandal
 Ghazwa Bani Mustaliq ( casualties)
2 Religious campaigns
 Bair Maona (40 Muslim preachers murdered)
 Rajih (2 Muslim preachers murdered)

26. Battle of Trench: Ahzab 26-27
‫ےس‬‫فرط‬‫ک‬‫ی‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫رپ‬‫ےھت‬‫ےھڑچ‬‫آ‬‫پ‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫م‬‫گول‬‫ہو‬‫ک‬‫ہ‬‫بج‬‫ک‬‫ھ‬‫ل‬‫ی‬‫آ‬‫ن‬‫ک‬‫یھ‬‫ن‬‫ک‬‫ہ‬
‫بج‬‫روا‬‫یھب‬‫ےس‬‫فرط‬‫ک‬‫ی‬‫ین‬‫چ‬‫ے‬‫روا‬‫یھب‬‫ےھت‬‫ل‬‫گ‬‫ے‬‫ےنآ‬‫ک‬‫و‬‫ہنم‬‫ک‬‫ل‬‫ی‬‫ج‬‫ے‬‫روا‬
‫ت‬‫ھ‬‫ی‬‫ن‬‫گ‬‫ئ‬‫ی‬‫ن‬‫ہر‬‫ک‬‫ھ‬‫ل‬‫ی‬‫ک‬‫ی‬‫ےہر‬‫ک‬‫ر‬‫نامگ‬‫ک‬‫ے‬‫حرط‬‫حرط‬‫س‬‫ا‬‫ت‬‫ھ‬‫ک‬‫ے‬‫ا‬‫گول‬
‫ت‬‫م‬‫روا‬
‫۔ےھت‬
‫گ‬‫ئ‬‫ے‬‫ےید‬‫لہ‬‫تخس‬‫روا‬‫گ‬‫ئ‬‫ے‬‫ےئامزآ‬‫رادنامیا‬‫پ‬‫ر‬‫عقوم‬‫سا‬

27. Battle of Trench
► Confederation of tribes
► 10,000 Vs 3,000
► Trench
 10 km in 6 days
 22’ wide, 16’ depth
► Role of Jews

28. Battle of Trench : 5 AH
Uhud
Ayr
Quraysh, Ghatfan,
Sulaim,Ashja,Marr’a, Saad,
As’ad, B.Qainuqah,B.Nazir
B.Quraiza
10 km in 22 days
22’ wide, 16’ deep
Result : The Islamic State demonstrates
impregnable defence.
Treason

29. Ghazwa Banu Quraiza
► B.Quraiza violated Pact of Medina (Cl 17,26,34,46)
► Ahzab 26-27
‫نا‬‫ک‬‫و‬‫نا‬‫ت‬‫ھ‬‫ی‬‫ک‬‫ی‬‫ددم‬‫ک‬‫ی‬‫نا‬‫ےن‬‫ک‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ب‬‫ل‬ً‫ہا‬‫نج‬‫روا‬‫نیم‬‫نولد‬‫ک‬‫ے‬‫نا‬
‫روا‬‫اید‬‫اتا‬‫ر‬‫ین‬‫چ‬‫ے‬‫ےس‬‫لق‬‫ع‬‫نو‬‫ک‬‫ے‬‫روا‬‫ل‬‫گ‬‫ے‬‫نرک‬‫ے‬‫ق‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ت‬‫م‬‫ک‬‫و‬
‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ض‬‫اید‬‫ب‬‫ٹ‬‫ھ‬‫ا‬‫بعر‬‫اراہمت‬
‫یل‬‫ا‬‫۔‬‫ک‬‫ر‬‫ق‬‫ی‬‫د‬‫ک‬‫و‬‫ب‬‫ع‬‫ض‬

30. Ahzab – Fatah Mecca
Total 16 Campaigns(2 Ghazwa)
4 Battles
2 against individuals
1 against trade caravan

31. Hudaibiya : Zi Qad 6 AH
► Muslims stopped from Umra
► Peace pact
ۙ‫ان‬‫ي‬‫ب‬‫م‬ ‫اح‬ ‫ت‬‫ف‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬
‫ان‬‫ح‬ ‫ت‬‫ف‬ ‫ان‬‫ا‬
‫ید‬‫ف‬‫ت‬‫ح‬‫یلھک‬‫کیا‬‫ک‬‫و‬‫پآ‬‫ےن‬‫مہ‬‫کش‬‫ب‬‫ے‬
► Meccans recognize the Islamic State
► Invitation letters to Head of States
► Islam starts to spread

32. Hudaibiya : The Victory
Makkah
Mutah
Pact of Medina Clause 20: Muslims will avenge the blood of one
another when fighting in the path of Allah
Khyber Jizya imposed
5 attacks on Nejd
Total 15 campaigns

33. Prophet’s Military Skill
► Meccans surrendered without battle
To fight and conquer in all your battles is not
supreme excellence;
supreme excellence consists in breaking the
enemy’s resistance without fighting.
Sun Tzu

34. The Last Ghazwa : Tabuk Raj 9 A.H
Medina
Makkah
Tabuk
News of Romans gathering for war
Prophet prepares 30,000 strong Muslim army
with 10,000 horse
Romans did not turn up after 20 days
Result
Year of Delegations

35. ‫توق‬‫ےکسوہ‬‫ےس‬‫ت‬‫م‬‫ردق‬‫سج‬‫ل‬‫ی‬‫ے‬‫ک‬‫ے‬‫اک‬‫ف‬‫نور‬‫نا‬‫روا‬‫تسرد‬‫ناماس‬
‫ےس‬‫نوڑوھگ‬‫ےئوہ‬‫پ‬‫ل‬‫ے‬ً ‫روا‬‫ےس‬ (‫ایھتہ‬‫ر‬) ‫نا‬
‫وھکر‬‫ےئامج‬ (‫)بعر‬ ‫ت‬‫م‬‫ےس‬‫ہعیرذ‬‫ک‬‫ے‬‫سا‬‫روا‬‫وھکر‬‫روا‬‫یہ‬‫ن‬‫نمشد‬
‫ک‬‫ے‬‫ا‬ ( ‫ےس‬‫ہجو‬‫ک‬‫ی‬‫ک‬‫ف‬‫ر‬ ) ‫ہکوج‬‫پ‬‫ر‬
‫یھب‬‫پ‬‫ر‬‫نورسود‬‫ہولع‬‫ک‬‫ے‬‫نا‬‫روا‬‫یہ‬‫ن‬‫نمشد‬‫ےراھمت‬‫ےہ‬‫اج‬‫ن‬‫ت‬‫ا‬‫یہ‬
‫ا‬‫ک‬‫و‬‫نا‬‫اج‬‫ن‬‫ت‬‫ے‬‫یہن‬‫ن‬ (‫ب‬‫ال‬‫ی‬‫ق‬‫ی‬‫ن‬) ‫ت‬‫م‬‫ک‬‫و‬‫نج‬
Muslim State should have a strong
army (Anfaal:60)

36. Analysis of Campaigns
Total 72 Campaigns
Ghazwa : 27
Siraya : 45

37. Campaigns during different Phases
2
0
12
10
8
6
4
18
16
14
Hihrah-Pre
Badr
Badr-Uhud A/Uhud-
Ahzab
A/Ahzab- A/HudaibiyaA-/Mecca-End
Hudaibiya F Mec ca
Tot
Wi
Los
Dra

38. Analysis of Campaigns : Casualties
► Prophet’s campaigns = 1200-1500
► WW I = 21 million
► WW II = 50 million
►Iraq : < 1 mil (antiwar.com)
►Afghan (due Russian invasion) : 0.6-2 mil

39. Campaigns : Blood Shed
Bloodshed
38%
No Bloodshed
62%

40. Cause of Muslim Victories
►Leadership based on talent
 Zaid B Harisa commanded 12 Sirya
►Devotion to cause
►Martyrdom (shahadat)
►Iron discipline
 Hazrat Umar & Abu Bakr placed under Usama bin Zaid.
►Superior Military Strategy

41. Qualities of a Winning Army Sun Tzu
► Which of the two Ruler carries moral authority over his subjects?
► Which of the two generals has most ability?
► With whom lie the advantages derived from terrain & climate?
► On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?
► Which army is stronger?
► On which side are officers and men more highly trained?
► In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and
punishment?

42. Role of Muslim Women
► Uhud :
 Umm e Ammara
► Tabuk :
 Social boycott of Sahaba
 Hazrat Abu Bakr’s example
► Yarmuk :
 Muslim women avoid retreat.
► Karbela :

43. Spread of Islam during Prophet’s life
10 lac Sq mile

44. Thank You
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