1. NUCLEAR WEAPONS
Social Science presentation
Class-9D

2. CONTENT:
1.What is Nuclear Weapon?
2.Types of Nuclear Weapon
3.History of Nuclear Weapon
4.Effects of Nuclear Weapon
5.Atomic bomb effect
6.What is Nuclear Material
7.List of Countries with Nuclear
Weapon
8. Why is it Important?
9.Human Society and culture
10.Facts on Nuclear Weapon
11.Starting to conclude

3. NUCLEAR WEAPONS
ACCEPT IT? OR REJECT IT?

4. WHAT IS A NUCLEAR
WEAPON?
A nuclear weapon: is an explosive device that derives
its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission
or a combination of fission and fusion. Both reactions
release vast quantities of energy from relatively small
amounts of matter; a modern thermonuclear weapon
weighing little more than a thousand kilograms can produce
an explosion comparable to the detonation of more than a
billion kilograms of conventional high explosive.

5. Nuclear weapon , device designed to
release energy in an explosive manner as
a result of nuclear fission, nuclear fusion,or
a combination of the two processes .
Fission weapons are commonly referred to
as atomic bombs. Fusion weapons are also
referred to as thermonuclear bombs
or,more commonly,hydrogen bombs; they
are usually defined as nuclear weapons in
which at least a portion of the energy is
released by nuclear fusion.

6. Nuclear weapons produce enormous explosive energy.Their
significance may best be appreciated by the coining of the
words Kiloton(1,000tons)and megaton (1,000,000tons)to
describe their blast energy in equivalent weights of the
conventional chemical axplosive TNT.For e.g.,the atomic
bomb dropped on Hiroshima,Japan ,in 1945,containing only
about 64kg(140pounds)fo highly enriched uranium,released
energy equaling about 15kilotons of chemical explosive.The
blast immediately produced a strong shock wave,enormous
amonts of heat,and lethal ionizing radiation.
Convection currents created by the explosion
Drew dust and other debris into the air,creating
The mushroom-shaped cloud that has since
Become the virtual signature of a nuclear
Explosion.

7. In addition,radioactive debris was carried by winds high into
the atmosphere,later to settle to Earth as radioactive fallout.
The enormous toll in detruction,death,injury,and sickness
produced by the explosions at Hiroshima and,three days
later,at Nagasaki was on a scale never before produced by
any single weapon.In the decades since1945,even as many
Countries have developed nuclear weapons of far greater
Strength than those used against the Japanese
cities,concerns about the dreadful effects of suchweapons
have have driven governments to negotiate arms control
agreements such as the Nuclear Test-Ban strategists and
planners,the very presence of these weapons of
unparalleled destructive power has created a dictinct
Discipline,with its own internal logic and set of doctrines,
Known as Nuclear Stratergy.

8. TYPES OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
Fission weapons
• In fission weapons, a mass of fissile material (enriched
uranium or plutonium) is assembled into a supercritical
mass—the amount of material needed to start
an exponentially growing nuclear chain reaction—either by
shooting one piece of sub-critical material into another (the
"gun" method) or by compressing using explosive lenses a
sub-critical sphere of material using chemical explosives to
many times its original density (the "implosion" method).
The latter approach is considered more sophisticated than
the former and only the latter approach can be used if the
fissile material is plutonium.

9. Fusion weapons
• A pure fusion weapon is a hypothetical hydrogen
bomb design that does not need a fission "primary" explosive to
ignite the fusion of deuterium and tritium, two heavy isotopes
of hydrogen (see thermonuclear weapon for more information
about fission-fusion weapons). Such a weapon would require no
fissile material and would therefore be much easier to build in
secret than existing weapons. The necessity of separating high-
quality fissile material requires a substantial industrial investment,
and blocking the sale and transfer of the needed machinery has
been the primary mechanism to control nuclear proliferation to
date.

11. HISTORY OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
• Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power
derived from nuclear fission or combined fission
and fusion reactions. Starting with scientific breakthroughs
made during the 1930s, the United States, the United
Kingdom and Canada collaborated during World War II in
what was called the Manhattan Project to counter the
suspected Nazi German atomic bomb project. In August
1945 two fission bombs were dropped on Japan ending
the Pacific War. The Soviet Union started development
shortly thereafter with their own atomic bomb project and
not long after that both countries developed even more
powerful fusion weapons known as "hydrogen bombs."

12. THE HISTORY OF
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
•Scientist discovered how to create a
chain reaction
in the 1930s.
•Robert Oppenheimer led an operation
known as
The “Manhattan Project.”
•The Manhattan Project is the code
name for the US government's secret
project that was established before
World War II and culminated in the
development of the nuclear bomb.

13. HISTORY OF NUCLEAR
WEAPONS
• The first nuclear weapons
were created by the United
States, and Albert Einstein
Manhattan Project.
• While the first weapons were
developed mainly out of fear
that Germany they would first
develop them, they were
eventually used against the
Japanese cities of Hiroshima
Nagasaki in August 1945.

14. HISTORY OF NUCLEAR
WEAPONS
• Nuclear weapons were
symbols of military and
national power, and nuclear
testing nuclear was often
used both to test new
designs as well as to send
political messages.

15. HISTORY OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
• Other nations also developed
nuclear weapons during this time,
including the United Kingdom
France, and China. These five
members of the "nuclear club"
agreed to attempt to limit the spread
of nuclear rise to other nations,
though at least three other countries
(India, South Africa, Pakistan, and
most likely Israel) developed nuclear
arms during this time.

16. WHY PEOPLE WANT TO DEVELOP
NUCLEAR WEAPONS?
• They were made for National Defense.
• They are powerful
• For intimidating other countries
• It is a statement of development and power

17. EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS
• However, depending on the design of the weapon and the environment in
which it is detonated the energy distributed to these categories can be
increased or decreased. The blast effect is created by the coupling of
immense amounts of energy, spanning the electromagnetic spectrum,
with the surroundings. In locations such as submarine is produced as blast
and how much as radiation.
• When an air burst occurs lethal blast and thermal effects proportionally
scale much more rapidly than lethal radiation effects, as higher and
higher yield nuclear weapons are used.

18. • The physical-damage mechanisms of a nuclear weapon
(blast and thermal radiation) are identical to those of
conventional explosives. However, the energy produced
by a nuclear explosive is millions of times more
powerful per gram and the temperatures reached are
briefly in the tens of millions of degrees.
• Energy from a nuclear explosive is initially released in
several forms of penetrating radiation.

19. EFFECT OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
• Most of the damage
caused by a nuclear
weapon is not directly
related to the nuclear
process of energy
release, and would be
present for any
explosion of the same
magnitude.

20. EFFECT OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
• A nuclear weapon that is
exploded underground
can destroy a deeply
send out energy
efficiently and requires
significantly less power
to do so than a nuclear
weapon.

21. EFFECT OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
• Although a nuclear weapon is
capable of causing the same
destruction as usual explosives
through the effects of blast and
thermal radiation, release much
larger amounts of energy in a
much shorter period of time.

22. EFFECT OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
• The energy released from a
nuclear weapon comes in
four major categories:
• Blast – 40-60% of total
energy
• Thermal radiation – 30-50%
of total energy
• Ionizing radiation – 5% of
total energy
• Residual radiation (fallout) –
5-10% of total energy

23. EFFECT OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS

24. ATOMIC BOMB EFFECT
• Atomic Bomb release four kinds of
energy.
Radiation (Cause Disease and will
effect the next Generation)
Electromagnetic
Heat
Pressure
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25. WHAT IS NUCLEAR
MATERIAL?
Nuclear materials are the key ingredients in nuclear weapons.they
include fissile,fissionable and source materials.Fissile materials are those
which are composed of atoms that can be split
By neutrons in a self-sustaining chain –reaction to release energy,and
include plutonium-239
And uranium-235.Fussionable materials are those in which the atoms
can be fused in order to release energy,and include deuterium and
tritium.Source of additional atomic particals for fission.They include
tritium,polonium,beryllium,lithium-6 and helium-3

26. LIST OF STATES WITH NUCLEAR
WEAPONS
• Five nuclear-weapon states under the NPT
• United States
• Russian Federation (formerly Soviet Union)
• United Kingdom
• France
• China
• Other states declaring possession of nuclear weapons
• India
• Pakistan
• North Korea
• Other states believed to possess nuclear weapons
• Israel

27. THE DESTRUCTION OF
HIROSHIMA/NAGASAKI
hBefore
After

31. • Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear
bombing mission on August 6, with Nagasaki being the
alternative target.
• 70,000 to 80,000 people were killed immediately and
another 70.000 were injured in Hiroshima.
• 80,000 had died from the bombing in Nagasaki.
• The code name for the bomb used in Hiroshima was called,
“Little Boy.” The bomb used in Nagasaki was called, “ Fat
Boy.”
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are needed to see this picture.
Little Boy Fat Man

32. CHINA EFFECT OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
• U.S. intelligence predict that
over the next 15 years China
may increase the number of
warheads aimed at U.S. Targets
from 20 to between 75-100 site.
In the next decade, China will
likely make its most rapid
headway in the development
of ballistic missiles.

33. RUSSIA EFFECT OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
• Russia is currently
estimated to have
about 5,000
strategic nuclear
warheads plus
3,400 tactical
nuclear weapons.

34. INDIA EFFECT OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS
• India is generally
estimated to have about
60 nuclear warheads and
enough plutonium to
manufacture to add 30-
50 more warheads.

35. IRAQ
• Saddam Hussein did not possess
stockpiles of illegal weapons at the
time of the U.S. invasion in March
2003 and had not begun any
program to produce them.

36. FOREIGN POLICY
• President George W. Bush has singled out
terrorist nuclear attacks on the United
States as the defining threat the nation
will face in the foreseeable future. In
addressing this specter, he has asserted
that Americans' "highest priority is to keep
terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass
destruction.
• " So far, however, his words have not
been matched by deeds. The Bush
administration has yet to develop a
strategy for combating the threat of
nuclear terror.

37. THE BIGGER THREAT?
• The United States stated
on February 26, 2003 that
North Korea had
reactivated a reactor at
its main nuclear complex.
• The Korea is a big threat to
American cause they
develop the nuclear
weapon and have
Enriched uranium

38. KOREAN ARMY

39. THERMONUCLEAR EXPULSION
• This is appearance of a
thermonuclear weapon
detonation from many
miles away.

40. MUSHROOM CLOUD

41. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
 Nuclear weapons are tools of mass destruction. They are
also a possible danger to our would and you have to
understand the consequences of using them.
 It also very dangerous, The uranium can get into the skin
and damage your blood, cells and organs.
 The nuclear energy can damage whole city and wipe out
entire country in just few seconds. That is the reason why
people try to stop Iran build nuclear weapon.

42. HUMAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE
• Nuclear Weapons has changed human
society in the certain way. It lead the END
of the WW2 and reduced the pain that
people suffered from the War.
• The use of nuclear weapons has killed
many people. In result of that there are an
abundance of people who hate nuclear
weapons, and people who like them.
• The Technology has improved when the
nuclear energy have been found. Open a
new technology field.

43. LOVERS AND HATERS
• It may eventually protect
us one day from a nuclear
attack by a rogue or
terrorist nation such as
North Korea or Iran.
• It can defend us against
missile delivery of chemical
or biological weapons.
• Military and scientific jobs
are created from the
project.
• The missile defense system
may discourage terrorist
nations from even trying to
develop nuclear weapons.
• The system has little chance of
success against a massive scale
attack or against a terrorist strike.
• The towering costs for a system
that may never be used would
be better spent on fighting
poverty, improving education.
• Spending large amounts of
money on these types of projects
leads to a useless arms races.
Love it Hate it

44. WHY DO PEOPLE THINK THE WAY THEY DO?
•Well the people who support it believe
that nuclear weapons one day may help
us win a war or keep other countries
intimidated by the fact that we have
them.
•People who object to this topic feel the way
they do because they think that maybe one day
nuclear weapons may destroy the earth due to a
war and the use of not just ours but other
countries as well using nuclear weapons.

45. SOME GOOD ARGUMENTS AGAINST NUCLEAR WEAPONS.
• The entire world would be a more secure planet if we were
free from nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons are the only
type of weapon in existence that have the power to wipe
out the human species and countless other species.
(nonukes.org)
• Nuclear weapons have not prevented any wars, which is
what they were suppose to do in the first place.Starting to
Conclude…..

46. FACTS ON NUCLEAR WEAPONS
There are 16,400 nuclear weapons on Earth today, more than 20 years after
the Cold War ended.
• Five states are declared as nuclear weapon zones under the Non-
Proliferation Treaty: US, UK, France, Russia and China. These countries are
committed to disarmament under international law. It is illegal for any other
country that has signed the NPT to develop these weapons.
• Many other countries have been suspected of developing nuclear
weapons including India, Pakistan, Israel, Iraq, Iran, Libya, Syria and Korea.

47. • Britain has one nuclear weapon system, Trident. Trident replaced
Polaris in the 1980s and consists of four submarines, each one
capable of carrying 16 missiles. Each warhead on the missiles can
be guided to a separate target.
• The only nuclear bombs ever to be used were by the US against
Japan. In 1945 nuclear bombs were dropped on the Japanese
cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing and injuring hundreds of
thousands of people. Today Hiroshima’s peace park attracts visitors
from across the world.
• Trident is more than 1,000 times powerful than the bomb that hit
Hiroshima. Each warhead’s destructive power is measured in
kilotons (kts). A kiloton is equal to 1,000 tons of TNT. The Hiroshima
bomb was 16kts. Trident is far more deadly – each warhead is up to
100kts and there are 160 of them. That’s 16,000kts.

48. STARTING TO CONCLUDE
It’s important to think about the use of
nuclear weapons because there may be a war or
other conflict in which we may need to use nuclear
force in order to defend ourselves. This topic was very
interesting to research and present because there
are so many things about nuclear weapons that
people do not know about. Basically you are either
for or against the use of these weapons of mass
destruction there is no in between. Now I just got to
ask are nuclear weapons good or bad?

49. GROUP MEMBERS:
1.TWESHA
2.SMRITI
3.VAIBHAV KUMAR
4.VAIBHAV CHOUDHARY
5.SHUBH
6.VISHWAS
7.ZOYA
8.SHAUNA