8 A unique structure in vertebrate embryos is the somite S.pdf

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8. A unique structure in vertebrate embryos is the somite. Somites emerge from unsegmented mesoderm, starting at an anterior position and a new pair is added periodically more posteriorly a. Explain what happens to pre-somite cells when they undergo the transition to epithelial to become a somite. b. The pattern of somite emergence is explained through a clock and wavefront model. This model includes two signaling fronts- one anterior and one posterior and oscillating gene expression that preceeds the emergence of a new pair of somites. Describe this clock and wavefront model, including the two signals and one example of oscillating gene expression. c. What is the evidence that pre-somites acquire positional information prior to emergence of the somite itself?.

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7. What do foxes and birds have in common? a. They are both omnibores b. They are both predators c. They are both prey d. Both A and B 8. Birds, grasshoppers, chipmunks, and caterpillars are all a. Carnivores b. Predators c. Prey d. Herbivores 9. From what do the grass and trees receive their energy? a. The sun b. The grasshopper c. The birds d. The chipmunk 16. Which animal is not the prey of the owl? a. The red-tailed hawk b. The chipmunk c. The fox d. The bird n. Which of the following is a herbivore? a. The bird b. The caterpillar c. The fox d. The owl 12. What do the chipmunk, bird, caterpillar, and the grass all have in common? a. They are all predators b. They have no predators c. They are part of a single food chain d. They all provide energy for the fox 13. What do the owl and the red-tailed hawk have in common? a. They are both prey b. They are both producers c. They are both predators d. They are both herbivores 4. Which animal would best fill in the blank for the food chain? Acorn Owl a. The red-tailed hawk b. The chipmunk c. The fox.

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7. Using terms from the key on the right, correctly identify all muxelas provided with leader lines in the illastration. Ko a. Hiceps bractiin b. trachialis c. Brachioradialis d. ettenvor campi radialis longhas 6. fleror carpi radialn f. Aexor cuepi tulnaris f. Ilewor digiturum superficialis h. palmaris lengas 1. pronater teres *. Une the key prowided in question 7 to identify the mucles describod below. (Sarne ehoices from the key will be used morn once) 1. Aexes and supinates the fornarm 6. fieces the band and middle phalanges: 2. muscle located in the postenor curpartment of the forcarm 7. prouses the forearm 1. forcarm fletani: no role in supination (two museles) 8. Hexes and abducts the haed 4. masele located medial to the palmaris loeges 9. ertends and abducts the hand 5. Aexer and abducts the hand 10. Aat mucle that is a weak hand flexor skin of the palmMuscles of the Lower Limb 9. Using the temis from the key on the right, correctly identify all muscles provided with leader lines in the ilisitration betn Key: a. adductor longas b. extensor digitoruns longus e. Gibularis longes 4. gastrocbemus c. rectas femoeris f. sartorius g. 3eltus h. Aetsor facie lata 1. vastus latceralis j. vates medialis. 10. Use the key terms in queition 9 ta fespeed to the deicripticai below. 1. "aiter's muscle" 5. peiterior cueparanent museles that eatie plactar fiesion of the foon (1wo muscles) 2. Interal compartincit music that plastar flexes: 6. adduets the thigh, as uhen suschns at atd everts the foed ancaticen 3. ahdocts the thigh to take be " in caie" ance 7. exteade the bes 4. exiends leg and stabyres kne (fino muncles) 8. exends leg and flenes thighgeneral Review: Muscle Recognition 11. Identify each lettered musele in the illustration of the haman anterior supcricial mesculanure by matching its letrer with or following moscie names: 1. addoctor longes 2. biceps brechii 3. brochiotadialis 4. dehoid 5. evenser tigitoram longur 6. exierral oblique 7. fibuliris longas 8. fexor carpi radialio 9. fexor curpi ulnars 10. frontel belly of cpicranius 11. gastrocnemilab 12. gracilis: 13. Hhopioat 14. intertostals 15. internal oblique 16. masicter 17. otbicularis eculi 18. atbacularis oris 19. palmarns loojus 20. pestineus 21. pectoralis major 22. pectorala minor 23. plarysma 24. pronator tetei 25. roctus abdominis 26. rectus femaris 27. sartotus 28. serratus anterior 33. uenuer tascue lus 33. vatus latenls 29. soleus 14. tbialis anterior 19. vinis mithials 30. sternocledomastoid 35. trancerus ahbienis 40. aygonaicus 31. siemohyoid 36. traperias 32. temporalis 37. tricepi trachilthe Solowire meste mames: 1. Modoter ragnes 2. biceptionolis 3. beictiatis 4. brachionatalis 5. delinal 6. exlenke carpi tadialis Songar 7. cuspaver carpi ulsarib. x calenoor dipisotumi 9. extenal oblique 10. fccker carpe uluant 11. Zealrocnemias -12. Dhecus itiasian? 13. gluers medie 14 eractin 15. iliotitial inact (irendon) 16. intaiginum 17. Ihtivimer dant 18. oscipial belly of or ered.

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7. Using node 1 as the root, perform a BFS for node 6. Detail the operations clearly. 8. Using node 5 as the root, perform a DFS for node 2. Detail the operations clearly. 9. a) What are cycles in a graph? b) What problem does this present for DFS or BFS search algorithms? c) What is the solution to this problem? 10. Give the pseudo code for a program to perform a Depth First Search of a non-directed graph. Be sure the graph is represented as an adjacency list. Carefully include all the steps for this algorithm..

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8. (12 pts) In the last journal article we read (Khokha et al. 2005), we saw the authors struggle to prove that the effect of the morpholinos was to eliminate the Spemann organizer and not the Nieuwkoop center. A. Where are these regions in the embryo? (Indicate on the diagram) What germ layer & tissues do thev form? Spemann organizer: Nieuwkoop center: B. Which of these regions produces follistatin, chordin and noggin? C. What function of follistatin, chordin and noggin leads to dorsal development? D. How did they (or could you) prove that the effect of the morpholinos was specific to the organizer and not Nieuwkoop center?.

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