1. ECOSYSTEM

2. WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM ?
Ecosystem consists of the biological
community that occurs in some locale, and
the physical and chemical factors that make
up its non-living or abiotic environment.

3. LAND BIOMES
Biomes are the major regional groupings of
plants and animals discernible at a global
scale
-distribution of patterns are correlated with
regional climate patterns and identified
according to the climax vegetation type

4. MAJOR BIOMES
 Deserts
 Forests
 Grasslands
 Tundra
 Aquatic

5. DESERTS

6. DESERTS
 Deserts cover about one fifth of the Earth’s
surface and occur where rainfall is less than
50cm/year
 Most desert occur at low altitudes
 Most desert have considerable amount of
specialized vegetation, as well as specialized
vertebrate and invertebrate animals

7. TYPES OF DESERT
 Hot and dry
 Semiarid
 Coastal
 cold

8. Hot and Dry Desert

9. HOT AND DRY DESERT
Temperature
-Desert surface receive a little more than
twice the solar radiation received by humid
regions and lose almost twice as much heat
at night.
-Many mean annual temperature range from
20-25ºC
-The extreme maximum ranges from 43.5-
49ºC

10. Precipitation
 Rainfall is usually very low concentrated in
short bursts between long rainless period
Soils
 Soils are course-textured, shallow, rocky or
gravely with good drainage and have no
subsurface water
Plants
 Canopy in most desert is very rare
 Plants are mainly ground-hugging and short
woody trees

11. Semiarid Desert

12. SEMIARID DESERT
Temperature
-summer temperature usually average between
21-27ºC
Precipitation
-condensation of dew caused by night cooling
may equal or exceed the rainfall received by
same deserts
Plants
-many plants have silvery or glossy leaves ,
allowing them to reflect more radiant energy

13. Coastal Desert

14. COASTAL DESERT
Temperature
-the cool winters of coastal deserts are
followed by moderately long , warm summers
Plants
-extensive root systems close to the surface
where they can take advantage of any rain
showers

15. Cold Desert

16. COLD DESERT
Temperature
-cold winters with snowfall and high overall
rainfall throughout the winter and
occasionally over the summer
Precipitation
-winters received quite a bit snow
Soil
-heavy, silty and salty

17. Rainfores
t

18. RAINFOREST
 Rainforest are very dense, warm and wet
forest.
 A rain forest is often referred to as jungle.
 Rainforest contains patches of jungle , but
mainly they are more open

19. Amazon Rainforest

20. AMAZON RAINFOREST
 Amazon rain forest is found in South
America.
 It covers about two thirds the size of the US.
 The Amazon rainforest is the largest
rainforest in the world

21. Grassland
s

22. GRASSLANDS
Grasslands are found in both temperate and
tropical regions of the world but the
ecosystems are slightly varying. This area
mainly comprises of grasses with very little
amount of shrubs and trees. Main vegetation
is grasses, legumes and plants belonging to
composite family. Many grazing animals,
herbivores and insectivores are found in
grasslands.

23. THREE MAIN TYPES OF GRASSLANDS
 Tropical
 Temperature

24. Tropical grassland

25. TROPICAL GRASSLAND
 Tropical grassland is also called savannas,
cover much of Africa and parts of India,
Australia and South America
 they are covered clumps of grasses as short
as few centimeters or as tall as ten feet with
acacia, baobab, and palm trees interpersed.

26. Temperate Grasslands
Temperate Grasslands

27. TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS
 Cover vast expanses of plains and gently
rolling hills in the interiors of North and South
America Europe , and Asia.
 Winters are bitterly cold, summers are hot
and dry and annual precipitation is fairly
sparse and unevenly through the year

28. Tundra Biome

29. TUNDRA BIOME
Tundra is the coldest of all the biomes. Tundra
comes from the Finnish word tunturi,
meaning treeless plain. It is noted for its
frost-molded landscapes, extremely low
temperatures, little precipitation, poor
nutrients, and short growing seasons. Dead
organic material functions as a nutrient pool.
The two major nutrients are nitrogen and
phosphorus. Nitrogen is created by biological
fixation, and phosphorus is created by
precipitation.

30. Characteristics of tundra include:
 Extremely cold climate
 Low biotic diversity
 Simple vegetation structure
 Limitation of drainage
 Short season of growth and reproduction
 Energy and nutrients in the form of dead organic
material
 Large population oscillations

31. Aquatic Ecosystem

32. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem in
a body of
water. Communities of organisms that are
dependent on each other and on their
environment live in aquatic ecosystems. The
two main types of aquatic ecosystems
are marine ecosystems and freshwater
ecosystems.

33. Marine Ecosystem

34. MARINE ECOSYSTEM
 Marine ecosystems cover approximately 71% of
the Earth's surface and contain approximately
97% of the planet's water. They generate 32%
of the world's net primary production.[1] They are
distinguished from freshwater ecosystems by
the presence of dissolved compounds,
especially salts, in the water. Approximately
85% of the dissolved materials
in seawater are sodium andchlorine. Seawater
has an average salinity of 35 parts per
thousand (ppt) of water. Actual salinity varies
among different marine ecosystems

35. Marine ecosystems can be divided into many
zones depending upon water depth and
shoreline features. The oceanic zone is the
vast open part of the ocean where animals
such as whales, sharks, and tuna live

36. Fresh Water Ecosystem

37. FRESH WATER ECOSYSTEM
 Freshwater ecosystems cover 0.80% of the
Earth's surface and inhabit 0.009% of its total
water. They generate nearly 3% of its net
primary production.[1] Freshwater
ecosystems contain 41% of the world's
known fish species

38.  There are three basic types of freshwater
ecosystems:
 Lentic: slow-moving water,
including pools, ponds, and lakes.
 River : rapidly-moving water, for
example streams and rivers.
 Wetlands: areas where the soil is saturated
or inundated for at least part of the time

39. LAKE ECOSYSTEM
 Lake ecosystems can be divided into zones.
One common system divides lakes into three
zones. The first, the littoral zone, is the shallow
zone near the shore. This is where rooted
wetland plants occur. The offshore is divided
into two further zones, an open water zone and
a deep water zone. In the open water zone
sunlight supports photosynthetic algae, and the
species that feed upon them. In the deep water
zone, sunlight is not available and the food web
is based on detritus entering from the littoral and
photic zones.

40. RIVER ECOSYSTEM
 River ecosystems are prime examples of
lotic ecosystems. Lotic refers to flowing
water, from the Latin lotus, to wash. Lotic
waters range fromsprings only a few
centimeters wide to major rivers kilometers in
width.[3] Much of this article applies to lotic
ecosystems in general, including related lotic
systems such as streams and springs.

41. WETLANDS
 Wetlands are dominated by vascular plants that
have adapted to saturated soil.[7] There are four
main types of wetlands: swamp, marsh, fen and
bog. Wetlands are the most productive natural
ecosystems in the world because of the
proximity of water and soil. Hence they support
large numbers of plant and animal species. Due
to their productivity, wetlands are often
converted into dry land
with dykes and drains and used for agricultural
purposes.