this slid discuses lymphatic system and organs then lymph fluid and lymph diseseae

1. Cairo university
faculty of science
Biophysics department.
Lymph and lymphatic system
By : 1) Mohmed Elsyad Abd Elslam
student code : 1628462
2) Abdelrahman Mostafa Ahmed
Student code: 1628198

3. In general
• Is a circulatory system that is concerned
especially with collecting fluids and proteins
that have escaped from cells and tissues and
returning them to the blood, and removal of
cellular scrapped and foreign material with
the phagocytic cells.

4. Its function
• It is the site of many immune system functions.
• It is responsible for the removing of interstitial fluid from
tissues into lymph fluid, then filtered and returned into the
blood through the subclavian veins near the heart.
• It absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats as chylomicrons
from the digestive system.
• It transports white blood cells to lymph nodes where immune
responses take place.

5. Its structure (anatomically)
• Lymph the fluid
• a network of Lymphatic vessels
• Lymphoid organs that scattered throughout
the body

6. Lymphatic vessels
• Form an functional draining system that promote
the flowing of the (lymph)
• In its :
• Lymphatics
• Lymph capillaries
• Minivalves
• Collecting vessels
• Right lymphatic duct
• Thoracic duct

7. Lymphatics
• Also called lymphatic
Vessels.
• form a one-way system,
and lymph flows
only toward the heart.

8. Lymph capillaries
• A microscopic vessel that ,blind-ended
between the tissue cells and blood capillaries
• and absorb the leaked fluid.

9. Mini-valves
• The edges of the endothelial cells overlap one another
forming mini-valves that act as one-way swinging doors
Established by fine collagen fibers to surrounding structures
gape open when the fluid pressure is higher in the interstitial
space, allowing fluid to enter
the lymphatic capillary.

10. Lymphatic collecting vessels.
• in which the Lymph is transported from the lymph capillaries
through successively larger lymphatic vessels referred to as
lymphatic collecting vessels, until it is finally returned to the
venous system through one of the two large ducts in the
thoracic region.

11. Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

12. Right lymphatic duct
• drains the lymph from the right arm and the
right side of the head and thorax.

13. thoracic duct
• The large thoracic duct receives lymph from
the rest of the body

14. Lymphatic organs and its tissues
• cells and organs that make up the lymphatic
system and its organs are:
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus gland
Tonsils
Peyer`s patches

15. Lymph nodes
• help in protection the body by
removing foreign material such as
bacteria and tumor cells from
the lymphatic stream and
by producing lymphocytes that
function in the immune response.

16. Lymph nodes
• Size (approximately 2.5cm )and generally kidney shaped.
• surrounded by a fibrous capsule trabeculae.
• outer part of the node, the cortex, contains lymphocytes .
• macrophages are located in the central medulla of the lymph
node.
• Lymph enters the lymph node (Afferent).
• lymph exits from the lymph node (Efferent).

17. Spleen
• The spleen is a soft, blood-rich organ that
filters blood.

18. • Location :
located on the left side of the abdominal cavity
under the diaphragm.
• Function:
• filtering lymph
• site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune
surveillance

19. Thymus gland
• The thymus gland functions at peak levels only
during youth.

20. • Location :
low in the throat overlying the heart.
• Function:
can carry out their protective roles in the body.

21. Tonsils
• small masses of lymphoid tissue that ring the
pharynx (the throat
• Function:
trap and remove
any bacteria or other
foreign pathogens
entering the throat.

22. Peyer`s patches
• resemble the look
of the tonsils.
• in the wall of the small intestine.
• The macrophages of Peyer’s patches
are in an ideal position to
capture and destroy bacteria
preventing them from
penetrating the intestinal wall.

23. THE LYMPH FLUID

24. What is lymph ??
1. The word lymph is derived from the
name of the ancient Roman deity ,
“Lympha” which mean fresh water
2. Lymph is the fluid that circulates
throughout the lymphatic system.
3. The lymph is formed when the
interstitial fluid (the fluid which lies
in the interstices of all body tissues )
is collected through lymph
capillaries.

25. Formation
• Blood supplies nutrients and important metabolites
to the cells of a tissue and collects back the waste
products they produce, which requires exchange of
respective constituents between the blood and
tissue cells
• This exchange is not direct, but instead is effected
through an intermediary called interstitial fluid or
tissue fluid, (the fluid that occupies the spaces
between the cells and constitutes their immediate
environment )
• Water and solutes can pass between the interstitial
fluid and blood via diffusion across gaps in capillary
walls called intercellular clefts; thus, the blood and
interstitial fluid are in dynamic equilibrium with
each other.

26. Formation
• Interstitial fluid forms at the arterial
(coming from the heart) end of capillaries
because of the higher pressure of blood
compared to veins, and most of it returns
to its venous ends and venules
• the rest (up to 10%) enters the lymph
capillaries as lymph. Thus, lymph when
formed is a watery clear liquid with the
same composition as the interstitial fluid .
• However, as it flows through the lymph
nodes it comes in contact with blood, and
tends to accumulate more cells
(particularly, lymphocytes) and proteins

27. Lymphatic circulation
• Lymph comes from interstitial fluids to
lymphatic vessels
• It is then transported through larger lymphatic
vessels to lymph nodes, where it is cleaned by
lymphocytes
• Tubular vessels transport lymph back to the
blood, ultimately replacing the volume lost
during the formation of the interstitial fluid.
These channels are the lymphatic channels, or
simply lymphatics.
• It Emptying into the right or the left subclavian
vein, where it mixes back with the blood.

28. Lymphatic circulation
• Flow of the lymph in the thoracic duct
in an average resting person usually
approximates 100ml per hour.
Accompanied by another ~25ml per
hour in other lymph vessels .
• total lymph flow in the body is about
4 to 5 liters per day. This can be
elevated several folds while
exercising.
• Thus it can be estimated that without
lymphatic flow, an average resting
person would die within 24 hours

29. Note :
•Unlike the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic
system is not closed and has no central pump, or
lymph hearts (which are found in some animals).
Lymph transport, therefore, is slow and sporadic.
• Despite low pressure, lymph movement occurs
due to peristalsis (propulsion of the lymph due to
alternate contraction and relaxation of smooth
muscle tissue), valves, and compression during
contraction of adjacent skeletal muscle and arterial
pulsation.
• Lymph that enters the lymph vessels from the
interstitial spaces usually does not flow backwards
along the vessels because of the presence of
valves.

30. Note :
• Number of leukocytes in the lymph which inter the lymph
node is smaller than the lymph leaving the node

31. Composition of lymph
1. Since the lymph is derived from the
interstitial fluid, its composition continually
changes as the blood. It is generally similar
to blood plasma but less in proteins and has
a high concentration of WBCs
2. the lymph formed in the human digestive
system called chyle is rich in triglycerides
(fat), and looks milky white because of its
lipid content.

32. Function
1. Immunity
fluids from all capillary beds are filtered (immune cells stand ready to
respond to foreign cells or chemicals encountered )
2. Lipid absorption
Lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary lipids
3. Fluid recovery
a) absorbs plasma proteins and fluid (2 to 4 L/day) from tissues and returns it
to the bloodstream
b) interference with lymphatic drainage leads to severe edema

33. Lab testes and lymphatic disorder

34. Human immunodeficiency virus infection
and acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (HIV/AIDS)
WBCs count = 0
• Transmission
– Sexual
– Body fluids
– Mother-to-child

35. Allergic
• Count of basophil increase
because it secret Histamine
and heparin which decrease
allergic reaction

36. oedema.
• If excessive hydrostatic
pressure develops within the
lymph vessels, though, some
fluid can leak back into the
interstitial spaces

37. Diseases
• Lymphoma:
• cancer of the lymph nodes
• when lymphocytes grow and multiply
uncontrollably
• two main types of lymphoma:
Non-Hodgkin: Most people with lymphoma have
this type.
Hodgkin

38. • Lymphedema:
• Extra fluid builds up in the tissue
• lymphatic system doesn't working well
• lymph nodes were damaged or removed.
• side effect of cancer treatment that commonly
occurs in women who have had surgery to
remove a breast cancer.

39. Reference
• Kirk C. Hansen , Angelo D’Alessandro , Cristina C. Clement
and Laura Santambrogio.(2015). International Immunology, Vol. 27, No. 5,
pp. 219–227
• Sloop, Charles H.; Ladislav Dory; Paul S. Roheim (March 1987). Interstitial
fluid lipoproteins (PDF). Journal of Lipid Research. 28 (3): 225–237.
• https://www.slideshare.net/KomalKp1/body-fluids-csf-lymph-and-
blood?from_action=save
• https://nurseslabs.com/lymphatic-system-anatomy-physiology/#other-
lymphoid-organs
• https://www.livescience.com/26983-lymphatic-system.html

40. Questions