4. Introduction
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The impurities in water has raised such an
extent that it has been considered that it
develops many types of diseases.
According to V.P.Kudesiya water is the soul
of nature and its pollution may cause the
end of the world.
5. Definition
Any unwanted change in the property of water which
causes harmful effect on health of humans
or animals due to which many disease are
developed is called water pollution.
6. Where do Water pollutants come from?
Point Sources – A single definable source of the
pollution, e.g. a factory, a sewage plant, etc.
Point-source pollution is usually monitored
and regulated.
Non-point sources – No one single source, but a
wide range of sources, e.g. runoff from urban
areas, or farmland. Non-point sources are
much more difficult to monitor and control.
7. Types Of Pollution
Surface water pollution
> found on the exterior of the Earth's
crust, oceans, rivers and lakes
Groundwater Pollution
>found in soil or under rock structure or
aquifers
8. Types Of Pollution
Microbiological pollution
>microorganisms that thrives on water
and fishes that can cause illness to
lands, animals and humans.
Oxygen Depletion pollution
>microorganisms that in water and
feeds on biodegradable substances.
9. Freshwater Lake Pollution
Dilution as a solution in
lakes less effective
Little vertical mixing
Little water flow
(flushing)
Makes them more
vulnerable
Toxins settle
Kill bottom life
Atmospheric
deposition
Food chain disruptions
10. 1. Classes of Water pollutants
Pathogens Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, Parasitic
Worms, Colliform Bacteria Used As Indicators Of
Water Quality
Oxygen Demanding Wastes Organics That Are
Decomposed By Bacteria And That Use A Lot Of O2,
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Decreases, And BOD
Increases
Water Soluble Inorganic Chemicals Acids, Salts,
Toxic Metal Compounds Like Mercury, And Lead.
Inorganic Plant Nutrients Water Soluble
Phosphates, Nitrates => Algal Blooms, Decreased
Dissolved O2, Increased BOD, Methemoglobinemia
(="blue baby syndrome")
11. 2. Classes of Water pollutants
Organic Chemicals Oil, Gas, Plastics, Pesticides, Cleaning Solvents,
Detergents, Etc.
Sediment & Suspended Mater Insoluble Soil Particulates &
Other Solids. Clouds The Water, Decreasing Photosynthesis, Carries Pesticides
And Disrupts Aquatic Food Webs.
Radioactive Isotopes Are Biologically Amplified To Higher
Concentrations In The Food Chain. Ionizing Radiation & Birth Defects, Cancer.
Warmed Water From Power Plants, Decreases DO And Increases
Susceptibility To Diseases And Parasites And Toxic Wastes.
Alien Species Zebra Mussels, Asiatic Catfish, Sea Lamprey, etc. Out
compete Native Species And Ultimately Decrease Biodiversity
12. Major Sources of Water Pollution
Agriculture: by far the
leader
Sediment, fertilizers,
bacteria from livestock,
food processing, salt
from soil irrigation
Industrial: factories and
powerplants
Mining: surface mining
toxics, acids, sediment
13. How It Causes
Sewage, mainly
from Households.
Industrial Waste.
Agriculture Discharge.
Nuclear Power Plants.
14. Industrial Water pollution
Industries discharge a variety of pollutants
in their wastewater including heavy metals
, resin pellets, organic toxins, oils,
nutrients, and solids.
15. Over 1 billion people lack access to safe
water supplies, while 2.6 billion people
lack adequate sanitation. This has led
to widespread microbial
contamination of drinking water.
Water-associated infectious diseases
claim up to 3.2 million lives each year,
approximately 6% of all deaths
globally.
Microbial contamination of water
16. Eutrophication of Lakes
Eutrophication: nutrient
enrichment of lakes
mostly from runoff of
plant nutrients (nitrates
and phosphates)
During hot dry weather can
lead to algae blooms
Decrease of photosynthesis
Dying algae then drops DO
levels
Fish kills, bad odor
17. Drought
Drought causes more damage and
suffering than any other natural
disaster.
80 countries experience droughts
lasting more than 1 year.
According to the UN, almost 500
million people, in 31 countries (~40%
of the world’s population) experience
chronic water shortages today.
19. Groundwater Pollution: Causes
Low flow rates Few bacteria
Cold temperatures
Coal strip
mine runoff
Pumping
well
Waste lagoon
Accidental
spills
Groundwater
flow
Confined aquifer
Discharge
Leakage from faulty
casing
Hazardous waste injection well
Pesticides
Gasoline
station
Buried gasoline
and solvent tank
Sewer
Cesspool
septic tank
De-icing
road salt
Water pumping
well Landfill
Low oxygen
20. Its Effect
Effects on Ecosystem-
When sewage water, agricultural run-off
that contain organic materials are
discharged into fresh water, causes increase
in the growth of algae in turn causing
oxygen depletion.
Ground water and surface water are
contaminated with heavy metals, persistent
organic pollutants and nutrient.
21. Some More Effect
Effects on Animal Health-
Oil spills in water causes animals to die .
Bioaccumulative and non-biodegradable
pesticides are accumulated in animal
bodies.
Biomagnification of hazards chemicals like
organochlorine pesticides like DDT, BHC,
Endrin.
22. Some More Effects
Effects on Human Health-
Causes minamata disease.
Causes methemoglobinema disease.
23. Yamuna Action Plan [YAP]
The Govt. of India
launched YAP in
April,1993 to tackle the
river’s pollution . But it
did not worked and
Yamuna still stinks.
24. Ganga Action Plan[GAP]
Ganga, the
Symbol of purity is
now Polluted.
During its journey
from the hills to the
sea, large amount of
effluents are
discharged in it from
industries and urban
centers.
25. For This, Govt. launched
Ganga Action Plan in 1986
By the late Prime Minister
Rajiv Gandhi.
And recently PM Modi
started ‘Namaami Ganga’
project emphasing for time
bound effort to pollution of
Ganga.
26. Disease burden from water
pollution
Water-associated infectious diseases claim up to
3.2 million lives each year, approximately 6% of
all deaths globally.
The burden of disease from inadequate water,
sanitation, and hygiene totals 1.8 million deaths
and the loss of greater than 75 million healthy life
years.
27. Water borne diseases
Diseases caused by the ingestion of water
contaminated with pathogenic bacteria,
viruses, or parasites include:
Cholera
Typhoid
Schistosomiasis
Dysentery and other diarrheal diseases
28. Purification of urban drinking water
Surface Water: (like
Delaware River)
Removed to reservoir
to improve clarity
Pumped to a
treatment plant to
meet drinking water
standards
Groundwater: often
does not need much
treatment
29. Safe Drinking Water Act
54 countries have
drinking water laws
SDWA passed 1974
requires EPA to set
drinking water
standards
Maximum
Contaminating Levels
(MCLs)
30. Safe Drinking Water Act
Privately owned wells
exempt from SDWA
SDWA requires public
notification of failing
to meet standards and
fine.
MCLs often stated in
parts per million or
parts per billion
31. Control
Turn off running water
Stabilization of the ecosystem.
Reutilisation and Recycling of Waste.
Removal of Pollutants.
Spread awareness
32. Bottle Water
U.S. has the world’s
safest tap water due to
billions of $$$ of
investment
Bottle water 240 to
10,000 times more
expensive than tap
water
25% of bottle water is
tap water
33. Bottle Water
1.4 million metric tons
of bottle thrown away
each year
Toxic fumes released
during bottling
Bottles made from oil
based plastics
Water does not need to
meet SDWA
34. What Can You Do?
Water Pollution
• Fertilize garden and yard plants with manure or compost
instead of commercial inorganic fertilizer.
• Minimize your use of pesticides.
• Do not apply fertilizer or pesticides near a body of water.
• Grow or buy organic foods.
• Do not drink bottled water unless tests show that your tap
water is contaminated. Merely refill and reuse plastic bottles
with tap water.
• Compost your food wastes.
• Do not use water fresheners in toilets.
• Do not flush unwanted medicines down the toilet.
• Do not pour pesticides, paints, solvents, oil, antifreeze, or other
products containing harmful chemicals down the drain or onto
the ground.
35. Laws & programs relating to water
pollution in India
Laws
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
Federal Act, followed by the states
Prevention and control of water pollution,
maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of
water, Establishes CPCB & SPCBs
Programs
National River Conservation Plan
National Lake Conservation Plan
Effluent Treatment Plan
