Are researchers mistaken about what they think they know? The challenge to publish research.
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Are researchers mistaken about what they think they know? The challenge to publish research.
- 1. Are researchers mistaken about what they think they know? The challenge to publish research ANABELA MESQUITA – CEOS.PP, POLYTECHNIC OF PORTO SARMENTO@ISCAP.IPP.PT 25 and 26 November 2022, Porto, Portugal
- 2. Agenda Introduction The preparation of a research report The use of academic social networks The submission process Conclusion
- 3. Introduction Identify a problem Literature review Research question(s), objectives and hypotheses Research design Sampling Data gathering Processing and analysing data Reporting results Introduction The preparation of a research report The use of academic social networks The submission process Conclusion
- 4. Obstacles 1. Researchers do not prepare adequately the documents to be shared / published (they do not know what should go in each part of the document) 2. Researchers are not aware of the channels / media they have at their disposal to disseminate the results 3. Researchers do not know the process of peer review.
- 5. The preparation of a research report
- 6. Research reports types Technical reports; Manuscripts / Scientific articles to be published in journals; Thesis and dissertations. Thesis and dissertations, Project report, internship report, academic report; Essay; Curricular work; Technical-scientific report. Anabela Mesquita 6 Source: Correia & Mesquita (2014) Source: Thomas & Hodges (2013) Introduction The preparation of a research report The use of academic social networks The submission process Conclusion
- 7. Structure of a scientific report Introduction / contextualization of problem Contextualization of the work Presentation of the problem and the objectives of the study Relevance Brief description of the methodology Limitations of the study Structure of the report Literature review Review of the theoretical and empirical literature What has already been done and the way it connects to the presente study Research Description of the methodology Context and place of research Sample and population Instruments and materials used Analysis of data Presentation of Presentation of the results organized in the same way the problem was presented Discussion, recommendations Summary of the main results Discussion of results Recommendation and future work Introduction The preparation of a research report The use of academic social networks The submission process Conclusion
- 9. Social academic networks Identify a problem Literature review Research question(s), objectives and hypotheses Research design Sampling Data gathering Processing and analysing data Reporting results Introduction The preparation of a research report The use of academic social networks The submission process Conclusion
- 10. What are they. Charateristics and functionalities Emerged between 2004 and 2008 Bring together academics in a common platform Find researchers or experts, be more visible (reputation) Find relevant documents Disseminate publications / research results Create networks Discuss topics Find a job Manage and share bibliography Exchange ideas with groups / communities / people with the same interests Evaluate or discuss documents Share information (Q & A) Metrics / documentation query Anabela Mesquita 10 Introduction The preparation of a research report The use of academic social networks The submission process Conclusion
- 11. Anabela Mesquita 11 Information ResearchGate Google Scholar Academia.edu Creation May 2008 November 2004 September 2008 Collaboration 👍 👍 👍 Management of documents online 👍 👍 👍 Library 👍 👍 👍 Search 👍 👍 👍 Advanced search 👍 🙁 🙁 Notification management 👍 👍 🙁 Notifications by emailemail 👍 👍 👍 Personal profile 👍 👍 👍 Search in the network 👍 🙁 👍 Messages 👍 🙁 👍 Personal site 👍 🙁 👍 Introduction The preparation of a research report The use of academic social networks The submission process Conclusion
- 12. Anabela Mesquita 12 Documents ResearchGate Google Scholar Academia.edu Research publication Articles 👍 👍 👍 Books 👍 👍 👍 Chapters 👍 👍 👍 Proceedings 👍 👍 👍 Patents 👍 👍 👍 Preprint 👍 🙁 👍 Technical Reports 👍 🙁 👍 Thesis 👍 👍 👍 Others Presentations 👍 🙁 👍 Posters 👍 🙁 👍 Introduction The preparation of a research report The use of academic social networks The submission process Conclusion
- 13. Anabela Mesquita 13 Metrics / Impact factor ResearchGate Google Scholar Academia.edu Citations 👍 👍 🙁 H-index 👍 👍 🙁 I10-index 🙁 👍 🙁 Impact factor 👍 🙁 🙁 Member statistics 👍 🙁 🙁 Characteristics Forums of discussion 👍 🙁 👍 Job posts 👍 🙁 👍 Invitations 👍 🙁 🙁 Introduction The preparation of a research report The use of academic social networks The submission process Conclusion Versão gratuita
- 15. Submission and peer review process Introduction The preparation of a research report The use of academic social networks The submission process Conclusion
- 16. Criteria to evaluate an article First read consideration Main questions addressed; relevance and interest Topic, added-value Well-written, clear, easy to read Consistency of the conclusions. Do they address the main questions posed? Tables / figures are adequate? They add or are superfluous? Introduction The preparation of a research report The use of academic social networks The submission process Conclusion
- 17. Potential major flaws (1) • Drawing a conclusion that is contradicted by the author's own statistical or qualitative evidence • The use of a discredited method • Ignoring a process that is known to have a strong influence on the area under study • If it is an empirical research: • The sampling in analytical papers • The sufficient use of control experiments • The precision of process data • The regularity of sampling in time-dependent studies • The validity of questions, the use of a detailed methodology and the data analysis being done systematically (in qualitative research) • That qualitative research extends beyond the author's opinions, with sufficient descriptive elements and appropriate quotes from interviews or focus groups https://authorservices.wiley.com/Reviewers/journal-reviewers/how-to-perform-a-peer-review/step-by-step-guide-to-reviewing-a-manuscript.html Introduction The preparation of a research report The use of academic social networks The submission process Conclusion
- 18. Potential major flaws (2) Methodology - look at the data tables, figures or images first. How was the information gathered? issues might include: • Insufficient data • Unclear data tables • Contradictory data that either are not self-consistent or disagree with the conclusions • Confirmatory data that adds little, if anything, to current understanding - unless strong arguments for such repetition are made Introduction The preparation of a research report The use of academic social networks The submission process Conclusion
- 19. Other aspects • Does the title properly reflect the subject of the paper? • Does the abstract provide an accessible summary of the paper? • Do the keywords accurately reflect the content? • Is the paper an appropriate length? • Are the key messages short, accurate and clear? • Is the language clear? Correct gramar and punctuation? • Is the reference list accurate, adequate and balanced? • Plagiarism? Introduction The preparation of a research report The use of academic social networks The submission process Conclusion
- 20. Conclusion The final aim of any research is to disseminate the results obtained. Nothing is more frustrating than not being able to disseminate results or not reaching the right audience. Most of the time, research methodologies teachers focus more on the research process itself rather and thus not discussing more thoroughly the aspects concerning dissemination, leading the student to learn by doing. 3 topics that could be addressed: The structure of a research report / paper How to use the academic social networks The submission and review process Introduction The preparation of a research report The use of academic social networks The submission process Conclusion
Notas del editor
- One of the main purposes of any research is to disseminate the results, to share them with the academic community and with the public in general. Nevertheless, this process does not occur smoothly most of the times due to some obstacles: Researchers do not prepare adequately the documents to be shared / published (they do not know what should go in each part of the document) Researchers are not aware of the channels / media they have at their disposal to disseminate the results Researchers do not know the process of peer review. This situation, of course engenders problems to the researchers . However, what data shows is that researchers / master and phd students do not always master the knowledge to complete this step in an effective and efficient way. The aim of this communication is to contribute to help to prepare those researchers for their success. ************************* Researchers prepare articles and communications and submit them to the comments and suggestions of reviewers Sometimes, they get published. Most of the time, this does not happen. Most of the time, the way the documents are prepared does not meet the journal's or the conference's requirements. Even when researchers must prepare academic or technical reports, they struggle to find the correct layout and structure. Dissemination and publication - part of many books about research. However, most research teachers do not dwell much on it as they assume that this content is straightforward and, in most situations, the student already knows it. This topic's discussion is marginal as teachers prefer to focus on other, more complex matters. Doubts and confusion remain in the heads of the students. It is curious to note that these doubts are not only present among students but also among teachers - they think they know the differences between types of reports, the structure of each one, and the way findings should be disseminated, just to mention a few situations. However, very often, this is not true. Researchers struggle to manage their presence in academic social networks (ex: ResearchGate, Academia). And these are becoming increasingly important as the use of indexes is becoming more relevant to the evaluation of the performance of each researcher. Needless to say, for an essential group of academics, publishing is a vital question of survival.
- Relatórios técnicos Os relatórios técnicos descrevem um projeto de investigação, detalhando as descobertas. Normalmente, destinam-se a serem lidos por pessoas interessadas na maioria, ou em todos, os aspetos do desenho e da execução do projeto. Estes relatórios, geralmente, começam com uma descrição dos objetivos e métodos de pesquisa, incluindo a motivação para o projeto, a seleção da amostra, os métodos de recolha de dados e os procedimentos para a sua análise. O relatório prossegue descrevendo os resultados do trabalho em profundidade. Normalmente, os documentos são divididos em capítulos ou secções. Tabelas, figuras, fotos e outro tipo de ajudas visuais podem ser utilizados. A maioria dos relatórios tem entre 50 a 150 páginas, com espaçamento simples. Não há um comprimento definido ou um número máximo de páginas embora relatórios mais longos sejam, provavelmente, menos lidos de uma ponta a outra. É frequente que os relatórios técnicos tenham interesse para um público restrito e, por isso, não estão amplamente disponíveis ou publicados de forma impressa. No caso de serem publicados, normalmente, são em formato digital sendo possível descarregar cópias ou pedir o documento por email. Este tipo de relatório pode organizar-se contemplando os seguintes elementos (Madeira & Abreu, 2004): Objetivos prosseguidos com a realização do projeto ou estágio; Descrição das atividades realizadas; Resultados obtidos – incluindo uma discussão justificando os desvios entre estes e os que, à partida, eram esperados atingir; Proposta de programação de atividades subsequentes. Artigos para periódicos científicos Um manuscrito ou artigo é um relatório de investigação apresentado numa forma adequada para publicação em periódico académico ou científico. Os artigos são, normalmente, uma forma concisa e bem escrita de relatório de investigação. Em contraste com os relatórios técnicos, os artigos, naturalmente, não apresentam muitos detalhes sobre todos os aspetos de um projeto. Em vez disso, eles focam-se em determinados aspetos ou descobertas-chave de um projeto. Os artigos destinam-se, sobretudo, a serem lidos por outros investigadores, mas também por gestores, profissionais, analistas entre outros públicos. Habitualmente, os artigos tendem a ter uma audiência mais vasta e diversificada que os relatórios técnicos. Regularmente, um artigo não tem mais de 10 a 30 páginas (espaço duplo) de comprimento. Para cópias em papel, espera-se que os autores usem espaçamento duplo, embora alguns periódicos aceitem espaçamento de 1,5 ou 1,3 para a submissão eletrónica. Muitos periódicos têm limites de páginas ou palavras para o artigo. Alguns periódicos especificam um comprimento máximo tendo como medida a palavra (por exemplo 5000 ou 7000 palavras), em vez do comprimento de página. Os artigos são, geralmente, enviados eletronicamente ao editor do periódico, embora possam existir editores que, eventualmente, ainda peçam cópias em papel. Tese e dissertações Uma tese ou dissertação é, normalmente, escrita por um aluno como parte da qualificação para um doutoramento, mestrado ou outro grau superior. A dissertação ou tese normalmente aborda um tema específico e apresenta um relato detalhado do projeto, bem como os métodos (definição de estratégias, escolha de métodos e de procedimentos para a recolha e a análise de dados, a experimentação / trabalho de campo, bem como a reflexão crítica na área em que se situam) e resultados do projeto. Também inclui uma revisão abrangente de estudos anteriores e outra literatura sobre o tema. Geralmente, estes trabalhos são escritos sob a orientação de um supervisor, sendo o trabalho, posteriormente, avaliado por especialistas na área em estudo. O comprimento do trabalho pode ser estipulado pela Universidade. Por exemplo, pode haver uma diretriz que diga que as teses de doutoramento tenham cerca de 50.000 palavras. A maioria das dissertações tende a ter entre 70 a 120 páginas (dependendo da Universidade), em espaço duplo. Em algumas instituições, espera-se que as dissertações sejam menos detalhadas e mais curtas que as teses. Em outras, essa distinção não é feita. Uma característica das teses e dissertações é que, normalmente, apenas um número reduzido de cópias impressas é produzido, recorrendo-se ao formato digital para acompanhar a cópia em papel. Uma outra característica destes documentos é o seu caráter de originalidade – menor no caso dos trabalhos a serem apresentados para a obtenção do grau de Mestre – tendo que ser realizados autonomamente pelo estudante, embora sob orientação de um supervisor, devendo constituir um contributo importante para o avanço da área científica em que se inserem. Ver o exemplo da IGI Global. Para um periódico o comprimento do artigo deve rondar as 5000 e 7000 palavras, espalhamento simples, tamanho de letra 12pt - https://www.igi-global.com/publish/contributor-resources/journal-guidelines-for-submission/?titleid=1094
- One of the main purposes of any research is to disseminate the results, to share them with the academic community and with the public in general. Nevertheless, this process does not occur smoothly most of the times due to some obstacles: Researchers do not prepare adequately the documents to be shared / published (they do not know what should go in each part of the document) Researchers are not aware of the channels / media they have at their disposal to disseminate the results Researchers do not know the process of peer review. This situation, of course engenders problems to the researchers . However, what data shows is that researchers / master and phd students do not always master the knowledge to complete this step in an effective and efficient way. The aim of this communication is to contribute to help to prepare those researchers for their success. ************************* Researchers prepare articles and communications and submit them to the comments and suggestions of reviewers Sometimes, they get published. Most of the time, this does not happen. Most of the time, the way the documents are prepared does not meet the journal's or the conference's requirements. Even when researchers must prepare academic or technical reports, they struggle to find the correct layout and structure. Dissemination and publication - part of many books about research. However, most research teachers do not dwell much on it as they assume that this content is straightforward and, in most situations, the student already knows it. This topic's discussion is marginal as teachers prefer to focus on other, more complex matters. Doubts and confusion remain in the heads of the students. It is curious to note that these doubts are not only present among students but also among teachers - they think they know the differences between types of reports, the structure of each one, and the way findings should be disseminated, just to mention a few situations. However, very often, this is not true. Researchers struggle to manage their presence in academic social networks (ex: ResearchGate, Academia). And these are becoming increasingly important as the use of indexes is becoming more relevant to the evaluation of the performance of each researcher. Needless to say, for an essential group of academics, publishing is a vital question of survival.