The following PPT will show the basics of computer. It will tell you about everything what a computer have inside it

1. Hardware and Software Basics

2. Types of Devices
Digital versus Analog
• A digital device uses discrete data.
– Discrete data is distinct or separate.
– Ex: Numbers or digits.
• Most computers today are digital. Their
circuits have only two possible states, such as
“Off” and “On” or “0” and “1”.

3. Types of Devices
Digital versus Analog
An analog device operates on
continuously varying data.
Continuously varying data has an
infinite number of possible states.

4. Computer Hardware
• Central Processing Unit - also called “The
Chip”, a CPU, a processor or a microprocessor
• Memory (RAM)
• Storage Devices
• Input Devices
• Output Devices

5. CPU Types
• CPU or microprocessor is often described as
the brain of a computer.
• CPU is an integrated circuit or “chip” which
processes instructions and data.
• CPU types.
– Intel Pentium II, III, IV, i3, i5, i7
– Intel Celeron
– AMD Athlon

6. CPU types
• CPU speed is measured by the number of
completed instruction cycles per second
Currently, CPU speeds range from 600 megahertz
(MHz or million cycles per second) to 4 gigahertz
(GHz or billion cycles per second).
• Always check new software’s requirements for
CPU type and speed before purchasing

7. Microcomputer Platforms
• All microcomputers are based on a small
number of designs (interior architecture) or
computer platforms.
• PC architecture is based on the first IBM
microcomputers. Generally, PCs use Microsoft
Windows as their operating system.
• Apple computers or Macs are based on
proprietary architecture manufactured
exclusively by Apple Computer, Inc.

8. Microcomputer Platforms
• Compatibility refers to computers that
operate in essentially the same way.
• Compatibility across platforms is limited! You
must know which platform your computer
runs on before purchasing software.
• All software is designed for a specific platform.
Windows, Mac or Unix versions

9. ELEMENTS OF A COMPUTER
SYSTEM
Storage devices
Input devices
Output devices
Computer components

11. Five Computer Components
Memory

13. Control Unit
• Manages all the computer’s resources
– The control unit directs the flow of data through the CPU, to
and from other devices.
– The control unit stores the CPU's microcode, which
contains the instructions for all the tasks the CPU can
perform.
– The control unit decodes the instruction and releases
different control and timing signals to execute it.

14. Arithmetic Logic Unit
• Performs the CPU’s arithmetic and logical
operations
The actual manipulation of data takes place in the ALU.
The ALU can perform arithmetic and logic operations.
The ALU is connected to a set of registers—small memory areas
in the CPU, which hold data and program instructions while they
are being processed.

15. CPU registers
Program counter(PC) Keeps track of next address location in memory from where
the code is brought.
Instruction
Register(IR)
Hold the instruction code before sending to the decoder
Memory Address
Register(MAR)
Holds the address of the current memory location
Memory Buffer
Register(MBR/MDR)
Holds the data temporarily
Accumulator A general purpose register used for storing one operand and
results after an operation
Flag Register Stored conditions of an operation
Note: 1. The number of registers and size of them varies from processor to processors.
2. The size of data reigster decided on the data bus and ALU capacity
3. The size of address registers decides the maximum memory that we can connect to
the system

16. Machine Cycle
The completed series of steps the CPU takes to execute an instruction
• Instruction cycle
• Execution cycle
Two Cycles

17. Instruction Cycle
• Fetching
• Decoding
During the instruction cycle, the CPU
"fetches" a command or data from
memory and "decodes" it for the CPU.

18. Execution Cycle
• Executing
• Storing
During the execution cycle, the
CPU carries out the instruction,
and may store the instruction's
result in memory.

19. Millions of Instructions Per Second
(MIPS)
• The CPU performance measurement

20. Pipelining
• Also called pipeline processing
• The control unit begins a new machine cycle
before the current cycle is completed

21. Instruction Set
Basis CISC RISC
Instruction Set complex Reduced
Processor size
Memory usage
Addressing Mode
Power consumption
Heating
Applications

22. Memory
• Allows the CPU to store and retrieve data
quickly

23. Two Kinds of Memory
• Read-only memory (ROM): nonvolatile
– It holds instructions that run the computer when the power is first turned on.
• Random-access memory (RAM): volatile
– RAM stores data and program code needed by the CPU. The contents of RAM
change rapidly and often.

25. Other Kinds of RAM
Static & Dynamic
• Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
• DRAM Variations
• Static RAM (SRAM)
• Dynamic RAM (DRAM) chips must be recharged with electricity very
frequently, or they will lose their contents.
• Static RAM (SRAM) does not need to be recharged
as often as DRAM, and can hold its contents longer.
• Another type of RAM, called flash memory, can store its contents after
power is turned off. Flash memory is used in digital cameras to store
pictures.

26. Factors Affecting Processing Speed
• Registers – temp memory area – 32 bit
• Memory and computing power - RAM
• System clock – Hz – cycles - GHz
• The bus – the highway
• The databus – CPU & devices
• The address bus – CPU & RAM
• Cache memory – L1(CPU resident), L2 (External)

28. More RAM = Better Performance!
minimize “swapping”

29. Bus Types
• Industry standard architecture (ISA) bus
16 bit – connect devices
• Local bus – internal
• Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus – fast
32 and 64 bit
• Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) bus -video
• Universal Serial Bus (USB) – fast - no slots
• IEEE 1394 (FireWire)- fast - no expansion slots

30. Data Transfer Rate
• The amount of data buses can transfer in a second
• Measured in megabits per second (Mbps) or
megabytes per second (MBps)

31. Cache memory
• Speeds processing by storing frequently used
data or instructions in its high-speed memory

32. Memory (RAM)
RAM or Random Access Memory
• “Waiting room” for computer’s CPU.
• Holds instructions for processing data,
processed data, and raw data.
• Ram is measured by:
– Capacity (in Megabytes or Gigabytes)
– Speed (in Nanoseconds)

33. Memory (RAM)
• Amount of RAM installed will determine.
–Which software applications will run
(efficiently)?
–How many software applications can be open
simultaneously (multitasking ability)?
• RAM upgrades are cost-effective and easy to
install.
Check your computer manual for RAM type
(DIMM, SDRAM) and speed (100, 90ns).

34. Memory (RAM)
• All software applications will have RAM
specifications listed on their packaging.
• Many applications list both a minimum and a
recommended amount of RAM necessary to
run the software.
• Be cautious about buying software for a
system based on minimum requirement.
Visit the Memory Technology Exhibit at Intel’s
Virtual museum.

35. Storage Technology
• Electronic devices that store, retrieve, and
save instructions and data.
• Today’s microcomputers or PCs include several
types of storage devices.
• Capacity and speed are important
considerations when selecting a new storage
device for a PC.

36. Storage Technology
• Magnetic storage devices store
data by magnetizing particles
on a disk or tape. They have a
limited life-span of 1 to 5 years,
depending on the device.
• Optical storage devices store
data as light and dark spots on
the disk surface. They have an
unlimited life-span.

37. Storage Devices
Hard Disk Drives
• Capacity is measured in gigabytes (GB or
billions of bytes).
• Typically permanently installed.
• Used to store operating system, application
software, utilities and data.
• Magnetic storage device.
Learn more about how a hard disk drive works from How
Stuff Works website.

38. Storage Devices
Floppy Disk Drives
• Capacity is 1.44 to 2.0
megabytes (MB or millions of
bytes).
– Storage device with the smallest
capacity
– Most portable storage media
• Magnetic storage device.

39. Storage Devices
CD-ROM Drives
• Typically installed on all new computer
systems. (Were add-on device until the mid
1990’s).
• Capacity is 600 to 750 megabytes
(MB or millions of bytes).
• Most mass-produced commercial software is
packaged on a CD.

40. Storage Devices
CD-ROM Drives
• Used more often now for backup storage as
CD-RW (read/write) technology has become
less expensive.
• Data is read from CD by a laser.
• Optical storage device.
Learn how to write data, images, and audio to a CD
from Kodak’s website.

41. Storage Devices
Other Types of Drives
• Zip Drives – Several different capacities are available.
• Tape Drives – Generally used for system backups,
becoming less common.
• DVD drives – Can also read CDs, now more common
as a standard device on new computer systems.
Learn more about specific hardware component and their
functions from Tom’s Hardware.

42. Input Devices
• Input is all information put into a computer.
Input can be supplied from a variety of
sources:
– A person
– A storage device on computer
– Another computer
– A peripheral device
– Another piece of equipment, such as a musical
instrument or thermometer

43. Input Devices
• Input devices gather and translate data into a
form the computer understands.
• Primary input device:
– Keyboard - Most common input device; used to
type in commands and data.
– Mouse or trackball enhances user’s ability to
input commands, manipulate text, images.
– Joystick useful in education as an adaptive or
assistive input device.

44. Input Devices
• Scanners are peripheral input devices which
allow users to import:
– Text
– Graphics
– Images
• Specialized software aids in translating
information into a format the computer can
understand and manipulate.

45. Input Devices
• Digital Cameras are peripheral input
devices that allow users to create
pictures and/or movies in a digital
format.
– Some require specialized
software to import images
into the computer.
– Some record digital images directly to
a disk that can be read by the
computer.

46. Output Devices
• Monitors are the most commonly used output
device.
• Most monitors use a bitmap display.
– Allows user to resize the display.
– Divides the screen into a matrix of tiny square
“dots” called pixels.
– The more “dots” a screen can display, the higher
the resolution of the monitor.

47. Output Devices
• Monitors are connected to a computer system
via a port integrated on the video adapter or
graphics card.
• Graphics cards convert digital data output
from software to analog data for display on
monitors.
Typically have additional memory chips on card,
4MB to 64MB.

48. Output Devices
Printers
• Dot matrix
– Seldom used in a classroom.
– Still frequently used in business.
• Bubble or ink jet
• Laser

49. Output Devices
Projection systems or classroom TVs can display
information from a computer system on a larger
screen for whole-class instruction.
View and excellent tutorial on hardware basics at Macromedia’s
site.
Requires log-in and browser plug-in download.

50. Networks
• A collection of computers and other devices
that communicate to share data, hardware,
and software.
• A stand-alone computer is called a
workstation on a network.
• A workstation provides access to:
– Your computer’s local resources
– Network resources

51. Bus Architecture

52. System Buses
•The processor, cache, memory, expansion cards and storage devices,
talk to each other over one or more "buses".
•A bus, in computer terms, is simply a channel over which information
flows between two or more devices (technically-port).
•A bus normally has access points.
•Ex .from daily life : home telephone wiring is a bus.

53. •The Processor Bus: Highest-level bus that the chipset
uses to send information to and from the processor.
•The Cache Bus: for accessing the system cache (backside
bus). Pentium Pro and Pentium II, employ this bus.
• Conventional processors using fifth-generation motherboards
and chipsets have the cache connected to the standard
memory bus.
•The Memory Bus: Connects the memory subsystem to
the chipset and the processor.
•In some systems the processor and memory buses are
basically the same thing.

54. •The Local I/O Bus: A high-speed input/output bus used for
connecting performance-critical peripherals to the memory,
chipset, and processor.
•Video cards, disk storage devices, high-speed networks
interfaces generally use a bus of this sort.
•Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA)
•VESA Local Bus (VLB) and
•Peripheral Component Interconnect Bus (PCI).
•The Standard I/O Bus: For slower peripherals (mice, modems,
regular sound cards, low-speed networking)
•Ex. Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)

55. •The distinction between a bus and port –
•Bus is generally designed for multiple devices to share the medium,
•Port is only for two devices.

56. Data, Address and Control Buses:
• Every bus composed of two distinct parts: the data bus and
the address bus in addition to control lines .
• Bus Width :
• The width of the address bus dictates how many different
memory locations that bus can transfer information to or
from.
• The wider the bus, the more information can flow over the
channel, much as a wider highway can carry more cars than a
narrow one.
• The original ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)bus on the
IBM PC was 8 bits wide;
• Universal ISA bus used now is 16 bits.
• The other I/O buses (including VLB and PCI) are 32 bits wide.
• The memory and processor buses on Pentium and higher PCs
are 64 bits wide.

57. Bus Bandwidth
• The total amount of data that can theoretically be transferred on the
bus in a given unit of time.
• Bus Interfacing
• Allow devices on one to talk to devices on the other. This device is
called a "bridge", (networking hardware that connects two dissimilar
networks. )

58. Bus Mastering
• Bus mastering is also called "first party" DMA since the
work is controlled by the device doing the transfer.
• Currently most bus mastering in the PC world is done on
the PCI bus;
• In addition, support has been added for IDE/ATA
(Integrated Drive Electronics/Advanced Technology
Attachment) hard disk drives to do bus mastering on
PCI under certain conditions.

59. Local Bus Concept
• Due to rapid growth in popularity of the Windows operating system.
• Increase in the amount of information that must be moved between
the processor, memory, video and hard disks when using a graphical
operating system compared to a text-based one is tremendous.
• A complete, standard screen of monochrome text is just 4,000 bytes
of information (2,000 bytes for the characters, and 2,000 bytes for
screen attributes).
• However, a standard 256-color Windows screen requires over
300,000 bytes, an increase of about 15,000%! .

60. • The transformation of the software world from text to
graphics also meant much larger programs and more
storage requirements.
• From an I/O standpoint, much more I/O bandwidth was
needed to handle the additional data going to and from the
video card and the increasingly larger and faster hard disks.

61. • By this time, Intel had also moved on to the 80486
processor that provided many times the performance of
earlier CPUs.
• The ISA bus, still running at the same speed and bus width
that it did on the IBM AT, was finally and totally
outmatched by these increasing demands and became a
major bottleneck to improving system performance.
• Increasing the speed of the processor accomplished little if
it was always waiting for the slow system bus to transmit
data.

62. • The solution was to create a new, faster bus, that would augment
the ISA bus and be used especially for high-bandwidth devices such
as video cards.
• This new bus would be put on (or near) the processor's much faster
memory bus, to let it run at or near the external speed of the
processor, and to allow data to flow between these devices and the
processor without having to go through the much slower ISA bus.
• By placing these devices "local" to the processor, the local bus was
born.
• The first local bus was the VESA (Video Electronics Standards
Association) local bus. The current local bus of choice on modern
computers is the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI )bus.

63. Older Bus Types
• While most of the attention today is given to the current
local bus standard, PCI, and the new AGP port that is likely
to become the next standard interface for video, these
have evolved from a series of older buses that you will still
find in service today on older PCs.
• The oldest one, ISA, is in fact still used even on the newest
PCs!

64. Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) Bus
• The ISA bus is still a mainstay in even the newest computers, despite
the fact that it is largely unchanged since it was expanded to 16 bits
in 1984!
• The ISA bus eventually became a bottleneck to performance and
was augmented with additional high-speed buses, but ISA persists
because of the truly enormous base of existing peripherals using the
standard.
• Also, there are still many devices for which the ISA's speed is more
than sufficient, and will be for some time to come (standard
modems being an example).

65. • The original ISA bus on the IBM PC was 8 bits wide,
reflecting the 8 bit data width of the Intel 8088
processor's system bus.
• In 1984 the IBM AT introduced -the Intel 80286
• And the bus was doubled to 16 bits (the 80286's data bus
width)

66. EISA bus
• ISA Compatibility: ISA cards will work in EISA slots.
• 32 Bit Bus Width
• Bus Mastering: The EISA bus supports bus mastering adapters for
greater efficiency, including proper bus arbitration (In a single bus
architecture when more than one device requests the bus, a
controller called bus arbiter decides who gets the bus)
.
• Plug and Play: EISA automatically configures adapter cards, similar
to the Plug and Play standards of modern systems.

67. • EISA-based systems special role.
• They are sometimes found in network fileservers.
• The EISA bus is virtually non-existent on desktop
systems for several reasons.
• First, EISA-based systems tend to be much more
expensive than other types of systems.
• Second, there are few EISA-based cards available.

68. VESA Local Bus (VLB)
• The first local bus to gain popularity, the VESA local
bus (also called VL-Bus or VLB for short) was
introduced in 1992.
• VESA stands for the Video Electronics Standards
Association, a standards group that was formed in the
late eighties to address video-related issues in
personal computers.
• Main reason to improve video performance in PCs.
• The VLB is a 32-bit bus which is in a way a direct
extension of the 486 processor/memory bus.
.

69. VESA Local Bus (VLB)
• A VLB slot is a 16-bit ISA slot with third and fourth
slot connectors added on the end.
• The VLB normally runs at 33 MHz, although higher
speeds are possible on some systems.

70. Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Local Bus
• Most popular local I/O bus.
• Was developed by Intel and introduced in 1993.
• Like the VESA Local Bus, PCI is a 32-bit bus.
• The key to PCI's advantages over its predecessor, the VESA local bus,
lies in the chipset that controls it.

71. PCI Contd…..
• The PCI bus - controlled by special circuitry in the chipset which
proper bus arbitration and control facilities
• Where the VLB was basically just an extension of the 486 processor
bus.

72. PCI Bus Performance
• PCI is the highest performance general I/O bus currently used on
PCs. This is due to several factors:
• Burst Mode: The PCI bus can transfer information in a burst mode,
where after an initial address is provided multiple sets of data can
be transmitted in a row. This works in a way similar to how cache
bursting works.
• Bus Mastering: PCI supports full bus mastering, which leads to
improved performance.
• High Bandwidth Options: Expandability to 64 bits

73. Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
• High video transfer between the main processor and the video
subsystem originally with the VESA local bus
• Then eventually leading to the popular PCI bus.
• To combat the eventual saturation of the PCI bus with video
information…
– A new interface has been pioneered by Intel, designed
specifically for the video subsystem called the Accelerated
Graphics Port or AGP.
• Areas such as 3D acceleration and full-motion video playback, both
the processor and the video chipset need to process more and more
information.
• The PCI bus is reaching its performance limits in these applications,
especially with hard disks and other peripherals also in there
fighting for the same bandwidth.

74. Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)
• The second-most popular hard disk interface used in PCs
today is the Small Computer Systems Interface,
abbreviated SCSI .
• SCSI is a much more advanced interface than its chief
competitor, IDE/ATA,(Integrated Drive Electronics
/Advanced Technology Attachment) and has several
advantages over IDE.
• It is far less commonly used than IDE/ATA due to its higher
cost and the fact that its advantages are not useful for the
typical home or business desktop user.

75. Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a set of connectivity specifications
developed by Intel in collaboration with industry leaders.
• USB allows high-speed, easy connection of peripherals to a PC.
• When plugged in, everything configures automatically.
• USB is the most successful interconnect in the history of personal
computing
• migrated into consumer electronics (CE) and mobile products.

76. Universal Serial Bus (USB) –
The USB standard
• USB was originally released in 1995 at 12 Mbps.
• Today, USB operates at 480 Mbps
• Found in over six billion PC, consumer electronics (CE), and mobile
devices with a run rate of 2 billion USB products being shipped into
the growing market every year.
• In addition to high performance and ubiquity, USB enjoys strong
consumer brand recognition and a reputation for ease-of-use.

77. Universal Serial Bus (USB) –
• Today, Hi-Speed USB 2.0, provides greater enhancement in
performance-up to 40 times faster than USB 1.0, with a design data
rate of up to 480 megabits per second (Mbps).
• In addition, USB On-The-Go (OTG), a supplement to the USB 2.0
specification, was created in 2002.
– USB OTG defines a dual-role device, which can act as either a
host or peripheral, and can connect to a PC or other portable
devices through the same connector.

78. Universal Serial Bus (USB) –
• Portable computing devices such as handhelds, cell phones and
digital cameras that connect to the PC as a USB peripheral benefit
from having additional capability to connect to other USB devices
directly.
• For instance, users can perform functions such as sending photos
from a digital camera to a printer, PDA, cell phone, or sending music
files from an MP3 player to another portable player, PDA or cell
phone.

79. Wireless USB
• Wireless USB is the new wireless extension to USB
that combines the speed and security of wired
technology with the ease-of-use of wireless
technology.
• Supporting robust high-speed wireless
connectivity, wireless USB utilizes the common
WiMedia* Ultra-wideband (UWB) radio platform
developed by the WiMedia Alliance.

80. • Bus Interfacing
• On a system that has multiple buses, circuitry must
be provided by the chipset to connect the buses
and allow devices on one to talk to devices on the
other. This device is called a "bridge",

81. Networks
Network nodes include
workstations, printers,
and servers.

82. Networks
• A server is a computer connected to a
network that distributes and stores resources
for other network users.
• With proper licensing, many network users
can use the same applications and data files
simultaneously and share other resources,
such as storage space or a printer.

83. Networks
• Local Area Network (LAN) –
a network located in a limited area.
– LANs are found in most businesses.
– Many campuses use LANs.
• A network interface card (NIC) –
a key hardware component.
– Connects a workstation to the network.
– A circuit board that sends data between the
workstation and the network.

84. Networks
• Wide Area Network (WAN) –
a network that covers a large geographical
area. TENET is a classic example.
• All types of networks require special
networking hardware and networking
software to allow different computers to
communicate with each other.

85. Networks
• The Internet - largest of all networks.
• Communication standards called protocols
allow for global exchange of information.
– Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
– Internet Protocol (IP)
• Intranets are LANs or WANs that use these
communication standards or TCP/IP.
• Special hardware (modem) and software
(browser) are required.

86. Options and Tradeoffs
Speed versus Cost
• How fast are you able to access and save data
on the hard drive?
• How fast will application software open?
• How quickly will software respond to
commands?
• How quickly will your printer produce a
document?

87. Options and Tradeoffs
Capacity versus Cost
• How many applications can you store on a hard
disk drive?
• How much data can you store on a secondary
storage device?
• How many applications can be opened
simultaneously?

88. Options and Tradeoffs
Quality versus Cost
• Pentium versus Celeron
• Laser printer versus Ink Jet printer
• Limited functionality editions versus full
versions of software
• 15 inch monitor versus 21 inch monitor

89. Options and Tradeoffs
• Speed versus Cost
• Capacity versus Cost
• Quality versus Cost
• Cost-Cost-Cost
PC World online provides hardware reviews and comparison charts
that are updated each month.

90. Software
• Instructions and associated data, stored in
electronic format, that direct the computer to
accomplish a task.
• System software helps the computer carry out
its basic operating tasks.
– Operating systems
– Utilities

91. System Software
• An Operating System (OS) is the master
controller within a computer.
EX: Windows, MacOS, DOS, UNIX, Linux
• An operating system interacts with:
– All hardware installed in or connected to a
computer system.
– All software installed or running from a storage
device on a computer system.

92. System Software
• Microsoft Windows
– Most popular operating system.
– Supports a vast array of application software and
peripheral devices.
• MacOS
– For Macintosh computers.
– Proprietary system.
– Does not have same functionality and support for
software and peripheral devices.

93. System Software
• Network operating system (NOS)
– Manages network resources.
– Maintains security.
– Tracks user accounts.
– Handles communication between workstations
and servers.
• Popular network operating systems
Windows NT, Novell Netware, UNIX

94. System Software
Utilities
• Utilities augment functionality of operating systems.
Utilities includes device drivers and Troubleshooting
capabilities.
• Utilities provide file management capabilities such as
copying, moving or renaming a file.
• Norton Utilities includes an undelete function that
can recover deleted files.
• Symantec and McAfee Virus checkers add protection
for all system and data files.

95. Application Software
• Accomplishes specific tasks for users.
• Enables a computer to become a multi-
purpose machine.
Produce
worksheets and
reports.
Automate record
keeping like
attendance and
grades.
Create flow charts
and graphic
organizers.
Communicate
worldwide.

96. Application Software
• Productivity Software
– Spreadsheets
– Databases
• Presentation Software
• Document Preparation
– Word Processing
– Desktop Publishing
• Project Management Software

97. Application Software
• Graphics Creation and Manipulation
• Animation and 3D Graphics
• Video Editing
• Internet Connectivity
• Website Creation and Management
• Groupware
• Financial Management
• Educational Games and Tutorials

98. Programming Languages
• Basic building blocks of any software.
• Programming languages allow a programmer to
write instructions that a computer can
understand.
• Programming languages have some
resemblance to the English language.
– BASIC
– Pascal
– Fortran
C++
Java

99. What technology-based resources are
available?
• Technology Plan (District-wide)
• Technology Plan (Building)
• Curricula Plan

100. What technology-based
resources are available?
• Stand-alone computer(s) in the classroom
• Networked computers in the classroom
• Computer laboratory
• Computer for every kid