Dr. John Schmisseur presents an overview of his program - Aerothermodynamics and Turbulence - at the AFOSR 2012 Spring Review.

1. Aerothermodynamics &
Turbulence
08 MAR 2012
John D. Schmisseur
Program Manager
AFOSR/RSA
Integrity  Service  Excellence Air Force Research Laboratory
15 February 2012 DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 1

2. Pizza, Skeet Shooting
and the Future of
Aerothermodynamics
09 MAR 2012
John D. Schmisseur
Program Manager
AFOSR/RSA
Integrity  Service  Excellence Air Force Research Laboratory
15 February 2012 DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 2

3. AFRL Pizza 15 Minutes or Less
Delivery at
500 nm/hr
Delivery at Mach 6
~50 X increase in
coverage
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 3

4. Aerothermodynamics & Turbulence
Energy Dynamics in High-Speed Flows
The Environment Around a High-Speed Vehicle is
Dominated by Rate-Dependent Energetic Processes
Laminar-Turbulent Transition: A “Race”
Between Competing Instabilities
Shock-Excited Flow
States and Gas-
Surface Interactions
are Driven by
Reaction Rates
Turbulent and Shock-
Interaction Heat Transfer:
Transfer of kinetic to thermal
energy poorly understood
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5. 2012 AFOSR SPRING REVIEW
2307/A Aerothermodynamics and Turbulence
NAME: John D. Schmisseur Partners
Aerothermodynamics &Turbulence
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PORTFOLIO: National Hypersonic Joint Technology
Foundational Research Office -
Identify, Model and Exploit critical Plan Hypersonics
physical phenomena in turbulent and
high-speed flows
• emphasis on energy transfer
Sole DoD basic research program in this area Assessment of
SOA and Future
Research
SUB-AREAS IN PORTFOLIO: Directions
• Boundary Layer Physics
Jet Noise
• Shock-Dominated Flows
• Gas Thermophysics Arnold
• Gas-Surface Interactions Engineering Tech
Development
Transition
• Turbulence and Transition Center
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6. Outline
• Scientific Challenges
• The Big Picture Leading the
International
• Portfolio Management Research Community
• Evolving Research Identifying and
Responding to New
Directions
Opportunities
• Research Highlights
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7. Scientific Challenges in
Aerothermodynamics
The intersection of shock waves, M=10, Re = 2 Million
turbulence, thermophysics and Temperature Gradient
chemistry Bartkowicz/Candler
U Minn
hn
Rate-Dependent Energy
Transfer Processes are
Critical – yet poorly understood Vibrational Rotational Electronic Reactions
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8. A The Challenging Environment
High-Speed Flight
Environments Cannot Be
Duplicated in Ground
Facilities
CUBRC LENS
Shock Tunnel
•Test gas velocity of 10,000 mph
• Half of orbital velocity!
• Few hundred millionths of a U. Illinois
second test time Expansion
Tube
• Measure chemical species
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9. Unprecedented Opportunities
Large-Scale Computing and There is No Mature Industry
Optical Diagnostics Provide Base for Hypersonic Systems
Incredible Insight into Critical • Opportunity to rapidly transition
Microscale Phenomena science breakthroughs for
integration into emerging systems!
Model-Free
Spectroscopic
Sim. of
Measurement of
Noise
Transient Material
Generation Fletcher and Chazot, VKI
Response
in Jet
O N
Si O N O Si O C
O O O
C O
O O
O
Si O
O C Molecular
O N
O N
N
N O N N Dynamic Sim.
N
N Si
N O C O Si
O Si N
O
Of Gas-
O
O O
O Surface
SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 SiO2
SiC SiC SiC SiC SiC SiC SiC SiC Interaction
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10. Perspective from Reentry Altitudes
HTV-2
Marquee Rough Estimate – A Billion
Hypersonics X-51 Dollar Total National
Demos and Investment
AHW*
Systems
DoD Joint Technology Office on
Hypersonics - JTOH
~ $20 M
Foundational
• AFRL, NASA, Sandia In current FY
Research • AFOSR is only DoD
BA 1 and for BA1
investment in basic
early BA 2
science
National Hypersonic Foundational
Research Plan –
AFOSR Led, Adopted by JTOH
Foundational NHSC International
Research
HARP Collaboration
• Aerothermo Coord. of Major
Efforts • Propulsion Academic Centers
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution
• Materials

11. Transitioning Science:
New Testing Capabilities
Integrated Computations and Experiments Focused schlieren image of BL
Falcon HTV-2
predict and verify instabilities and assess the transition obtained on 7° transition
surface thermal load… cone at Mach 10, Re/L = 2.0×106/ft
Schneider,
Purdue
Candler … resulting in an unprecedented
U. Minn. capability for the test and
analysis of high-speed systems
Breakthrough method for Low-Frequency
Acoustic Pitot Probe
High-Frequency
Temperatur Acoustic Pitot Probe
instability measurement e Sensitive
Paint
Primar
High-Fidelity y Test
Article
Auxiliary
Model
Numerical Support
Hemisphere
Purdue /Sandia
Methods yield Heat-Transfer
Probe
Transition Cone
detailed insight
into physics Temperature-Sensitive Paint
provides global heating
AEDC Tunnel 9
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12. AFOSR as a Catalyst
JTOH Workshop
NASA Environmentally Emerging Capabilities for the
Responsible Aerospace (ERA) Design and Analysis of High-
program seeks new efficient Speed/ Hypersonic Systems
March 27-28, 2012
transport designs Arlington, VA
Surprising Designs for
Eco-friendly Airliner
Guy Norris
Jan 13, 2012
AIAA
HyTASP PC
Targets
• 42dB noise reduction from stage 4 std Dialog on the opportunities
• 50% fuel burn reduction from 1998 std and challenges for transition
“…would potentially involve partnerships of maturing scientific
with the U.S. Air Force and industry.” capabilities to engineering
AMC-NASA connections result from practice
AFOSR Workshops July and Dec 2010
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13. World-Class Researchers
• Members of the NAE (6)
Accomplishments
• NSSEFF Fellow
• DoD Advisory Boards
• Dream Team of world-class
• AF SAB Principal Investigators
• JASON
• Def. Studies Group
• Strong Connections to the
• AIAA Fellows (11) 12 Applied Research and Test
• PECASE (2) Community
• NSF CAREER (4)
• OSR Young Investigator (4) • Research Breakthroughs are
• AIAA Past President (2) being transitioned and
• AIAA Awards guiding technology
• Thermophysics Award (2)
maturation programs
• Fluid Dynamics Award (4)
• Ground Test Award • Portfolio is leading the
• Aero. Measurement Tech.
• Plasmadynamics and Lasers international research
• Atwood Educator Award community in
• APS Frenkiel Award (2) aerothermodynamics
• AF Chief Scientists (2)
• Prior PM: Dr. S. Walker
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14. What Skeet Shooting Has Taught Me About Program Management
• Keep your eyes open
• Know which way the
wind is blowing
• Be ready
• Start and stay in front
of the target
• How you think about
the target effects your
approach (and ability
to hit it!)
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15. Notable Past Highlights
Malmuth and Hornung -
Energy transfer at the micro- Transition Control via
acoustic absorptive surface
and molecular scalesSurface - Turbulent
Solid drives
the macroscopic flow
Candler and Martin - Turbulence Dampening
behavior
Through Endothermic Reactions
Porous Surface - Laminar
Saric – Crossflow
transition delayed
Imagine if we could internal energy and acoustic
by promoting For CO control 2
growth of more
instability modes overlap
the transfer of energy for 3 total enthalpy values
stable instabilities Curves within
the various states (kinetic,
Acoustic
Absorption
thermodynamic, internal and CO2
chemical) …..
Leyva and Shepherd –
2nd Mode
Transition delay via
Air Instability
internal energy absorption (Acoustic)
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16. Extending the Vision of Aerothermodynamics
& Turbulence
Key: PI corp must start
Aerodynamics- considering and
Focus on Energy
Driven Focus communicating their work
Boundary Transfer Mechanisms within this context
Layers, Shock in Fluids
Interactions, Other
Aerothermo-
dynamics Portfolios
Thermal
Management,
Energy Storage
and Transport, Natural Opportunities
Plasma Phen. for cross-discipline
Atmospheric collaboration
Energy - MURI, BRI
Propagation,
Fluid Phen. In
Gas Lasers,
Laser-Material
Interactions(?)
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17. Outline
• Scientific Challenges
• The Big Picture
• Portfolio Management
• Evolving Research
Directions
Presented in terms of new
• Research Highlights portfolio emphasis:
energy transfer mechanisms
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18. Kinetic Energy Transfer in Turbulent Flows
How does the flow of energy
between the turbulent spectrum
and other flow structures shape
macroscopic flow dynamics?
CharLES code simulations of supersonic
Modeling Turbulent Flows rectangular jet - P. Moin, Stanford
Resolved Modeled
Energy
Ma = 2.3
Req = 5000
Turbulent
Energy Kolmogorov
Scale
Spectrum
~ h-1
~ d-1
Wavenumber
RANS LES DNS Large-Eddy Simulation of Compression
Eng. First Corner Shock/Boundary Layer Interaction
– J. Poggie, AFRL/RB
Tool Increasing Fidelity and Cost Principles
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19. Kinetic Energy Transfer in Turbulent Flows
Jet Crackle
An intense form of acoustic radiation
• Distinguishing feature of sound on military
platforms - fighters and rockets
• Mechanisms are unclear, particularly Prof. Jonathan
source of its peculiar signature Freund
Kritzer Faculty
• Direct numerical simulation Scholar
• Mechanical
(no turbulence model) Science &
integrated with nonlinear Engineering and
propagation theory explores Aerospace
root mechanisms of jet crackle Engineering
• Fellow American
• Model simulations have for Physical Society
the first time reproduced • APS/DFD Frenkiel
crackle --- a key step toward Award (2008)
understanding and reducing • Associate Fellow
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. AIAA 19

20. Kinetic Energy Transfer in Turbulent Flows
Long-Range Propagation of
Crackle Waves
We now have a DNS
model source:
Identified key factor: how the Mach waves
transition from conical to spherical behavior
Spherical decay is much faster- strongly
affects the mid- and long-range peak
amplitudes
Length of conical portion depends on
dynamics of large turbulent eddies in the jet
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21. Kinetic Energy Transfer in Turbulent Flows
High frequency actuation reduces near field
jet sound by inhibiting coherent structures
Synergy between CFD and experiment pays off
• Experiments reveal small Prof. M. Samimy
high-frequency actuation can Nordholt Professor
reduce jet noise • Fellow AIAA,
APS, AAAS,
• But how do high-frequency ASME
techniques actually affect the
structures that generate
noise?
• This research suggests that
the signals inhibit the growth
of coherent structures in the
near field, which in turn affects Prof. D. Gaitonde
the far field noise Glenn Professor
• Fellow AIAA,
Gaitonde and Samimy, Phys. Fluids,A: Approved No. 9, 2011 distribution is unlimited.
DISTRIBUTION
Vol. 23, for public release; AFRL 21

22. Kinetic Energy Transfer in Turbulent Flows
Experiments and simulations
coordinated as never before to
enhance understanding
Three dimensionality of structures of various
scales influences wave generation and
propagation
Near field provides best opportunity to
implement feedback control
Impact of actuation: higher-frequency
excitation disrupts formation and
evolution of larger-scale structures
Human
Hearing
Gaitonde, AIAA Paper 2011-23, 2011.
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23. Kinetic Energy Transfer in Turbulent Flows
FLEET – Femtosecond Laser Electronic Excitation Tagging
Provides New Insight Into Turbulent Flows
• FLEET excites and tracks selected N2 Lines are written by
molecules the laser and imaged
• Spatial resolution – tens of microns to 1m with a fast gated
• Temporal resolution - tenths of a camera.
microsecond
• Temperature range from condensation to Dr. Richard B.
greater than 2000K. Miles
Robert Porter Patterson
Professor of Mechanical
and Aerospace
Engineering
• Member of the
750
National Academy
600
of Engineering
Velocity (m/s)
450
300 • Fellow of the AIAA
150
and the OAS
• 2001 recipient of
0
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
Spectrum of FLEET emission in air. Spectral lines X/D 1 2 3 4 5
are associated with the nitrogen First Positive system Height X (cm)
the AIAA
FLEET measurements of the centerline Aerodynamic
velocity in a supersonic jet Measurement
• Ref: J. Michael, M. R. Edwards, A. Dogariu, and R. B.
Miles, “Femtosecond laser electronic excitation tagging Technology Award
for quantitative velocity imaging in air,” Appl. Opt. 50,
5158 (2011) DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 23

24. Kinetic Energy Transfer in Turbulent Flows
Paradigm Change in Fluid-Thermal-Structural
Interaction Modeling
Coupling of fluid, structural
analysis reveals interactions
unseen in prior uncoupled Dr. Jack
approaches McNamara
Assistant
Professor
Integrated analysis • Mechanical &
reveals change in Aerospace
Engineering
surface heating due • Senior
to structure-driven Member AIAA
shock motion • 2011 Recipient
Stationary location of AFOSR YIP
of shock in Award
uncoupled
approach
1Crowell,
Miller, McNamara, “Computational Modeling for Conjugate Heat Transfer of
Shock-Surface Interactions on Compliant Skin Panels,” AIAA-2011-2017, 2011.
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25. Kinetic Energy Transfer in Turbulent Flows
Lighter, More Compliant Surface Panels May Actually Reduce
Aerodynamic Heating
First of a kind studies reveal a new strategy for simultaneously mitigating
vehicle weight and aerodynamic heating
• Series of thermally buckled panels predicted to delay
transition
• Does change in boundary layer base state disrupt
instability growth (?)2
2Riley,
Z., McNamara, J., and Johnson, H., “Hypersonic Boundary Layer Stability in the Presence of Thermo-Structural
Compliance,” 53rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, April 2012.

26. Intermodal Energy Transfer in Laminar Flows
Direct Numerical Simulation of
Vibrationally Active Gas Flows
• Vibrational energy absorption can attenuate acoustic
disturbances – delaying laminar-turbulent transition
• Simulations provide a physics-based understanding of how
and why this occurs to enable novel flow control strategies Dr. Candler
McKnight
Acoustic Wave
Temperature Fluctuation (K)
Vibrational Energy Presidential
Damping per Wavelength
Professor
• Fellow of AIAA
• 2009 NSSEFF
• 2007 AIAA
Thermophysics
Award
CO2 T = 3000K
Damping is caused by the
Frequency
interaction of the acoustic wave with
the relaxation qualities of a molecule Simulations allow isolation of effects of
vibrational absorption and chemistry on
Wagnild & Candler, AIAA 2012-922 for public release; distribution is unlimited. attenuation
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved instability 26

27. Intermodal Energy Transfer in Laminar Flows
Stability analysis reveals N = ln (A/A0)
contributions of specific
vibrational modes to
instability attenuation
• Bending mode
contributes most to
disturbance damping
• Contribution increases
with larger Cvv
Percent change in N factor
Simulation of Mach 6 flow over a cone
with Imposed acoustic wave with largest
versus
distance along the cone
damping rate DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 27

28. Understanding Nonequlibrium Energy Transfer
In High-Enthalpy Flows
For high-enthalpy flows energy hn
transfer between the flow,
thermodynamic and chemical
Vibrational Rotational Electronic Reactions
processes becomes significant
Predictions Fail as Increasing Internal Energy
Experiment
Chemical Numerical Simulation
80
Experiment Air, 4.5 Mj/kg Air, 10.4 Mj/kg Air, 15.2 Mj/kg
Complexity 70
Nitrogen
1024 x 512 simulation
Heat Transfer Rate (Watt/cm2)
60
Increases 50
Candler, U. Minn 40
NSSEFF, CII 30
20
10
0
0 4 8 12 16
x (cm)
Excited States Impact Ex: Catalytic Heating
Surface reactions will
Expansion Macroscopic Behavior be driven by available O O2
Tunnel CO2 at 5 MJ/kg freestream species in O
Shock enthalpy: nonequilibrium
Tunnel - Shock Tunnel excites internal O O
modes
environment
- Expansion Tunnel does not M. MacLean and M. Holden, CUBRC HEAT
Goal: Characterize, Model and Exploit Nonequilibrium Processes
28
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

29. Understanding Nonequlibrium Energy Transfer
In High-Temperature Flows
Dissecting the Anatomy of Shock-Boundary
Layer Interaction in Hypervelocity Flow
Goal: “Tune” the thermochemical activity to identify critical
transitions between perfect and real gas flows. Made possible by
novel facility built at Illinois under AFOSR support. Joanna M Austin
Hypervelocity Expansion Tube •AFOSR Young
Investigator
Mach 5, Program Award
4 MJ/kg, Air
•NSF CAREER
Award
N2 Mach 7.1 N2 Air •Associate Fellow,
Air 2MJ/kg AIAA
•AIAA Fluid
Dynamics Best
8 MJ/kg
Paper Award
•Xerox Award for
•Current dataset chosen for simulation by NATO RTO AVT 205 group. Faculty Research
Swantek and Austin, Int. Shock Wave Symp., July 2011 Excellence
Swantek and Austin, AIAA ASM Meeting,public release; distribution is unlimited.
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for Jan. 2012 29

30. Understanding Nonequlibrium Energy Transfer
In High-Temperature Flows
Transition cross section as a function of
Optimization approach enables rotational and vibrational energy – H2
computation of high-
temperature chemistry rates for
all relevant processes based on
reduced number of evaluations1
Quasi-Classical Trajectory method Iain D. Boyd
employed to compute cross sections James E. Knott
that are integrated to find the rates Chair of
(red dots) - 1800 collision states Engineering
• Fellow of Am. Inst.
Kriging approach used generate cross Aero. Astro. (AIAA)
section surface representing 60,000 • 1998 AIAA
collision states Lawrence Sperry
Award
Computed relaxation rates agree well • 2011 AIAA
with measured data Thermophysics
• Reveal convergence of rates at high Best Paper Award
temperatures – contrary to conventional • AFSAB member
view
1Kim & Boyd, AIAA Paper Approved for public release;January 2012
DISTRIBUTION A: 2012-0362, distribution is unlimited. 30

31. Understanding Nonequlibrium Energy Transfer
In High-Temperature Flows
Pure Molecular Dynamics Simulation of
Shock Waves Is Now Possible
New tool to study internal energy transfer in hypersonic flows
• No equation of state, transport models, or rate models required
• Inter-atomic forces provided by computational chemists are the
Dr.
sole model, directly linking chemistry and aero communities Schwartzentruber
• Dominant internal energy transfer mechanisms can be analyzed Assistant
and reduced models formed Professor
• Enabled by large-scale
computing1 and a novel • 2011 Visiting
numerical method2 Professor, von
Karman Institute
1Valentini
• AFOSR Young
and Schwartzentruber,
Investigator
Physics of Fluids, 21 (2009)
Award (2009)
2Valentiniand Schwartzentruber, • 2007 AIAA
Journal of Computational Physics, Orville and
Vol. 228, No. 23 (2009)
Wilbur Wright
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Award 31

32. Understanding Nonequlibrium Energy Transfer
In High-Temperature Flows
Translational nonequilbrium
study (viscosity and mass
diffusion) complete and validated
with experiment.
• Species separation in an Argon-Helium
Mixture shock wave vs. experiment
Rotational nonequilbrium study
reveals new insights. Rotational de-excitation
(Trot>Ttr) is slow
Rotational Rotational excitation
Zrot
excitation (Trot<Ttr) is fast
in a N2
shock vs. Current model:
experiment Zrot=const or Zrot=f(Ttr)
New model:
Zrot=f(Ttr and Trot)??
Vibrational excitation and dissociation study underway.
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 32

33. Understanding Nonequlibrium Energy Transfer
In High-Temperature Flows
New High-Fidelity Modeling of Subsonic Plasma Flow Facilities
Integrated Experimental-Numerical Collaboration
US3D confirms plasma jet to be in Local
• Boundary layer in subsonic Thermo. Equil. (LTE), however, boundary
plasmatron flow requires modeling to layer is highly nonequilibrium.
extrapolate to hypersonic conditions
• Current modeling valid only for
stagnation line heat flux
• Combine Minnesota’s leading-edge
modeling capabilities with high-quality
data from VKI’s Plasmatron
Experimental images of passive to
active oxidation of a UHTC sample
• This effort could drive a new level of
understanding and form new predictive
models for gas-surface reactions for
real TPS
No current modeling capability.
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34. MURI: Fundamental Processes in High-Temperature
Hypersonic Flows
Graham V. Candler, Don Truhlar, Adri van Duin, Tim Minton, Deborah Levin
Tom Schwartzentruber, Erica Corral, Dan Kelley and Paul DesJardin
MURI Explores Molecular scale Molecular Dynamics Reaction Dynamics
Experiments
Kinetic Processes to Advance
Simulation of Vehicle Scale
Phenomena
Integration of Aerothermodynamics,
Chemistry and Materials Research to
develop advanced models for gas-surface
interactions
Approach
• Use detailed quantum mechanics to develop
accurate force fields for key processes
• Train reactive force field for MD simulations Reactive
of post-shock wave flows and gas-surface Material Surface Effects
Force Fields
interactions
• Extend to continuum models with DSMC
models and state-specific simulations
High-Fidelity,
• Perform experiments at all scales to provide Large-Scale
validation data for model generation CFD
University DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
of Minnesota, Penn State University, Montana State University, University of Arizona, and University of Buffalo 34

35. Understanding Nonequlibrium Energy Transfer
In High-Temperature Flows
Novel Measurements of Carbon Oxidation
Rates Under Controlled Conditions
Carbon ablation models rely on oxidation rate data; previous
measurements were obtained under poorly controlled
conditions, making it difficult to interpret the data. The
rves for carbon materials using “conventional” When comparing oxidation rates for HOPG and C-C as a
University ofshow differences in weight
metric analysis (TGA)
Arizona team has developed a new approach1600°C we observe very similar rates at
function of PO2 at to
loss reduce these uncertainties and provide accurate high pressures and a deviation at low pressures
as a function of temperature data.
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& using the new test method and will be used for
Large variation in rate data; T heat sample under inert gas; gas-surface interaction models; less variation
changes during measurement Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. with form of carbon.
take data at constant T
DISTRIBUTION A: 35

36. Outline
• Motivation • AFRL Pizza - high-speed systems
provide efficient coverage
• Scientific Challenges • Intersection of thermophysics,
turbulence and chemistry
• The Big Picture • Portfolio plays a leading role in
international research
• Portfolio Management • Lessons from Skeet Shooting: New
approach may increase “hits”
• Evolving Research • Energy transfer at small scales
Directions drives macroscale behavior
• Research Highlights • Portfolio PIs are conducting
exciting, world-leading research
DISTRIBUTION A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 36