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Forests and trees on farm for 
sustainable diets 
prof. dr. ir. Patrick Van Damme 
Patrick.VanDamme@UGent.be 
www.tropicallab.ugent.be 
Ghent University, Belgium and 
University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic 
(with inputs from the global forest expert panel) 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
Content 
• Introduction and problem statement 
• The role of biodiversity c.q. trees/shrubs 
• The Congo case 
– Ethnobotany – documentation of WEPs 
• Methodology 
• Results and discussion 
– WEP contributions to local diets 
• Methodology 
• Results and discussion 
• General conclusions 
• Recommendations and future research 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
Introduction and problem statement 
• 2010: 925 million people estimated to be undernourished 
• 30% undernourished in Africa 
• ‘hidden hunger’ = micronutrient deficiencies: 2 billion people 
• only 30 species provide 95% of energy and protein needs in the 
world 
• 30,000 of the 250,000 – 270,000 plants formally described have been 
collected or cultivated by humans for food 
• many of them remain underutilized, although they may have 
excellent nutritional characteristics 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
Introduction and problem statement 
• Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) stresses the importance of 
agricultural biodiversity for food security and natural resource 
conservation; ‘Conservation through use’ principle 
• evidence is still circumstantial, but: many authors argue that it is 
compelling to assume that increased agricultural and forest 
biological diversity leads to a more varied diet, which in turn 
improves specific health outcomes 
• But: it still remains unclear how (much) biodiversity actually 
contributes to the nutrition and livelihoods of the poor (see review 
Peñafiel et al. (2011), infra) 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
Introduction and problem statement 
poor nutrition in various forms occurs in all 
countries around the world 
malnutrition can result from a lack or excess of 
certain nutrients, or nutrients in the wrong 
proportions 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
Introduction and problem statement 
– acute malnutrition (wasting or thinness) 
– chronic malnutrition (stunting or short stature) 
– micronutrient malnutrition; and 
– overweight and obesity are all pressing public 
health issues, often co-existing in the same 
populations 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 7
Introduction and problem statement 
underlying causes of malnutrition, i.e.: 
– lack of access to sufficient, high-quality, safe and 
acceptable food ; 
– deficient health environment; and 
– inadequate childcare practices 
continue to lead to high rates of (child) malnutrition, 
morbidity and mortality 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 8
The role of biodiversity c.q. trees/shrubs 
hypothesis/rationale: biodiversity at three levels— 
ecosystems, the species they contain and the 
genetic diversity within species—can contribute to 
food security and improved nutrition (Toledo & 
Burlingame, 2006) 
we stress the need for/potential of trees/shrubs, as 
they can have multiple roles in the landscape, 
production system, livelihoods… 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 9
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
World Production (2012) 
0 50,000,000 100,000,000 150,000,000 200,000,000 250,000,000 300,000,000 
Cashew nuts, with shell 
Avocados 
Cocoa, beans 
Grapefruit (inc. pomelos) 
Coffee, green 
Rubber, natural 
Fruit, citrus nes 
Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas 
Apples 
Oil, palm fruit 
Tree crop 
Value 
(Metric 
tons) 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
Agroecology in practice 
Coffee and cocoa agroforestry systems 
Coffee agroforestry system in Costa Rica 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
The role of biodiversity - assumptions 
• wild (plant/animal) species and intraspecies biodiversity have key roles in 
global food security 
• different varieties/ecotypes/accessions/... have (statistically) different 
nutrient contents 
• acquiring nutrient data on existing biodiversity is a prerequisite for 
development of new crops/speculations 
• formal nutrient content data need to be among criteria in cultivar 
development/promotion 
• nutrient data for wild foods and cultivars need to be systematically 
generated, centrally compiled and widely disseminated 
• biodiversity questions and/or prompts need to be included in food 
consumption surveys 
• acquiring nutrient and intake data for varieties/(eco/pheno)types/... is 
essential in order to understand the impact of biodiversity on food security 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 15
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
The role of biodiversity (Penafiel et al.) 
in general, locally available foods were found to be important sources of 
energy, micronutrients, and dietary diversification in the diet of rural 
and forest communities living in highly biodiverse ecosystems 
current evidence shows local food biodiversity as an important contributor 
to nutritious diets 
findings are, however, limited to populations living in highly biodiverse 
areas 
research on the contribution of biodiversity to diets of industrialized and 
urban settings needs more attention 
more studies/instruments are needed that would measure the dietary 
contribution of local biodiversity 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 17
The role of biodiversity 
although underutilized crops have traditionally been 
used for and are still known as sources of food, 
fibre, fodder, oil and medicine 
their potential contribution to food security, 
nutrition, health, income generation, and 
ecosystem services for the well-being of mankind is 
still largely under-documented and under-exploited 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 18
The role of biodiversity 
also, based on our own field research, it is our 
contention that... 
use of underutilised species is indeed/still under-documented 
and/but 
actual use is probably over-rated and might be under 
pressure from westernised food habits 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 19
Example: Kisangani area (DRC) - 
ethnobotany 
• preference ranking exercises 
for wild fruits and wild 
vegetables with separate 
gender groups 
– taste 
– economic value 
– nutritional value 
– socio-cultural value 
• identification of plants in 
Herbarium of National Botanical 
garden of Brussels (BR); 
duplicates are deposited in 
UNIKIS 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
results and discussion… 
• 166 WEPs (165 species and 2 varieties) 
within 71 families for the Turumbu, 
Mbole and Bali together 
• Apocynaceae : 12 species, Malvaceae 
(10 species), Rubiaceae (8 species), 
Zingiberaceae and Dioscoreaceae (each 
6 species) 
•72 species for the first time cited as 
edible for the region 
•85 WEPs in Turumbu, Liengola (2001) 
58, but 14 not in our study 
•Mbole and Bali never studied before 
‘Lopha’ ‘bakale’ Panda oleosa 
‘Ketchu’ ‘Mbikondi’ 
Piper guineense 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
Plant parts used Number of plants 
fruits 68 
seeds 20 
leaves 53 
tubers 10 
trunk, stem & stem sap 15 
bark 11 
leaf buds 2 
young sprouts 2 
flowers 5 
roots 7 
immature fronds 
(ferns) 1 
whole plant 1 
palm heart 2 
fruit shell 1 
TOTAL 198 
Specific use Number of plants 
fruit 67 
leafy vegetables 40 
condiment 25 
tea substitute 24 
nut 18 
starch 11 
other vegetables 10 
strenghtener 15 
water substitute 7 
indigenous vinegar 6 
palm wine 3 
oil 2 
TOTAL 228 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 
2014
Yalungu 
54 species 
Yasekwe 
63 species 
Yaoseko 
77 species 
4 3 
1 
2 45 14 
16 
35 
Turumbu 
85 species 
Mbole 
99 species 
Bali 
86 species 
23 
18 
39 
35 
9 7 
Bafwabula 
59 species 
Bavoy 
71 species 
Bafwambalu 
63 species 
6 
2 
15 
48 
3 
6 
6 
Yaleko 
68 species 
Olife 
58 species 
Lefundelo 
62 species 
14 
13 
10 
31 
10 4 
17 
Turumbu Mbole 
Bali 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
WEPs in nutrition - methodology 
• study area: 
– 6 municipalities in Kisangani city 
– Yaoseko: rural Turumbu village (34 km west to Kisangani) 
• sample: 
– 241 adult women in Kisangani city, all ethnicities mixed (40 per 
municipality, 41 in Lubunga) 
– 129 Turumbu women in Yaoseko village 
– 122 Turumbu women in Kisangani city 
• period of highest WEP availability (July-October) 
• two multiple-pass 24h recalls with women 
• some socio-economic characteristics 
• food composition table (proxies…) 
• lucille food analysis software – usual intakes via MSM 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
WEPs in nutrition – results and discussion 
• diet mainly based on cassava 
tubers (71.8%; 79.9% and 98.8% of 
recalls in Kisangani, Turumbu city 
and Turumbu village samples 
resp.) 
• in the city also some rice (62.6%; 
45.9% and 5.1% of recalls) 
• combined with cassava leaves 
(54.6%; 54.5% and 62.5% of 
recalls) 
• caterpillars (19.5%; 31.5% and 
23.1% of recalls) 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
WEPs in nutrition – results and discussion 
• only 15 WEPs figured in a marginal 
number of recalls 
– 1 wild yam 
– 2 wild nuts 
– 4 wild leafy vegetables 
– 3 wild fruits 
– 5 wild spices 
• safou, a native, underutilized fruit 
species was mentioned most 
frequently, but still... (in only 4.0%; 
6.4% and 30.1% of recalls) 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
Food group Kisangani city Turumbu city Turumbu village P2 
Energy (kcal) 3 % total 
energy 4 
Energy (kcal) 3 % total 
energy 4 
Energy (kcal) 3 % total 
energy 4 
Cereals 539.9 ± 210.9 a 25.0 355.2 ± 177.5b 19.7 39.3 ± 81.6 c 2.1 0 
Roots and tubers 383.4 ± 192.6 a 17.5 401.6 ± 168.5 a 22.3 847.7 ± 345 b 45.4 0 
Wild yam - - 
Nuts & pulses 170.5 ± 111.8 a 7.8 139.5 ± 164.7 a 7.7 19.1 ± 70.9 b 1.0 0 
Wild nuts - - - 
Vegetables 61.2 ± 23.5 a,b 2.8 57.6 ± 25.4 a 3.1 62 ± 24.8 b 3.3 0.055 
Wild vegetables - - 2.2 ± 7.5 0.1 
Fruits 39.8 ± 61.9 a 1.8 30 ± 49.5 a 1.7 95.8 ± 94.1 b 5.1 0.001 
Wild fruits - - 9 ± 40.7 0.5 
Safou 12.1 ± 51 a 0.6 11.7 ± 36.7 a 0.6 89.6 ± 107.2 b 4.8 0 
Meat/Poultry/Offal 58.5 ± 93.6 a 2.7 32 ± 82.7 b 1.8 27.9 ± 33.7 b 1.5 0.0004 
Bush meat fresh - - 5.7 ± 27.6 0.3 
Smoked bush meat 17.7 ± 50.3 0.8 9.9. ± 26.2 0.6 19.9 ± 26 1.0 0.11 
Fish and fish products 41.8 ± 35 a 1.9 30.7 ± 34.9 b 1.7 21 ± 23.2 c 1.1 <0.001 
Eggs - - - 
Milk/milk products 16.4 ± 40.1 a 0.8 11.6 ± 38.7 a 0.6 0.5 ± 3.8 b 0.0001 
Oils and Fats 719.6 ± 196.1 a 33.0 623.8 ± 261.2 b 34.6 663.4 ± 236.4 a,b 35.5 0.0004 
Sugars 101.9 ± 89.8 a 4.7 56.4 ± 72.7 b 3.1 29.4 ± 35.3 c 1.6 0 
Miscellaneous 18.7 ± 30.6 0.9 16.9 ± 53.2 0.9 31.7 ± 84.4 1.7 0.054 
Wild spices 0.2 ± 1.7 <0.1% - 0.4 ± 2.4 <0.1% 
Mushrooms 0.4 ± 1.9 a <0.1% 0.6 ± 2.8 a,b <0.1% 1.4 ± 3.7 b 0.1 0.0034 
Caterpillars 13.5 ± 27.5 0.6 16.2 ± 19.1 0.9 14.9 ± 23.6 0.8 0.59 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
Nutrient Kisangani 
(n=182) 
% women 
under 
RDA² 
Turumbu city 
(n=108) 
% women 
under 
RDA² 
Turumbu 
Yaoseko 
(n=80) 
% women 
under 
RDA² 
P³ 
Weight (g) 1039.64 ± 275.14 a 872.35 ± 271.83 b 1062.88 ± 354.48 a <0.001 
Energy (kcal) 2102 ± 444.19a 1715.08 ± 599.57 b 1779.37 ± 564.85 b <0.001 
Energy density 
205.47 ± 23.0 a 196.13 ± 26.21 b 169.34 ± 21.9 c <0.001 
(kcal/100g) 
Energy from protein (%) 9.24 ± 2.13 a 9.36 ± 2.1 a 7.56 ± 1.98 b <0.001 
Energy from lipids (%) 44.78 ± 5.42 46.19 ± 6.4 44.18 ± 8.06 0.0686 
Total carbohydrate (g) 4 260.79 ± 64.1 a 211.71 ± 64.82 a 241.62 ± 94.55 b <0.001 
Fibre (g) 4 22.48 ± 8.73 17.59 ± 8.76 18.81 ± 7.56 0.4021 
Vitamin A (μg RE) 4 4240.06 ± 898.37 a 0 3886.47 ± 764.4 b 0 4301.83 ± 768.44 b 0 <0.001 
Vitamin C (mg) 4 89.39 ± 23.46 a 3.85 86.17 ± 29.34 b 5.56 165.61 ± 74.22 c 0 <0.001 
Thiamine (mg) 4 1.03 ± 0.27 a 63.19 0.95 ± 0.36 b 72.2 1.07 ± 0.41 c 61.25 <0.001 
Riboflavin (mg) 4 2.07 ± 0.73 a 3.85 2.55 ± 1.88 b 7.41 2.52 ± 2.02 b 13.75 <0.001 
Niacin (mg) 4 9.12 ± 2.87 a 93.4 8.08 ± 3 b 96.3 7.44 ± 2.76 a 97.5 <0.001 
Vitamin B-6 (mg) 4 1.73 ± 0.51a 24.18 1.55 ± 0.43 b 31.48 2.40 ± 1.1 c 21.25 <0.001 
Folate (μg) 4 219.18 ± 58.84 a 100 202.9 ± 65.88 b 100 238.08 ± 86.34 c 93.75 <0.001 
Vitamin B-12 (μg) 4 1.44 ± 0.58 a 93.4 1.28 ± 1.49 a 87.03 0.6 ± 0.57 b 97.5 <0.001 
Calcium (mg) 4 406.23 ± 104.98 a 100 384.87 ± 138.13 b 99.07 541.91 ± 245.64 c 95 <0.001 
Iron (mg) 4 11.89 ± 3.67 a,b 100 8.93 ± 2.89 a 100 10.42 ± 4.22 b 100 0.0154 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 
Zinc (mg) 4 6.46 ± 2.1 a 91.8 5.04 ± 1.8 a 99.07 3.89 ± 1.9 b 97.5 <0.001
WEPs in nutrition – results and discussion 
• huge gap between knowledge and effective use of WEPs 
• WEPs are insufficiently consumed to contribute to nutrition security 
• urban nor rural people valorize their knowledge on WEPs to 
complement and ameliorate their diets 
• despite they are not frequently used, there exists a lot of WEPs in 
the region with interesting nutritional characteristics such as 
– Gnetum africanum; Treculia africana; etc. 
• women were eager to know more about WEPs and their health 
characteristics 
• development of food-based dietary guidelines based on local foods 
and integrating WEPs 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
the role of trees/forest-based systems – some 
emerging conclusions… 
tree/forest-based food systems offer a number of 
advantages over permanent (crop) agriculture 
given their adaptability to a broader range of 
environmental conditions (e.g., soils, topography 
and climate) and the diversity of food products 
derived from them 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 30
the role of trees/forest-based systems – some 
emerging conclusions 
question: 
How do these different land use-patches interact 
with each other in space and time to influence the 
productivity and sustainability of forest-food 
systems ? 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 31
the role of trees/forest-based systems – some 
emerging conclusions 
things to do… 
collect data, especially at the global and national 
level, on the actual extent of most of these 
systems, the numbers of people who rely on one or 
more such systems to meet their household food 
and/or income needs, and the relative value of 
different food systems on the diets and health of 
those who manage them, with emphasis on 
nutritional value of the different species… 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 32
the role of trees/forest-based systems – some 
emerging conclusions 
things to do… 
... in order to inspire/guide/inform policy-makers, 
planners and development agencies seeking to 
improve the lives of food-insecure populations 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 33
the role of trees/forest-based systems – some 
emerging conclusions 
objective: 
combine the best of traditional and formal scientific 
knowledge to enhance their productivity and direct 
(food and nutritional security) and indirect (income) 
benefits to their practitioners 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 34
Thanks for your attention 
CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014

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12 patrick-van-damme-forests-trees-for-sustainable-diets-tree-diversity-day-2014-cop12

  • 1. Forests and trees on farm for sustainable diets prof. dr. ir. Patrick Van Damme Patrick.VanDamme@UGent.be www.tropicallab.ugent.be Ghent University, Belgium and University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (with inputs from the global forest expert panel) CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 2. Content • Introduction and problem statement • The role of biodiversity c.q. trees/shrubs • The Congo case – Ethnobotany – documentation of WEPs • Methodology • Results and discussion – WEP contributions to local diets • Methodology • Results and discussion • General conclusions • Recommendations and future research CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 3. Introduction and problem statement • 2010: 925 million people estimated to be undernourished • 30% undernourished in Africa • ‘hidden hunger’ = micronutrient deficiencies: 2 billion people • only 30 species provide 95% of energy and protein needs in the world • 30,000 of the 250,000 – 270,000 plants formally described have been collected or cultivated by humans for food • many of them remain underutilized, although they may have excellent nutritional characteristics CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 4. CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 5. Introduction and problem statement • Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) stresses the importance of agricultural biodiversity for food security and natural resource conservation; ‘Conservation through use’ principle • evidence is still circumstantial, but: many authors argue that it is compelling to assume that increased agricultural and forest biological diversity leads to a more varied diet, which in turn improves specific health outcomes • But: it still remains unclear how (much) biodiversity actually contributes to the nutrition and livelihoods of the poor (see review Peñafiel et al. (2011), infra) CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 6. Introduction and problem statement poor nutrition in various forms occurs in all countries around the world malnutrition can result from a lack or excess of certain nutrients, or nutrients in the wrong proportions CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 7. Introduction and problem statement – acute malnutrition (wasting or thinness) – chronic malnutrition (stunting or short stature) – micronutrient malnutrition; and – overweight and obesity are all pressing public health issues, often co-existing in the same populations CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 7
  • 8. Introduction and problem statement underlying causes of malnutrition, i.e.: – lack of access to sufficient, high-quality, safe and acceptable food ; – deficient health environment; and – inadequate childcare practices continue to lead to high rates of (child) malnutrition, morbidity and mortality CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 8
  • 9. The role of biodiversity c.q. trees/shrubs hypothesis/rationale: biodiversity at three levels— ecosystems, the species they contain and the genetic diversity within species—can contribute to food security and improved nutrition (Toledo & Burlingame, 2006) we stress the need for/potential of trees/shrubs, as they can have multiple roles in the landscape, production system, livelihoods… CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 9
  • 10. CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 11. CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 12. World Production (2012) 0 50,000,000 100,000,000 150,000,000 200,000,000 250,000,000 300,000,000 Cashew nuts, with shell Avocados Cocoa, beans Grapefruit (inc. pomelos) Coffee, green Rubber, natural Fruit, citrus nes Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas Apples Oil, palm fruit Tree crop Value (Metric tons) CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 13. CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 14. Agroecology in practice Coffee and cocoa agroforestry systems Coffee agroforestry system in Costa Rica CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 15. The role of biodiversity - assumptions • wild (plant/animal) species and intraspecies biodiversity have key roles in global food security • different varieties/ecotypes/accessions/... have (statistically) different nutrient contents • acquiring nutrient data on existing biodiversity is a prerequisite for development of new crops/speculations • formal nutrient content data need to be among criteria in cultivar development/promotion • nutrient data for wild foods and cultivars need to be systematically generated, centrally compiled and widely disseminated • biodiversity questions and/or prompts need to be included in food consumption surveys • acquiring nutrient and intake data for varieties/(eco/pheno)types/... is essential in order to understand the impact of biodiversity on food security CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 15
  • 16. CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 17. The role of biodiversity (Penafiel et al.) in general, locally available foods were found to be important sources of energy, micronutrients, and dietary diversification in the diet of rural and forest communities living in highly biodiverse ecosystems current evidence shows local food biodiversity as an important contributor to nutritious diets findings are, however, limited to populations living in highly biodiverse areas research on the contribution of biodiversity to diets of industrialized and urban settings needs more attention more studies/instruments are needed that would measure the dietary contribution of local biodiversity CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 17
  • 18. The role of biodiversity although underutilized crops have traditionally been used for and are still known as sources of food, fibre, fodder, oil and medicine their potential contribution to food security, nutrition, health, income generation, and ecosystem services for the well-being of mankind is still largely under-documented and under-exploited CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 18
  • 19. The role of biodiversity also, based on our own field research, it is our contention that... use of underutilised species is indeed/still under-documented and/but actual use is probably over-rated and might be under pressure from westernised food habits CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 19
  • 20. Example: Kisangani area (DRC) - ethnobotany • preference ranking exercises for wild fruits and wild vegetables with separate gender groups – taste – economic value – nutritional value – socio-cultural value • identification of plants in Herbarium of National Botanical garden of Brussels (BR); duplicates are deposited in UNIKIS CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 21. results and discussion… • 166 WEPs (165 species and 2 varieties) within 71 families for the Turumbu, Mbole and Bali together • Apocynaceae : 12 species, Malvaceae (10 species), Rubiaceae (8 species), Zingiberaceae and Dioscoreaceae (each 6 species) •72 species for the first time cited as edible for the region •85 WEPs in Turumbu, Liengola (2001) 58, but 14 not in our study •Mbole and Bali never studied before ‘Lopha’ ‘bakale’ Panda oleosa ‘Ketchu’ ‘Mbikondi’ Piper guineense CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 22. Plant parts used Number of plants fruits 68 seeds 20 leaves 53 tubers 10 trunk, stem & stem sap 15 bark 11 leaf buds 2 young sprouts 2 flowers 5 roots 7 immature fronds (ferns) 1 whole plant 1 palm heart 2 fruit shell 1 TOTAL 198 Specific use Number of plants fruit 67 leafy vegetables 40 condiment 25 tea substitute 24 nut 18 starch 11 other vegetables 10 strenghtener 15 water substitute 7 indigenous vinegar 6 palm wine 3 oil 2 TOTAL 228 CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 23. Yalungu 54 species Yasekwe 63 species Yaoseko 77 species 4 3 1 2 45 14 16 35 Turumbu 85 species Mbole 99 species Bali 86 species 23 18 39 35 9 7 Bafwabula 59 species Bavoy 71 species Bafwambalu 63 species 6 2 15 48 3 6 6 Yaleko 68 species Olife 58 species Lefundelo 62 species 14 13 10 31 10 4 17 Turumbu Mbole Bali CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 24. WEPs in nutrition - methodology • study area: – 6 municipalities in Kisangani city – Yaoseko: rural Turumbu village (34 km west to Kisangani) • sample: – 241 adult women in Kisangani city, all ethnicities mixed (40 per municipality, 41 in Lubunga) – 129 Turumbu women in Yaoseko village – 122 Turumbu women in Kisangani city • period of highest WEP availability (July-October) • two multiple-pass 24h recalls with women • some socio-economic characteristics • food composition table (proxies…) • lucille food analysis software – usual intakes via MSM CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 25. WEPs in nutrition – results and discussion • diet mainly based on cassava tubers (71.8%; 79.9% and 98.8% of recalls in Kisangani, Turumbu city and Turumbu village samples resp.) • in the city also some rice (62.6%; 45.9% and 5.1% of recalls) • combined with cassava leaves (54.6%; 54.5% and 62.5% of recalls) • caterpillars (19.5%; 31.5% and 23.1% of recalls) CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 26. WEPs in nutrition – results and discussion • only 15 WEPs figured in a marginal number of recalls – 1 wild yam – 2 wild nuts – 4 wild leafy vegetables – 3 wild fruits – 5 wild spices • safou, a native, underutilized fruit species was mentioned most frequently, but still... (in only 4.0%; 6.4% and 30.1% of recalls) CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 27. Food group Kisangani city Turumbu city Turumbu village P2 Energy (kcal) 3 % total energy 4 Energy (kcal) 3 % total energy 4 Energy (kcal) 3 % total energy 4 Cereals 539.9 ± 210.9 a 25.0 355.2 ± 177.5b 19.7 39.3 ± 81.6 c 2.1 0 Roots and tubers 383.4 ± 192.6 a 17.5 401.6 ± 168.5 a 22.3 847.7 ± 345 b 45.4 0 Wild yam - - Nuts & pulses 170.5 ± 111.8 a 7.8 139.5 ± 164.7 a 7.7 19.1 ± 70.9 b 1.0 0 Wild nuts - - - Vegetables 61.2 ± 23.5 a,b 2.8 57.6 ± 25.4 a 3.1 62 ± 24.8 b 3.3 0.055 Wild vegetables - - 2.2 ± 7.5 0.1 Fruits 39.8 ± 61.9 a 1.8 30 ± 49.5 a 1.7 95.8 ± 94.1 b 5.1 0.001 Wild fruits - - 9 ± 40.7 0.5 Safou 12.1 ± 51 a 0.6 11.7 ± 36.7 a 0.6 89.6 ± 107.2 b 4.8 0 Meat/Poultry/Offal 58.5 ± 93.6 a 2.7 32 ± 82.7 b 1.8 27.9 ± 33.7 b 1.5 0.0004 Bush meat fresh - - 5.7 ± 27.6 0.3 Smoked bush meat 17.7 ± 50.3 0.8 9.9. ± 26.2 0.6 19.9 ± 26 1.0 0.11 Fish and fish products 41.8 ± 35 a 1.9 30.7 ± 34.9 b 1.7 21 ± 23.2 c 1.1 <0.001 Eggs - - - Milk/milk products 16.4 ± 40.1 a 0.8 11.6 ± 38.7 a 0.6 0.5 ± 3.8 b 0.0001 Oils and Fats 719.6 ± 196.1 a 33.0 623.8 ± 261.2 b 34.6 663.4 ± 236.4 a,b 35.5 0.0004 Sugars 101.9 ± 89.8 a 4.7 56.4 ± 72.7 b 3.1 29.4 ± 35.3 c 1.6 0 Miscellaneous 18.7 ± 30.6 0.9 16.9 ± 53.2 0.9 31.7 ± 84.4 1.7 0.054 Wild spices 0.2 ± 1.7 <0.1% - 0.4 ± 2.4 <0.1% Mushrooms 0.4 ± 1.9 a <0.1% 0.6 ± 2.8 a,b <0.1% 1.4 ± 3.7 b 0.1 0.0034 Caterpillars 13.5 ± 27.5 0.6 16.2 ± 19.1 0.9 14.9 ± 23.6 0.8 0.59 CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 28. Nutrient Kisangani (n=182) % women under RDA² Turumbu city (n=108) % women under RDA² Turumbu Yaoseko (n=80) % women under RDA² P³ Weight (g) 1039.64 ± 275.14 a 872.35 ± 271.83 b 1062.88 ± 354.48 a <0.001 Energy (kcal) 2102 ± 444.19a 1715.08 ± 599.57 b 1779.37 ± 564.85 b <0.001 Energy density 205.47 ± 23.0 a 196.13 ± 26.21 b 169.34 ± 21.9 c <0.001 (kcal/100g) Energy from protein (%) 9.24 ± 2.13 a 9.36 ± 2.1 a 7.56 ± 1.98 b <0.001 Energy from lipids (%) 44.78 ± 5.42 46.19 ± 6.4 44.18 ± 8.06 0.0686 Total carbohydrate (g) 4 260.79 ± 64.1 a 211.71 ± 64.82 a 241.62 ± 94.55 b <0.001 Fibre (g) 4 22.48 ± 8.73 17.59 ± 8.76 18.81 ± 7.56 0.4021 Vitamin A (μg RE) 4 4240.06 ± 898.37 a 0 3886.47 ± 764.4 b 0 4301.83 ± 768.44 b 0 <0.001 Vitamin C (mg) 4 89.39 ± 23.46 a 3.85 86.17 ± 29.34 b 5.56 165.61 ± 74.22 c 0 <0.001 Thiamine (mg) 4 1.03 ± 0.27 a 63.19 0.95 ± 0.36 b 72.2 1.07 ± 0.41 c 61.25 <0.001 Riboflavin (mg) 4 2.07 ± 0.73 a 3.85 2.55 ± 1.88 b 7.41 2.52 ± 2.02 b 13.75 <0.001 Niacin (mg) 4 9.12 ± 2.87 a 93.4 8.08 ± 3 b 96.3 7.44 ± 2.76 a 97.5 <0.001 Vitamin B-6 (mg) 4 1.73 ± 0.51a 24.18 1.55 ± 0.43 b 31.48 2.40 ± 1.1 c 21.25 <0.001 Folate (μg) 4 219.18 ± 58.84 a 100 202.9 ± 65.88 b 100 238.08 ± 86.34 c 93.75 <0.001 Vitamin B-12 (μg) 4 1.44 ± 0.58 a 93.4 1.28 ± 1.49 a 87.03 0.6 ± 0.57 b 97.5 <0.001 Calcium (mg) 4 406.23 ± 104.98 a 100 384.87 ± 138.13 b 99.07 541.91 ± 245.64 c 95 <0.001 Iron (mg) 4 11.89 ± 3.67 a,b 100 8.93 ± 2.89 a 100 10.42 ± 4.22 b 100 0.0154 CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 Zinc (mg) 4 6.46 ± 2.1 a 91.8 5.04 ± 1.8 a 99.07 3.89 ± 1.9 b 97.5 <0.001
  • 29. WEPs in nutrition – results and discussion • huge gap between knowledge and effective use of WEPs • WEPs are insufficiently consumed to contribute to nutrition security • urban nor rural people valorize their knowledge on WEPs to complement and ameliorate their diets • despite they are not frequently used, there exists a lot of WEPs in the region with interesting nutritional characteristics such as – Gnetum africanum; Treculia africana; etc. • women were eager to know more about WEPs and their health characteristics • development of food-based dietary guidelines based on local foods and integrating WEPs CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014
  • 30. the role of trees/forest-based systems – some emerging conclusions… tree/forest-based food systems offer a number of advantages over permanent (crop) agriculture given their adaptability to a broader range of environmental conditions (e.g., soils, topography and climate) and the diversity of food products derived from them CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 30
  • 31. the role of trees/forest-based systems – some emerging conclusions question: How do these different land use-patches interact with each other in space and time to influence the productivity and sustainability of forest-food systems ? CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 31
  • 32. the role of trees/forest-based systems – some emerging conclusions things to do… collect data, especially at the global and national level, on the actual extent of most of these systems, the numbers of people who rely on one or more such systems to meet their household food and/or income needs, and the relative value of different food systems on the diets and health of those who manage them, with emphasis on nutritional value of the different species… CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 32
  • 33. the role of trees/forest-based systems – some emerging conclusions things to do… ... in order to inspire/guide/inform policy-makers, planners and development agencies seeking to improve the lives of food-insecure populations CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 33
  • 34. the role of trees/forest-based systems – some emerging conclusions objective: combine the best of traditional and formal scientific knowledge to enhance their productivity and direct (food and nutritional security) and indirect (income) benefits to their practitioners CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014 34
  • 35. Thanks for your attention CoP 12 - Pyeongchang 10 October 2014

Notas del editor

  1. Abstract: Agrobiodiversity is a vital subset of biodiversity: many people&amp;apos;s food provision and livelihood security depend on the sustained availability and management of various biological resources (both within and outside of their production systems) that are important for food and agriculture. Natural forests and trees-on-farms constitute a prime source of potentially interesting species. Although the common wisdom leads us to believe that the latter are a ready source of food (and other byproducts), &amp;apos;hard&amp;apos; research often fails to quantify their importance. The presentation will highlight a few examples where wild edibles have been studied, and will show that there is an urgent need to further investigate what species contribute which kind of nutrients to local diets.
  2. source: Poor nutrition in various forms is seen in all countries around the world. Malnutrition can result from a lack or excess of certain nutrients, or nutrients in the wrong proportions; acute malnutrition (wasting or thinness); chronic malnutrition (stunting or short stature); micronutrient malnutrition; and overweight and obesity are all pressing public health issues, often co-existing in the same populations. The underlying causes of malnutrition- lack of access to sufficient, high-quality, safe and acceptable food; a deficient health environment; and inadequate childcare practices- continue to lead to high rates of child malnutrition, morbidity and mortality
  3. source: Poor nutrition in various forms is seen in all countries around the world. Malnutrition can result from a lack or excess of certain nutrients, or nutrients in the wrong proportions; acute malnutrition (wasting or thinness); chronic malnutrition (stunting or short stature); micronutrient malnutrition; and overweight and obesity are all pressing public health issues, often co-existing in the same populations. The underlying causes of malnutrition- lack of access to sufficient, high-quality, safe and acceptable food; a deficient health environment; and inadequate childcare practices- continue to lead to high rates of child malnutrition, morbidity and mortality
  4. source: Poor nutrition in various forms is seen in all countries around the world. Malnutrition can result from a lack or excess of certain nutrients, or nutrients in the wrong proportions; acute malnutrition (wasting or thinness); chronic malnutrition (stunting or short stature); micronutrient malnutrition; and overweight and obesity are all pressing public health issues, often co-existing in the same populations. The underlying causes of malnutrition- lack of access to sufficient, high-quality, safe and acceptable food; a deficient health environment; and inadequate childcare practices- continue to lead to high rates of child malnutrition, morbidity and mortality
  5. source: http://www.aseanfood.info/Articles/11016486.pdf Food composition provides an important link for biodiversity and nutrition. Biodiversity at three levels—ecosystems, the species they contain and the genetic diversity within species—can contribute to food security and improved nutrition. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) are leading a new international initiative on biodiversity for food and nutrition under the umbrella of the Convention of Biological Diversity. The overall aim is to promote the sustainable use of biodiversity in programmes contributing to food security and human nutrition, and to thereby raise awareness of the importance of this link for sustainable development. Further research is needed to increase the evidence base by filling our knowledge gaps with better inventories and more data on composition and consumption. If nutrient analysis and data dissemination of the various food species and intra-species diversity are systematically undertaken, national information systems for food and agriculture will be strengthened and can be used to form the basis for priority setting and national policy making. For nutrition, this will mean introducing more compositional data on biodiversity in national food composition databases and tables; developing and using dietary assessment instruments that capture food intake at the species and variety/breed level; and allowing food labelling that encourages awareness of food plant varieties and food animal subspecies. Nutrition and biodiversity feature directly the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger; and ensure environmental sustainability. In combination, a nutrition and biodiversity initiative provides the very foundation for achieving these MDGs.
  6. Global estimates of tree cover (percent) on agricultural land (from Zomer et al. 2009)
  7. Agroecology and ethnoecology are key disciplines to understanding and systematizing the ecological rationale inherent in traditional agriculture (from Altieri 2004)
  8. World production value of major tree crops (FAOSTATS, 2012)
  9. The basic land sparing / sharing framework from Phalan et al. (2011)
  10. source: http://www.aseanfood.info/Articles/11016486.pdf
  11. Flow diagram of search strategy and selection process of articles on the contribution of biodiversity to human diets.
  12. source: http://www.aseanfood.info/Articles/11016486.pdf Food composition provides an important link for biodiversity and nutrition. Biodiversity at three levels—ecosystems, the species they contain and the genetic diversity within species—can contribute to food security and improved nutrition. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) are leading a new international initiative on biodiversity for food and nutrition under the umbrella of the Convention of Biological Diversity. The overall aim is to promote the sustainable use of biodiversity in programmes contributing to food security and human nutrition, and to thereby raise awareness of the importance of this link for sustainable development. Further research is needed to increase the evidence base by filling our knowledge gaps with better inventories and more data on composition and consumption. If nutrient analysis and data dissemination of the various food species and intra-species diversity are systematically undertaken, national information systems for food and agriculture will be strengthened and can be used to form the basis for priority setting and national policy making. For nutrition, this will mean introducing more compositional data on biodiversity in national food composition databases and tables; developing and using dietary assessment instruments that capture food intake at the species and variety/breed level; and allowing food labelling that encourages awareness of food plant varieties and food animal subspecies. Nutrition and biodiversity feature directly the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger; and ensure environmental sustainability. In combination, a nutrition and biodiversity initiative provides the very foundation for achieving these MDGs.
  13. source: Jones, M. and Sanyang, S. (2009)
  14. Hier ook heel even het aantal soorten meegeven dat ook voor andere doeleinden gebruikt kan worden.
  15. Usual intakes: allows eliminating intra-person variation of nutrient intake
  16. Forest-based food systems have historically played a major role in meeting the food security and nutritional needs of people worldwide. These systems, ranging from manipulation of intact forest ecosystems, through shifting cultivation and a wide variety of agroforestry systems to tree crops and orchards, are still dominant elements of rural landscapes in many parts of the world. Most are based primarily on traditional knowledge, which has been crucial to their development and modification over generations to meet diverse and changing environmental conditions and socioeconomic needs. These systems offer a number of advantages over permanent (crop) agriculture given their adaptability to a broader range of environmental conditions (e.g., soils, topography and climate) and the diversity of food products derived from them.
  17. Forests and associated food production systems are part of broader economic, political, cultural and ecological landscapes that typically include a mosaic of different food production systems and other land uses. How these different land use-patches interact with each other in space and time to influence the productivity and sustainability of forest-food systems is a critical question that demands greater attention to better understand and resolve the conflicts and trade-offs that can exist in broader landscapes given the multiple competing goods and services that people seek to derive from them.