Climate-smart agriculture in Africa aims to support food security, adaptation, and mitigation depending on a region's priorities. The AU-iNGO Alliance defines climate-smart agriculture as supporting food security and resilience while making mitigation a co-benefit when possible. In Kolero, Tanzania, practices like agroforestry, conservation agriculture, and intercropping have increased yields, improved soil quality and carbon storage, reduced degradation and erosion, and boosted nutrition security, income, and market access for smallholder farmers.