1. BACKGROUND OF
PARTITION OF BENGAL
Partitioning Bengal was first considered in 1903.
There were also additional proposals to separate
Chittagong and the districts of Dhaka and
Mymensingh from Bengal and attaching them to
the province of Assam. In a similar way,
Chhota Nagpur was to be incorporated with the
central provinces.
The government officially published the idea in
January 1904, and in February, Lord Curzon
made an official tour to eastern districts of Bengal
to assess public opinion on the partition. He
consulted with leading personalities and delivered
speeches at Dhaka, Chittagong and Mymensingh
explaining the government's stand on partition.
The idea was opposed by
Henry John Stedman Cotton, Chief
Commissioner of Assam 1896-1902.

2. Motives behind Partiton of
Bengal 1905
• The partition of Bengal,said Lord
Curzon,was a "mere readjustment of
administrative boundaries".The argument
advanced in favour of the partition was that
it would improve the administration of the
two provinces.But there were some evil
motives for this action.
• 1.To Strike at the roots of Bengali
Nationalism:The real motive was to break
"the growing solidarityof Bengali
nationalism".Bengal at that time was
considered to be "the nerve-centre of India
nationalism". Lord Curzon decided to crush
the new spirit by Dividing the politically
advanced communities into separate
provinces.
2.The Policy Of Divide & Rule:Another
motive was to drive a wedge between the
Hindus and the Muslims .In February
1904,Curzon went on a tour of East
Bengal,where he addressed a number of
meetings.He explained the muslims that

3. BACKGROUND OF SIMLA
DEPUTATION
• When Lord Minto was appointed
as the Viceroy on India in 1905,
new reforms were indicated in
which the elected principle would
be extended. The anti-partition
agitation had convinced the
Muslims of the futility of expecting
any fair-play from the Hindu
majority. Therefore, to safeguard
their interests, the Muslim leaders
drew up a plan for separate
electorates for their community,
and presented it to the Viceroy
Lord Minto at Simla, on October 1,
1906.

4. IMPORTANCE OF SIMLA
DEPUTATION
• The Muslim leaders argued that such measures reflected
the importance of the Muslim community in Indian society.
Many Muslims were major land owners and the
percentage of Muslim soldiers in the British army was very
high. Equally important was the fact that without Muslim's
separate representatives, there was a chance of
communal violence in every election.
The British acceptance showed that the attempts by Sir
Syed and others to restore the relations between Muslims
and the British had been successful. The British were now
prepared to work with the Muslims, and even to make
concessions to them.
It also showed that the Muslim community had decided to
ensure that it established a secure place in the
constitution by its own methods. The Hindu Muslim rivalry
which existed in day-to-day life now existed in the
constitution as well.

5. BACKGROUND OF MUSLIM
LEAGUE
• Muslim rule was established across India between the 8th and the
14th centuries. The Muslim Turkic Mughal Empire ruled most of
India from the early 16th century, but suffered a major decline in the
18th century. The decline of the Mughal empire and its successor
states like Avadh led to a feeling of discontentment among Muslim
elites . Muslims represented about 25-30% of the population of
British India, and constituted the majority of the population in
Baluchistan, East Bengal, Kashmir valley,
North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab, and the Sindh region of
the Karachi Presidency.
• In the late 19th century an Indian nationalist movement developed
with the Indian National Congress being founded in 1885 as a
forum, that became a political party subsequently. The Congress
made no conscious efforts to enlist the Muslim community in its
struggle for Indian independence. Although some Muslims were
active in the Congress, majority of Muslim leaders did not trust the
Hindu predominance and most of the Muslims remained reluctant to
join the Congress Party.

6. FOUNDATION OF MUSLIM
LEAGUE
• The Muslim League was
founded by the admirers,
companions, and followers of
Aligarh Movement. The
founding meeting of the
League was held on 30
December 1906 at the
occasion of the annual
All India Muhammadan Educational Conference
, at the Ahsan Manzil Palace,
Shahbagh, Dhaka that was
hosted by
Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah.
The meeting was attended by
three thousand delegates and
presided over by Nawab
Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh.
Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, and
Ameer Ali were also the
founding fathers, who attended
this meeting.

7. BACKGROUND OF MORLEY
MINTO REFORMS
• In 1906, Lord Morley, the Secretary of
State for Indian Affairs, announced in
the British parliament that his
government wanted to introduce new
reforms for India, in which the locals
were to be given more powers in
legislative affairs. With this, a series of
correspondences started between him
and Lord Minto, the then Governor
General of India. A committee was
appointed by the Government of India to
propose a scheme of reforms. The
committee submitted its report, and after
the approval of Lord Minto and Lord
Morley, the Act of 1909 was passed by
the British parliament. The Act of 1909 is
commonly known as the Minto-Morley
Reforms

8. ABOUT MORLEY MINTO
REFORMS
• The following were the main features of the Act of 1909:
• 1. The number of the members of the Legislative Council at the Center
was increased from 16 to 60.
• 2. The number of the members of the Provincial Legislatives was also
increased. It was fixed as 50 in the provinces of Bengal, Madras and
Bombay, and for the rest of the provinces it was 30.
• 3. The member of the Legislative Councils, both at the Center and in
the provinces, were to be of four categories i.e. ex-officio members
(Governor General and the members of their Executive Councils),
nominated official members (those nominated by the Governor
General and were government officials), nominated non-official
members (nominated by the Governor General but were not
government officials) and elected members (elected by different
categories of Indian people).
• 4. Right of separate electorate was given to the Muslims.
• 5. At the Center, official members were to form the majority but in
provinces non-official members would be in majority.
• 6. Two Indians were nominated to the Council of the Secretary of
State for Indian Affairs.

9. BACKGROUND OF LUCKNOW
PACT
• When All India Muslim League came into
existence, it was a moderate organization
with its basic aim to establish friendly
relations with the Crown. However, due to
the decision of the British Government to
annul the partition of Bengal, the Muslim
leadership decided to change its stance. In
1913, a new group of Muslim leaders
entered the folds of the Muslim League
with the aim of bridging the gulf between
the Muslims and the Hindus. The most
prominent amongst them was Muhammad
Ali Jinnah, who was already a member of
Indian National Congress. The Muslim
League changed its major objective and
decided to join hands with the Congress in
order to put pressure on the British
government. Lord Chelmsford's invitation
for suggestions from the Indian politicians
for the post World War I reforms further
helped in the development of the situation.

10. WHAT WAS LUCKNOW PACT??
• The main clauses of the Lucknow Pact
were: 1. There shall be self-government in
India.
• 2. Muslims should be given one-third
representation in the central government.
• 3. There should be separate electorates
for all the communities until a community
demanded for joint electorates.
• 4. System of weightage should be
adopted.
• 5. The number of the members of Central
Legislative Council should be increased to
150.
• 6. At the provincial level, four-fifth of the
members of the Legislative Councils
should be elected and one-fifth should be
nominated.
• 7. The strength of Provincial legislative
should not be less than 125 in the major
provinces and from 50 to 75 in the minor
provinces.

11. BACKGROUND OF MONTAGUE-
CHELMSFORD REFORMS
• Edwin Montague became Secretary of State for
India in June 1917 after Austen Chamberlain
resigned after the capture of Kut by the Turks in
1916 and the capture of an Indian army staged
there. He put before the British Cabinet a
proposed statement containing a phrase that he
intended to work towards "the gradual
development of free institutions in India with a
view to ultimate self-government." Lord Curzon
thought that this phrase gave too great an
emphasis on working towards self-government
and suggested an alternative phrase that the
Government would work towards "increasing
association of Indians in every branch of the
administration and the gradual development of
self-governing institutions with a view to the
progressive realization of responsible
government in India as an integral part of the
British Empire." The Cabinet approved the
statement with Curzon's phrase incorporated in
place of Montagu's original phrase.

12. IMPORTANCE OF MONTAGUE-
CHELMSFORD REFORMS
• During the first World War, the Congress and the League
both cooperated with the British Government for they
needed “Self-government” , In August 1917, the Secretary
of State for India, Edwin Montagu announced in the
House of Commons, “Gradual development of Self-
governing institutions with a view to the progressive
realisation of responsible government in India as an
integral part of the British Empire”. Lord Chelmsford, the
Governor-General of India said that the creation of British
India as an integral part of the British Empire with Self-
govrnment was the goal of the British rule. In 1916, the
Indian Government sent its political recommendation to
Mr. Chamberlain, the Secretary of State for India for the
Indians, who did not approve it. However, the same year,
M.A. Jinnah, S.N. Banerjea and Srinivasa, members
Imperial Legislatiure presented their own memorandum of
reforms. Gokhale had also submitted his
recommendations before his death in 1915, which were
published in 1917. Edwin Montagu, the Secretary of State
for India toured India himself and met its political leaders.
• The Bill was introduced in the House of Common on June
2, 1919 and in the House of Lords on December 11,
1919. It passed on 18th December 1919. It was signed by
the King George 5th on 23rd December 1919.

13. BACKGROUND OF KHILAFAT
MOVEMENT
• After World War I, the Ottoman
Empire faced dismemberment.
Under the leadership of the Ali
Brothers, Maulana Muhammad
Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali,
the Muslims of South Asia
launched the historic Khilafat
Movement to try and save it.
Mohandas Karam Chand
Gandhi linked the issue of
Swaraj with the Khilafat issue
to associate Hindus with the
movement. The ensuing
movement was the first
countrywide popular
movement.

14. ABOUT KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
• The European powers had played a leading
role in reducing the might of Turkey in
Europe to Eastern Thrace, Constantinople
and the straits in the Balkan Wars (1912-13).
To seek revenge, the Turks decided to side
with the Germans against the Allied Forces.
The Indian Muslims supported this decision.
• Muhammad Ali argued that for Muslims to
accept mandates over Iraq, Syria and
Palestine would amount to a total disregard
of the wishes of the Holy Prophet (S. A. W.).
Thus the Muslims of India launched the
Tehrik-i-Khilafat. The objectives were as
follows:
• 1. To maintain the Turkish Caliphate.
• 2. To protect the holy places of the Muslims.
• 3. To maintain the unity of the Ottoman
Empire.
• There was absolute unanimity among the
Indian Muslims. Though separated from
Turkey by thousands of miles, they were
determined to fight Turkey's battle from India.