Communication Channels.pptx

By
Dr. Aida Mohey Mohamed
Community Medicine Department

Learning Objectives (session 1)
 Distinguish between different
materials of health education
 Identify rules, advantages and
limitations of use of some education
materials

Materials
(Audiovisual aids)
used in Health education

A- Print media
 Materials for reading: Pamphlets,
books and brochures
 Materials for display: posters, wall
chart
 Materials for use with groups: flip
charts, flash cards
 Comics, photographs

Most common printed
materials used

1-Pamphlets,leaflets, books and brochures
Utilities
1. Designed for illiterates and
literates.
2. Convey information quickly and
effectively
3. Remind individuals or families
of health messages encourage
4. Provide additional information
about a health problem or
health practice.
5. Share information with those
who may not have received it in
other ways.
6. Help people to take action as
they show steps to be followed.

Quiz
All the following are true regarding
advantages of the printed materials EXCEPT:
A. Convey information effectively
B. Provide additional information about a
health problem or practice.
C. Share information with those who may
not have received it.
D. Help people to take action as they show
steps to be followed.
E. Designed for literates only.

2-Posters
A poster is a large sheet of paper with words,
pictures and or symbols that give a message to
people who look at it.
Purpose: Can be used in group discussion,
health talk and demonstrations
 To give information and advice.
 To give directions and instructions.
 To announce important events and programs.

Rules in developing posters
 All words should be in the local language.
 Words should be few and simple.
 Symbols that illiterate people will also
understand should be used.
 Colors should be used to attract attention.
 Only one idea should be included in a poster.
Too many ideas will make the poster look
clumsy and confuse people.
 Posters should be tested before using them
 Should be placed where people can see

Quiz: Which of the following is NOT a
rule in developing posters?
A. Words should be written in the local language.
B. Words should be few and simple.
C. Symbols that illiterate people understand should
be used.
D. Colors should be used.
E. Many ideas could be included in a poster.

3- Flip charts
 A flip chart is made of a number of posters
that have several ideas and meant to be
shown one after the other.
 In using flip charts each chart should be
discussed completely before you turn to the
next one.
Purpose
 Give information and instructions
 They are best used with small
groups.

4- Photographs
 Photographs are useful educational tools.
 They can show situations and objects exactly
as they are in reality.
 Photographs can show people new ideas.
 They can also show new skills being
practiced.
 They can also be used to support and
encourage new behavior.
 They can be used with individuals and small
groups.

B-Folk media
 Theatre, plays, puppet shows, role plays, story–
telling, songs, dance, poems
 Message printed on cloth
 Utilities
 Raising awareness and interest
 Encouraging people to think about and discuss
important topics.
 Helping audience to look at their behavior, attitudes,
beliefs and values.
 Working with young and school children

C-Mass media
 Newspapers and magazines: features, new
stories , advertisements
 Radio: announcement, advertisements ,
dramas
 Televisions: features, new stories, dramas ,
advertisements

Utilities
 Raising awareness, informing and sensitizing
the public about the health facts and health
problems.
 Reaching million of people at the same time
 Conveying simple message
Limitations
 Audience may not pay attention to the
messages
 No opportunity for feedback
 Less effective in changing human behavior. It
may demonstrate a behavior
 Its success depends on the producer, writer,
presenter etc.

D- Audio-visual electronic media
 Video,
 Film,
 Cassette-tapes,
 Slide show,
 Internet

1- Films / movies
 They are useful communication media as
they provide action, color or sound.
 Films can:
 Provide information.
 Demonstrate skills.
 Show real life situations.
 Show new behavior, attitudes, and values.
 Films can be shown to the whole
community or group of 30 people or less.

2- Tape recording
 The cassette tapes can provide health
information and strengthen the health
message forwarded to groups in
clinics, hospitals, or school settings.
 Individual patients or pupils can be
requested to listen to a tape or a health
topic.

E- Special events
- Competitions ‫مسابقات‬, Contests ‫مباريات‬
- Parades, ‫استعراضات‬
- Fairs ‫معارض‬
- Public awareness days ‫العالمي‬ ‫التدخين‬ ‫يوم‬ ‫مثل‬
 They can raise awareness,
 mobilize groups and
 share information while entertaining
people.

F- Real objects and models
 Real objects can be the channel for
communicating health messages (samples
of balanced diets, contraceptive methods.
Educators can use models instead of
real objects

G- Mixture of materials
 A good example is a display.

Displays
 A display is an arrangement of real objects,
models, pictures, posters, and other items
which people can look at and learn from.
 Displays can be very simple or very
sophisticated.
 They are most successful if they use a
variety of materials to attract people.

 A display provides ideas and information,
but whereas a poster contains only one
idea, a display has many.
 The ideas usually relate to one theme such
as ‘child growth and development’.
 Displays are usually set up where large
numbers of people will pass by and see
them.

How do we select the strategies
and methods?
Predisposing
factors
• Communication
strategy
Enabling
factors
• Training
• Organizational
strategy
Reinforcing
factors
• Communication
strategy
• Training
strategy
This depends on what set of factors we
want to deal with:

Quiz: Secondary school students are
smoking due to lack of knowledge
about smoking hazards. The best heath
education strategy used to educate
them is
A. Community organization
B. Communication (direct & indirect)
C. Training
D. Printed media

Quiz: Diabetic patients are non-
compliant to insulin due to lack of skill
of self-injection. The best heath
education strategy used to educate
them is
A. Community organization
B. Communication (direct & indirect)
C. Training
D. Printed media

Learning objectives (session 2)
 Identify rules for counseling
 Assess a role play of counseling session
using supplied checklist.

2- Counseling
Counseling is helping
people to make decisions
and giving them the
confidence to put their
decisions into practice.
Opportunities for counseling:
 Premarital clinics
 Family planning clinics
 School clinics
 During home visits,…..
• Counseling:
choice, not force, not advice.
•Actions taken will be
a person’s own decision,
guided by the counselor.
( informed choices)

Why counseling is carried out?
1. To convert general problem awareness
into a personal attitude
2. To encourage the person or family to
think about his/their problem
3. To come to a greater understanding of
causes of problems
4. To enable him to decide about how to
solve his problems

Rules for counseling
GATHER
G A H
T E R
Greet the
persons;
show
respect
and trust.
Ask about their
problems:
encourage
clients to
express
themselves in
their own words
and listen
actively.
Tell them
relevant
information;
about the health
issue and reply
questions.
Help them
to make
decisions:
explore
various
alternatives
and ensure
that nothing
has been
imposed.
Explain
any
misunder
standing.
Return
to
follow
up
visits

Basic counseling skills
 Attending and Listening
 Non Verbal Communication
 Reflective responding (including
feelings, behaviour and attitudes)
 Paraphrasing
 Open Questioning
 Summarizing

Clinical Checklist for role play
of Counseling
 Place a " √ " in case box if step/task is performed
satisfactorily, an “X” if it is not performed
satisfactorily, or N/O if not observed.
 Satisfactory: Performs the step or task according to
the standard procedure or guidelines
 Unsatisfactory: Unable to perform the step or task
according to the standard procedure or guidelines
 N/O :Not Observed: Step or task not performed by
learner during evaluation by teacher
 GATHER Process and Content

Dialogue 1
 Client: I don't want any more
children. A friend of mine has an IUD
and she is very pleased with it, so I
would like one too.
 Provider: Yes, we have IUDs here.
It's nice to have a client who knows
what she wants. The nurse will see
you soon to put it in.

GATHER Process and Content
N/O
X
√
Step/ task
●Greets the client in a friendly and respectful
manner?
√
1- Pays attention to physical environment (ensures
privacy and comfortable for the client(
√
2- Greet the client. Show concern and a caring attitude.
√
3- Introduce yourself to the audience
√
4- Introduce the client by name
√
5- Assures confidentiality
√
6- Timing of the session should be convenient to the
participants.
√
7- Adequate supplies of educational materials should
be available

N/O
X
√
Step/ task
● Asks client about self? Client's needs
and concerns?
√
1- Asks reason for visit
√
2- Uses appropriate balance of open and
closed questions
√
3- Avoid leading questions
Q Don’t you think that regular appraisal is
important?
√
4- Uses silence well to allow for self-
expression

N/O
X
√
Step/ task
●Tells client about?
√
1- Follows client concerns
√
2- Give the client an opportunity to
ask questions
√
3- Response to questions and give
relevant information
√
4- Reflects content

N/O
X
√
Step/ task
●Helps client to reach an informed
decision?
√
1- Set goals with the client
√
2- Discuss options to accomplish the
goals
√
3- Discuss challenges the client might
face
√
4- Ensure understanding and wait for
decision making

N/O
X
√
Step/ task
●Explains how to use method?
√
1- Explain any misunderstanding
√
2- Describe possible side effects
and what to do if they occur.
√
3- Summarized and make sure the
person understood

N/O
X
√
Step/ task
●Return visit planned?
√
1- Schedule a follow-up visit with
the client
√
2- Explain when to come back for
more supplies, for follow up visits,
for any complication, side effect or
for any reason possible side effects
and what to do if they occur

Dialogue 2
 Client: I don't want any more children. A friend
of mine has an IUD, and she is very pleased
with it. So I would like one too.
 Provider: You say you don't want any more
children? Then I think you should have
sterilization. That would be less trouble for you.
Question: Is this dialogue good or bad?
Why?

N/O
X
√
Step/ task
manner?
√
1- Pays attention to physical environment (ensures privacy,
and comfortable for the client(
√
√
√
√
√
participants.
√
7- Adequate supplies of educational materials should be
available

N/O
X
√
Step/ task
● Asks client about self? Client's needs and concerns?
√
√
closed questions
√
√
expression

N/O
X
√
Step/ task
●Tells client about?
√
1- Follows client concerns
√
2- Give the client an opportunity to ask
questions
√
3- Responds to questions and gives
relevant information
√
4- Reflects content

N/O
X
√
Step/ task
●Helps client to reach an informed decision?
√
1- Set goals with the client
√
2- Discuss options to accomplish the
goals
√
3- Discuss challenges the client might
face
√
4- Ensure understanding and wait for
decision making

N/O
X
√
Step/ task
●Explains how to use method?
√
1- Explain any misunderstanding
√
2- Describe possible side effects and
what to do if they occur.
√
3- Summarized and make sure the person
understood

N/O
X
√
Step/ task
●Return visit planned?
√
1- Schedule a follow-up visit with the
client
√
2- Explain when to come back for more
supplies, for follow up visits, for any
complication, side effect or for any
reason possible side effects and what to
do if they occur

Dialogue 3
 Patient: I hate this diet regimen.
 Doctor:How many Kg have you lost ?
 Patient: 5 kg .And I try so hard, but I just can’t do it. I
follow the diet all the day, but then my husband comes
home and wants a big dinner .And then we sit together
and watch TV, and he wants ice cream .And so, of course I
eat it with him .
 Doctor: Why don’t you let your husband take a walk with
you after dinner ?And try eating yogurt instead of ice
cream?
 Patient:I tried yogurt before with him and we both didn’t
like it .Also, I don’t think he will want to go walking every
night .He’s tired after work.
 Doctor:Try Fruity Delight Low-Fat Yogurt .Its great. And
don’t be so quick to give up on his walking .Will you at
least give it a try ?
 Patient: OK.
Comment on this dialogue

N/O
X
√
Step/ task
manner?
√
1- Pays attention to physical environment (ensures
privacy,
and comfortable for the client(
√
√
√
√
√
participants.
√
7- Adequate supplies of educational materials should
be available

N/O
X
√
Step/ task
● Asks client about self? Client's needs
and concerns?
√
√
closed questions
√
√
expression

Dialogue 4
 Patient :I hate this diet.
 Doctor :You hate it ?How come?
 Patient :I try so hard to cook like I am supposed to and eat
what I was told .But my husband refuses to eat that way .
Then he complains that I’m too fat! I have to give up what I
like to eat, and then it still doesn’t work.
 Doctor :I can see why that would be frustrating .What do
you think would help?
 Patient :I don’t know .Sticking to this diet is so hard .I
don’t know what else to do.
 Doctor :What do you think the problem is?
 Patient :Well, I do diet all day, but then my husband
comes home and wants a big dinner .And then we sit
together and watch TV, and he likes to have ice cream .So
of course I eat some ice cream too.
 Doctor :What would you do to change this situation to
feel better about it?

 Patient :I really do want to lose weight .Not just
because my doctor says so, but I don’t like how I look,
and I don’t have much energy anymore.
 Doctor :What will happen if you don’t change
anything ?
 Patient :I’m not sure .I guess I’ll keep gaining weight
 Doctor :And what if you do ?How will that make you
feel?
 Patient :Awful .I hate being frustrated all the time.
 Doctor: Can you accept things staying the way they
are?
 Patient :No !I’ve just got to lose some weight.
 Doctor :Well, tell me one thing you can do when you
leave here to get you started ?

 Patient :I need to talk to my husband .I don’t
think he knows how bad I feel about my weight
and him telling me I’m fat doesn’t help .If I can
just get him on my side, the battle would be half
over .
 Doctor :So, do you feel that you could talk to
your husband about it ?
 Patient :Yeah, I think I could .he and I talk about
a lot of things, so I think he `ll listen.
 Doctor :That’s great .So when are you going to
talk to him ?
 Patient :Tonight, when he gets home from work.
Comment on this dialogue

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