Hse principles and practises [compatibility mode]

HSE
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTISES
PREPARED BY:
ALI IRFAN KHAWAJA, COUNTRY DIRECTOR, STAREGISTER PAKISTAN
QMS, FSMS, EMS and OHSAS Lead Auditor
CIPM (AAPM), Certified Trainer (PRM/AAPM),
IQF Approved Six Sigma Trainer,
NPO Approved Trainer, PMQA Assessor,
linkedin: http://pk.linkedin.com/pub/ali-irfan/8/399/a40
email: aikquality@yahoo.com / aikquality@gmail.com

STAREGISTER PAKISTAN

Health, Safety & Environment
WHAT IS HSE
H
S
E

Health (Occupational)
Prevention of occupational sickness
Safety
Prevention of Accidents / Injuries
Environment
Protection of Environment

Every minute there are:
2

Occupational Fatalities

475

Occupational Injuries

300

Occupational Diseases


Health, Safety & Environment
WHY HSE
Legislative Requirements
Competitive Business Environment
Image Building
Reduction in Downtime
Importance of HSE Certification
Financial Losses from Business Interruptions


HIDDEN COSTS OF ACCIDENTS
Accident Investigation
Payments for non productive time (injured persons)
Payments for non productive time (witnesses, First-aiders
investors, clearing up etc.)
Replacement labour (probably less effective)
Training for replacement labour
Business interruption/disruption
Loss of reputation
Damage repair
Replacement plant
Compensation payments
Legal costs and fees
Insurance


BENEFITS OF GOOD HEALTH AND
SAFETY PRACTICE
Increased levels of compliance with rules and procedures
Improved production
Improved staff morale
Improved company reputation
Reduced accidents
Reduced ill health
Reduced damage to equipment
Reduced absenteeism
Reduced staff turnover


Successful Management systems
1.
2.
3.

4.

5.
6.

Policy: health and safety aims of the organization, health
and safety objectives and management commitment
Organizing: clear roles and responsibilities, competence,
commitment and control, co-operation,communication
Planning and Implementation: identify hazards, assess
risks, and decide how risks can be eliminated or
controlled. sets standards against which performance
can be mean surd
Measuring performance: used as a means of determining
the extent to which health and safety policy and
objectives are being implemented and should be both
reactive and proactive
Reviewing: analyzing data gathered through monitoring
to see whether performance is adequate
Audit: Systematic critical examination of each stage of an
organization’s management systems and procedures


PURPOSE OF A SAFETY POLICY
Set out the employer’s/management commitment to safety
Set out the organization and arrangements for controlling
work related hazards
Protect people from injury and occupation ill health
Comply with legal requirements and avoid prosecution
Manage health and safety on a cost-effective
Basis


TYPES OF TARGETS
Reduced/zero accidents
Zero prosecutions
Reduced sickness absence
Reduction in compensation claims
Improve reporting of near misses
Improve reporting of minor accidents
Improve audit scores


INEFECTIVE SAFETY POLI CIES
a.

No commitment or leadership

b.

No annual objectives

c.

Health and safety not given enough priority

d.

Insufficient resources provided

e.

Personnel do not understand the aims

f.

Too much emphasis on employee responsibility

g.

No measurement of performance

h.

Management unaware of their role

i.

No training of management in their responsibilities

PROMOTING A
POSITIVE HEALTH AND
SAFETY CULTURE


INDICATORS OF POSITIVE OR
NEGATIVE CULTURE
Attitude
Morale
Accidents
Absenteeism/sickness rate
Staff turnover
Complaints about working condition


FACTORS THAT CAN CAUSE THE
CULTURE TO DECLINE
Lack of effective communication
Perception of growing blame culture
Lack of leadership and commitment
Lack of monitoring
Failure to implement remedial action


HOW SAFETY CULTURE CAN BE
IMPROVED
Senior management commitment
Ownership of health and safety at every level
Effective communication and consultation
Training for all levels of employee
Shared perception of risks
BENEFITS A POSITIVE CULTURE
Increased levels of compliance with rules and procedures
Improves production
Improved staff morale


PRACTICAL MEASURES TO
IMPROVE HEALTH AND SAFETY
Involve
employees
investigations,

in

risk

assessments,

accident

The development of safety systems and procedures,
Encouraging hazard-spotting and the reporting of defects,
Setting up suggestion schemes,
Organizing training courses and information programs,
Supporting active involvement in safety committee meetings,
Accompanied by employees on safety tours & inspections,
Giving employees
workers.

responsibilities

for

mentoring

young


PERSONAL FACTORS CAUSING
GREATER RISK OF HARM
Poor attitude to work
Low motivation
Physical capabilities
Poor perception of risk


WHAT MOTIVATES PEOPLE
Incentives
Recognition
Job satisfaction
Personal achievement
Team spirit
Peer approval
Realistic goals
Committed management/involvement in decisions
Safe environment
Threat of discipline


EMPLOYERS CAN MOTIVATE THEIR
WORKFORCE BY:
The recognition of good health & safety performance
Disciplining employees who choose to ignore safe working
procedures
Involving employees in carrying out risk assessments etc.
Demonstrating a high level of management commitment;
Ensuring a good working environment
Providing training & ensuring good communication
Setting a good example
Realistic goals


WHY PEOPLE FAIL TO COMPLY WITH
SAFETY PROCEDURES
Lack of motivation
Unrealistic working procedures
Lack of management commitment
Over-familiarization
Repetitive work leading to boredom
Peer group pressure
Inadequate supervision
Fatigue and stress
Lack of information, training and consultation
Job insecurity


HUMAN ERROR CAUSES:
Slips
Lapses of attention
Mistaken actions
Misperceptions
Mistaken priorities
Willfulness
Inadequate information
Violations


REDUCING HUMAN ERROR:
Skilled competent workers
Well motivated employees
Clear roles and lines of responsibility
Adequate levels of supervisions
Drug and alcohol prevention policies
Good environmental condition e.g. lighting, noise etc.
Avoiding monotonous work
Breaks to avoid fatigue


WHY HAZARDS ARE
UNDERESTIMATED
Over familiarity and complacency
Lack of instruction, information and training
Lack of experience
The fact that some hazards may be invisible and/or intangible
Sensory impairment
Involvement in routine, repetitive tasks can lead to lack of
attention
Hazard:
Something with the potential to cause harm
Risk:
Likelihood that harms will occur and the severity of the harm


HAZARD

Something with the potential to cause harm
RISK
Likelihood that harm will occur and the severity of the harm


EXAMPLES OF HAZARDS

Rotating Machinery

Forklift Trucks

Raised Object
Raised Object

Traffic

Working at Height

Chemicals


WHAT IS A CONSEQUENCE
An event or chain of events that result from the release of a
hazard
Resulting from loss of control of the hazard


EXAMPLES OF CONSEQUENCE

Minor Injury

Lost Time

Legal Action

Fire

Fall in Share Price
Serious Injury
Death

Explosion


SNGPL

WHAT IS RISK?
Risk has two parts

The likelihood that a
hazard will affect us

The severity of its
consequences if it does


SUITABLITY OF RISK ASSESSMENT
Be proportionate to the level of risk
Ensure that all aspects of work activity are covered
Take account of the way the work is organized
Identify the significant hazards and risks
Evaluate the risks
Identify control measures
Enable priorities to be set
Residual risk low


COMPETENCE OF RISK ASSESSOR
Experience and training in risk assessment techniques
Knowledge of process or activity
Technical knowledge of the plant or equipment
Good communication and report writing skills
Ability to interpret legislation and guidance
Possess right attitude
Knows limitation


FIVE STEPS TO RISK ASSESSMENT
Identify the hazards
Decide who might be harmed and how
Evaluate the risks and the existing precautions
Records the findings
Review the assessment and revise if necessary


IDENTIFYING HAZARDS
Task observation
Accident, ill-health or near miss data
Workplace inspections
Job safety analysis
Legal standards


HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
Eliminate
Reduce
Isolate
Control
PPE
Discipline


WHEN ASSESSMENT SHOULD BE
REVIEWED
After an accident/incident
New equipment
Changes to equipment, plant, process
Changes in personnel
Changes in legislation
Result of monitoring or audit
Action by enforcing authority
New information becomes available


WHY YOUNG PERSONS AT RISK
Lack of experience and/or training
Body not fully developed
More likely to take risks
Respond to peer group pressure
Be over enthusiastic


RISKS TO DISABLED WORKERS
Reduced mobility for access and egress
Ability to access welfare facilities
Reduced sensory ability e.g. speech, hearing or eyesight
Reduced ability to lift, carry or move objects
Ergonomic hazards


TECHNIQUES OF HAZARD
IDENTIFICATION
HAZID
HAZOP
‘What If’ Analysis
Structured Brainstorming
Hazard Identification & Checklists
FMEA


HAZARD IDENTIFICATION (HAZID)
A HAZID study is carried out by a team of competent
engineers from a mixture of disciplines and is led by a
person, the HAZID Leader who is experienced in the
HAZID technique.
Hazard Checklists for the areas to be considered are used to
assist the process. Where it is agreed that a hazard exists, it
is considered and all possible means of either eliminating it
or controlling the risk and/or the necessity for further study
are noted on a HAZID worksheet.
Actions are assigned to either discipline groups or
individuals to ensure the mitigating control, or further study
is completed.


HAZID
Effect driven
internal or external cause
potential for any number of simultaneous failures

Lateral thought process
able to identify low likelihood events
major hazard screening
pre-supposes that a failure could occur

Solution Orientated


HAZID PROCESS
Assemble
workshop
team

Use Hazard
Checklist to
identify
potential HSE
hazards

Record all
hazards, sources
& scenarios

Use Risk
Assessment
Matrix to assess
risk

Record
consequences &
worst-case potential
risk

Identify all Major
Accident
Hazards (MAHs)

Assess MAHs
in detail

Identify risk
control and
mitigation

Identify any
remedial
actions

Record risk control
and mitigation

Hazard Register

Rank all remedial
actions and assign
to relevant person


HAZOP PROCESS
Select
line/node

Select
guideword
and
deviation

Is deviation
possible?

Assess
consequence
of deviation

Record all
consequences

Report:
Management summary
Team members
HAZOP Record Sheets
HAZOP Action Sheets
Marked-up P&IDs

Identify
controls &
safeguards to
prevent or
mitigate
consequence

Record all controls &
safeguards

Identify any
remedial
actions

Rank all remedial
actions and assign
to relevant person


HAZOP PROCESS
Four main questions asked:
What is the intention of system being examined?
Is there potential to deviate from this intention?
What are the causes of the deviation
What are the consequences of the deviation

Use guidewords to ensure all process parameters
and deviations are systematically examined


HAZOP–Basic Guideword Matrix
No

More/High

Low/Less

Reverse

X

X

X

X

Pressure

X

X

Temperature

X

X

Level

X

X

Flow

Other common HAZOP guidewords include:
Composition
Contamination/impurities
Viscosity
Relief/vent
Maintenance

Instrumentation/Control
Sampling
Corrosion/erosion
Service failure
Etc.


HAZID vs. HAZOP
Systematic and
structured review of
system Design.

Systematic and
structured review of HSE
risks for an operation,
activity or project.
Utilises a checklist
approach.
Assesses risk associated
with hazards identified.
Does not require Process
& Instrumentation Diagrams

HAZID

HAZOP

Utilises a guideword /
Deviation approach.
Does not typically assess
risk
Requires Process
& Instrumentation Diagrams

They are complimentary approaches


RISK ANALYSIS
A process consisting of three components:
risk assessment
risk management
risk communication


TYPES OF HAZARDS
1)

Ergonomic Hazards

2)

Mechanical Hazards

3)

Toxic Hazards

4)

Explosion Hazards

5)

Electrical Hazards

6)

Chemical Hazards


TYPES OF HAZARDS
7)

Fire Hazards

8)

Pneumatic Hazards

9)

Falling Hazards

10) Noise Hazards
11) Vibration Hazards
12) Biological Hazards
13) Radiation Hazards


RISK ASSESSMENT
Risk Analysis
Hazard Identification
Risk Estimation

Risk Evaluation


RISK ASSESSMENT
The process of establishing information regarding acceptable levels of a
risk and/or levels of risk for an individual, group, society, or the
environment.
(OR)
Overall process of estimating the magnitude of risk and deciding
whether or not the risk is tolerable.
Before undertaking any task, always identify the hazards and assess
the risks. Then implement the measures required to remove or
minimise the risk before starting work.


FORMAL RISK ASSESSMENT
Identification
Risks categorized as affecting Confidentiality, Integrity, or
availability
Prioritization
Risks are prioritized by their impact, and probability


FORMAL RISK ASSESSMENT
Controls
Controls are identified and recommended based on the risks
identified. Controls are prioritized based on cost, priority, and
capability to implement.
Report
A report is prepared by the facilitator and approved by the team.


OVERALL RATING OF RISK
The overall risk is determined as per below mentioned formula:
Risk = Likelihood X Effect on health
R=LxH
Risk rating 9 and above should be considered un-tolerable risk
and needs to be controlled.


A casual definition of Risk is
Risk = P * S
Where P is the probability of occurrence & S is the severity of
an event

Risk = ¦{ hazard, exposure, safeguard}


This will help us in answering:
-- How likely is an event to occur?
-- What likely are the effect (consequences)?

Risk = frequency * consequence


EXAMPLE
If we can’t take away the Hazard we shall have to reduce
the risk
i.e. Reduce the frequency and/or reduce the consequence
For this we need to first
Estimate the frequency and/or estimate the consequence
EXAMPLE: 1 Risk on a Cricket Field
Sohaib Akhtar is the bowler : He is the Hazard
You are the batsman
: You are at risk
Frequency = 6 times per over. Consequence = bruises!
Risk = 6 X bruises!
Risk reduction : Limit bounces to 2 per hr. Wear more pads
Risk = 2 X small bruises!


PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES
CHANGE ANALYSIS
This technique emphasizes change to correct the problem.
Examination of deviations from the norm are scrutinized.
Consider all problems to result from some unanticipated change.
Analyze the changes to determine its cause.


RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS
RISKS

Routine

Slips, trips,
falls
Hazardous
substances

Identify
Hazards
and
Effects
Coarse
Screening

Assess
Risk

Significant

Plant and
machinery
Noise

Further
Screening

Judgement
Standard
Competences

Procedures
Responsibilities
Performance
Measurement

Spills
Major
Fires and
explosions
Major integrity
failures

Detailed
Analysis


RECORD THE FINDINGS
Site / Area / Department:

Activity
#

SiteOperation
/Activity
Equipment

Hazard
Y/N

Safety &
Health
Hazard

Potential Health &
Safety Impact

L

H

R

Potential
Causes of
Hazards

Current Control
Preventive
Measure
Suggested


GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
PREVENTION
Avoid the risk e.g. eliminate the hazard or task
Evaluate risks which cannot be avoided
Combat risks at source
Adapt the work to the individual
Adapt to technical progress
Replace the dangerous by the less dangerous
Develop a coherent prevention policy
Give collective measures priority over individual measure


PERMIT-TO-WORK
A formal written procedure requiring written conformation that
certain actions have been carried out to eliminate or control
risks before a specific high risk activity is carried out.


OPERTION OF PERMIT-TO-WORK
Identify the task (where and when)
Identify the hazards
List the precautions to eliminate or reduce the hazards
Additional precautions
Time limits
Issue by competent person
Receipt by person in charge of work
Completion
Cancellation


CONFINED SPACE
Any space where there is a specified risk of serious injury
from hazardous substances or conditions with in the space.


WHAT ARE THE HAZARDS IN A
CONFINED SPACE
Fire or explosion
Loss of consciousness due to increased body temperature
Loss of consciousness due to asphyxiation
Drowning
Asphyxiation due to free flowing solids
Confined space excavation, sewers, silos, tanks, vats


PRECAUTIONS FOR WORKING IN A
CONFINED SPACE
Permit-to-work
Competent staff
Appoint a supervisor
Isolate
Ensure suitable size of entry
Gas purging
Ventilation
Regular testing of the atmosphere
Special tools and lighting
PPE
Communications
Limit working time
Emergency procedures


PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT (PPE)
Benefits of people
Often low cost
Can be used as short term measure
Portable for worker away from base
Disposable PPE reduces risk of infection


WHY PPE USED AS LAST RESORT
Does not eliminate the hazards
Does not reduce the hazard
Only protects the wearer
Always fail to danger
May introduce new hazards
Relies on worker to use it
May not be comfortable
Worn for only part of task of shift
Wrong size
Used when damaged
Not properly maintained
Management may not enforce wearing


SELECTION OF PEE
What are the hazards
Type of equipment
Made to suitable standards
Comfort
Compatibility
Storage
Training
Cost


FACTORS AFFCTIVING THE
WEARING OF PPE
Fit
Health of worker
Period of use
Comfort
Maintenance
Training
Interference
Management commitment
Peer pressure


PRECUATIONS FOR LONE
WORKERS
Information on hazards
Training to deal with hazards
Regular contact
Supervisors regularly visiting
Automatic warning devices
Check the worker has returned home
PPE
Emergency action if worker becomes ill


THE REASONS FOR MONITORING
Identify substandard H & S practices
Identify trends
Compare actual performance against targets
To benchmark
Identify use and effectiveness of control measures
Make decisions on suitable remedial measure
Set priorities and establish realistic timescales
Assess compliance with legal requirements
Provide information to Board, committees etc.


REACTIVE MONITORING
Accidents
Incidents
Ill-health statistics
Near misses
Dangerous occurrences
Complaints by workforce
Enforcement action
Prosecutions
Civil claims


SAFETY AUDITS
A safety audit is a thorough, critical examination of an
organization’s safety management systems & procedures. It
is normally a lengthy process carried out by trained auditor,
often someone from outside the organization. It is a
structured way of assessing the H&S performance of an
organization by supplying answers to a series of questions &
often involves a scoring system such that improvements can
be made.


DOCUMENTS LOOKED AT DURING
AUDITS INCLUDE:
Safety policy
Risk assessment
Procedures
Safety monitoring procedures
Maintenance records
Accident and incident reports
Health surveillance records
Safety committee minutes etc.
Training records
Statutory inspections
Previous audit reports


WORKPLACE INSPECTIONS
A safety inspection involves the straightforward observation of
a workplace and/or the activities or equipment within it. A
safety inspection, usually carried out by a manager or
employee representative and often aided by the use of a
checklist, may be carried out routinely and has the aim of
identifying hazards and assessing the use and effectiveness of
control measures.


LIMITATIONS OF INSPECTIONS
Some hazards are not visible
Some hazards not always present
Unsafe practices not seen


PEOPLE WHO CARRY OUT
INSPECTIONS
Managers
Supervisors
Health and Safety advisors
Employee safety representatives
Enforcement agencies


INSPECTION CHECKLIST
Condition of processes and plant
Contractors
Electrical
Environmental conditions
Fire protection
First aid
Hand held tools
Hazardous substances
Housekeeping/cleanliness
Lifting equipment
Manual handling
Machinery guarding
Noise etc.


STRENGTHS OF CHECKLISTS
Enable prior preparation and planning so inspection is more
structured and systematic
Reduces the chances of important areas or issues being
overlooked
Provides an immediate record of findings
Ensures consistent approach
Provides easy method of comparison and audit


WEAKNESSES OF CHECKLISTS
May lead to blinkered approach meaning significant risks might
be missed
May not be reviewed or updated to take account of changes in
work processes etc.
Become routine with no follow up questions
Too objectives and restrictive, no scope for peripheral issues
Procedure subject to human error or abuse

ACCIDENT REPORTING AND
INVESTIGATION


ACCIDENT DEFINITION
An accident is an unplanned/unpremeditated event caused by
unsafe acts or conditions which results in a loss.


NEAR MISS (INCIDENT)
A near miss is an unplanned/unpremeditated event that has the
potential to cause injury to people or damage to property.
IMMEDIATE / DIRECT CAUSES
The immediate/direct cause is the unsafe act or condition that
results in an accident or incident.


ROOT / UNDERLYING CAUSES
The Root (Underlying) cause is the failure of procedure /
management systems that have resulted in the unsafe act or
condition.


PRINCIPLE CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
Attitude
Unsafe acts
Unsafe conditions


BENEFITS OF COLLECTING NEAR
MISS DATA
To identify underlying causes which may allow preventative
action to be taken before something more serious occurs
Gives message to workforce that all failures are taken
seriously, not just those leading to injury
Generally accepted that near misses greatly outnumber
accidents and can therefore produce more data from which a
greater understanding of the deficiencies in management
systems can be identified and rectified


THE AIM OF ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION IS:
To determine cause to prevent a recurrence
Identify weaknesses in management systems
Identify weaknesses in risk assessment procedure
Demonstrate management commitment
To comply with legal requirements
To provide information for any subsequent criminal/civil action
Provide information to insurance company


IMMEDIATE AND LONGER TERM
ACTION AFTER AN ACCIDENT
First aid for injury party
Calling medical assistance if necessary
Isolation of the accident scene
Report to relevant enforcing authority if necessary
Identification of witnesses
Setting up investigation team
Full investigation to determine root cause
Making recommendations
Implementing corrective action


PREPARATION BEFORE
INVESTIGATION
Who should be involved
If possible the accident scene is left untouched
Collating relevant existing documents
Identifying who are witnesses
Check that legal reporting requirements have been met
What equipments is needed
The style to be adopted
The style of report and who should receive it
The depth of the investigation


INVESTIGATION TEAM
Line Manager: has knowledge of the processes involved
Supervisor: has knowledge of the process
Employee Safety Representative: has legal right
Safety Practitioner: to advice on health and safety implications
Engineer: to advice on technical matters
Senior Manager from different department: unbiased


INVESTIGATION REPORT
Who – the injured person
When – date and time
Where – location details
What – type of accident and nature of injury
How – details of events
Why – analysis of cause
Recommendations
Documentation
Reference to possible breaches of law


REASONS FOR REPORTING
ACCIDENTS
Implement initial controls
Monitoring health and safety performance
Starting point for investigation
To comply with legal requirements
To prevent recurrences and further injuries / losses
To provide information for any subsequent civil claim
Review of risk assessments


ACCIDENT DATA CAN:
Show patters and trends
Identify weaknesses in procedures and policies
Prioritize safety measures
Identify areas for improvements
Set targets for reduction


EMPLOYEES CAN BE DISCOURAGED FROM
REPORTING ACCIDENTS BECAUSE:
Ignorance of procedures
Peer pressure
Retribution by management’s safety record
Over-complicated reporting procedures
Lack of management response to reports


Leading Causes of Workplace
Deaths In SNGPL
Miscellaneous
(16%)

Personal
Protective
Equipment
(6.75%)

Violation of
Operating
Procedures
(11%)

Road /
Vehicle Related
(40%)

Electric
Shock / Burns
(7.43%)
Line Pipe
Handling
(20%)


FATAL ACCIDENT STATUS OF
SNGPL
ACCIDENT STATUS OF VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS
METERING W/S
(4.54%)

TELECOM
(9.10%)
Projects
Distribution
Transmission
Metering W/S
Telecom

TRANSMISSION
(4.54%)

DISTRIBUTION
(22.7%)

PROJECTS
( 59%)


COMMONALITY
Accidents have two things in common
1)

They all have outcomes from the accident

2)

They all have contributory factors that cause the accident


OUTCOMES OF INCIDENTS
POSITIVE ASPECTS
Accident investigation
Prevent recurrence
Change to safety programs
Change to procedures
Change to equipment design


OUTCOMES OF INCIDENTS
NEGATIVE ASPECTS
Injury & possible death
Disease
Damage to equipment & property
Litigation costs
Lost productivity
Morale


CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
Environmental
Design
Systems & procedures
Human behavior


CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
HUMAN BEHAVIOUR
Common to all accidents
Not limited to the person
involved
in the accident


THE AIM OF THE INVESTIGATION
The key result should be to prevent a recurrence of the same
accident.
FACT FINDING:
What happened?
What was the root cause?
What should be done to prevent recurrence?


THE AIM OF THE INVESTIGATION
IS NOT TO:
Exonerate individuals or management.
Satisfy insurance requirements.
Defend a position for legal argument.
Or, to assign blame.


Who Should Do The Incident
Investigation
An investigation would be conducted by someone
Expert in incident causation
Experienced in investigative techniques
Knowledge of the work processes, procedures, persons and
industrial relations environment of a particular situation.
Three essential qualifications of an investigator are
• Objectivity
• Investigative knowledge (non-linear thinking)
• Ability to understand system.


INVESTIGATION PROCESS
1) Control the scene (Initial response)
2) Gather Data
3) Analyze Data (analysis)
4) Write Report (corrective action)


INITIAL RESPONSE
Effective Initial Response includes the following steps:
•

Take control by securing, barricading or isolating the scene

•

Ensure First aid/ transporting victim of any

•

Control secondary accidents

•

Identify sources of evidence

•

Determine loss potential

•

Notify managers

Sequence is not important


4 P’s
INTERVIEWING
Do:
•

Put the witness at ease

•

Emphasize the real reason for investigation, to determine what
happened and why

•

Let the witness talk.

•

Confirm that you have correct statement

•

Make only short notes during the interview

•

Ask open ended questions that cannot be answered by Yes or No.


4 P’s
INTERVIEWING
Do Not:
•

Intimidate the witness

•

Interrupt

•

Prompt

•

Ask leading questions

•

Show your own emotions

•

Make lengthy notes while witness is talking


4 P’s
PARTS
Third category of evidence is parts and include physical evidence
such as:
•

Tools, equipment, parts, material and PPE.

•

Worn or failed equipment parts.

•

Improper tools and equipments.

•

Process liquid/ solid samples, before and after.


COLLECTING AND SHIFTING
EVIDENCE (ANALYSIS)
- HARD EVIDENCE
Data which is not disputed such as time and place of accident,
logs and other written reports, the position of physical evidence.
-

WITNESS STATEMENT
•

Statement from the persons who saw accident happen.

•

Statement from those who came upon the scene
immediately afterwards.

-

CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE
the logical interpretation of facts that leads to a single but un
proven conclusion.


THE FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE OT
SLIP AND TRIP ACCIDENTS ARE:
The floor surface: slippery surface, holes, uneven surface.
Contamination: spillages, leaks etc.
Obstruction: rubbish, training cables, rugs etc.
The task: carrying loads, space to work
Environment: lighting
Footwear: unsuitable footwear
The people: unaware of the dangers


PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT SLIPS AND
TRIPS
Designated walking routes where possible
Ensure walkways are level
Ensure walkways are non slip
Well lit and clearly marked walkways
Procedures to quickly identify and remove spillages and
obstacles
Eliminate need to carry loads
Make employees aware of the hazards


HAZARDS OF STAIRS
Inadequate design (dimensions, treads, no handrails)
Poor housekeeping (obstructions, trailing cables)
Poor lighting
Slippery surfaces (oil/water/ice) or unsuitable footwear
Damaged flooring or coverings
Manual handling
Hurrying on stairs


ACTION NEEDED TO PREVENT
ACCIDENTS ON STAIRS
Adequate width of walkways / stairs and handrails fitted
Remove obstructions/training cables
Improve lighting levels and install emergency lighting


WORKING AT HEIGHT
All work at height is properly planned and organized
Those involved in work at height are competent
The risks from work at height are assessed and appropriate
work equipment is selected
The risks from fragile surfaces are properly controlled
Equipment for work at heights is properly inspected and
maintained

MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE
AND MATERIALS


PLANNING TRAFFIC ROUTES
CONSIDERATION SHOULD BE:
Keeping pedestrians and vehicles apart
Separate routes, designated crossing places and suitable
barriers at recognized danger spots.
High visibility clothing if necessary
Clearly marked and signed traffic routes
Roads, gangways and aisles should have sufficient width and
overhead clearance for the largest vehicle
Speed limits are established and enforce


PRECAUTIONS WHERE PEOPLE
WORK IN VEHICLE AREAS
Segregated systems for vehicle & pedestrians traffic
Appropriate road markings
Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent, doors,
provision of lighting etc) & audible warnings on vehicles
Drawing up & enforcement of site rules
The provision of refuges
The wearing of high-visibility clothing
Good standard of housekeeping
Training and supervision of all concerned


REVERSING OF VEHICLES
One-way systems
Drives-through systems
Turning circles
Separation of vehicles and pedestrians
Suitable workplace design
Audible reversing alarms
Mirrors on blind corners
Adequate lighting
Use of banksmen (men guiding the vehicle when reversing)
High-visibility clothing
Site rules
Training


DRIVER SELECTION
Reliable and mature
Subject to prr-employment medical check
Physically fit
Routine medicals e.g. every 5 year orfit suffering from limited
limb movement, heart problems
Licensed
Trained and competent
Supervised and monitored
Given refresher training


TRANING FOR DRIVERS OF
VEHICLES IN A WORKPLACE
Personal responsibilities
Safe working load estimation
Pre-use vehicle inspection and maintenance
Safe parking and security of vehicle
Speed restrictions
Safety rules and signs – sounding horn/no passengers etc.
Floor conditions – pot holes/housekeeping etc.
Vehicle revering – audible wearing/banksmen etc.

MANUAL AND
MECHANICAL HANDLING


LOAD
Weight
Size
Shape
Rigidity
Difficult to grasp
Unstable
Sharp, hot, cold, etc.


INDIVIDUAL
Sex
Stature
Individual capability
Training
Persons’s assessment of own capability


TASK
Holding away from trunk
Twisting
Stooping
Reaching upwards
Large vertical movement
Long carrying distances
Strenuous pushing or pulling
Unpredictable movement of loads
Repetitive handling
Insufficient rest or recovery
Work rate imposed by the process


ENVIROMENT
Constraints on posture
Poor floors
Variations in levels
Hot / cold / humid conditions
Poor lighting


PARCTICLAL MEASURE TO AVOID
MANUAL HANDLING INJURIES
Avoid manual handling
Risk reduction
Automation and mechanization
Team handling
Training
Smaller lighter laods selection
Good environmental working conditions


CORRECT KINETIC HANDLING
TECHNIQUE
Assess the load
Position feet as close to load as possible
Bend the knees and keep back straight
Secure grip
Lift using thigh muscles
Load close to the body
Avoid jerking, make a smooth movement avoid twisting
Put down, slide to desired position
Types of cranes
Mobile
Tower
Gantry
Overhead


SAFE USE OF MOBILE CRANES
Suitable crane
Suitable ground conditions
Use of outriggers
Avoidance of obstructions
Care near overhead power lines
Designated and protected area
Suitable and tested lifting tackle
Correct slinging technique
Competent personnel
Load near ground if traveling
Good visibility
Good communications
Suitable storage for fuels etc


CRANES MAY FAIL BECAUSE OF:
Overturning
Overloading
Unsuitable support or inadequate bases for carne
Loss of load
Failure of maintenance
Failure of load bearing part
High winds


SAFETY DURING LIFTING
Not exceeding safe working load
Trained personnel (crane operator, slinger, banksman
(signaler))
Good communication between all operatives
Properly maintained equipment
Equipment has undergone statutory inspections
Correct lifting accessories free from defect
Warning of lift taking place
Ensure load is secure


SAFETY DURING LIFTING
Path free from obstacles
Avoid overhead power lines
All personnel clear of the load
Load lifted vertically
Lifted to correct height
Moved at appropriate speed
Put down in a safe position and tension released
Safety helmets
Adequate supervision


PERCAUTION WHEN USING
ACCESSORIES
All accessories properly certificated and tested
Properly inspected by a competent person at regular intervals
Safe working Load (SWL) clearly marked
Inspection prior to use
No repair to accessories on site
Not used for purposes not intended
Packing between accessory and load
Properly stored after use
Training provided for staff in safe use

WORK EQUIPMENT
HAZARDS AND
CONTROL


FACTORS TO CONSIDER PRIOR TO
INSTALLING NEW MACHINERY
What are the hazards e.g.
a.

Are there heat or cold problems

b.

Chemicals

c.

Biological

Is it suitable guarded
The location of the equipment
Is it capable of being isolated/locked off
Is there safe access and egress
Are personnel trained and competent
Any other specific risks


THE HEIRARCHY OF CONTROLS
FOR MACHINERY GUARDING
Fixed enclosing guards
Other guards or protection devices such as interlocked guards
and pressure mats
Protective appliances such as jigs, holders, push sticks, etc.
The provision of information, instruction training, and
supervision


MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF
MACHINERY
Entanglement
Traps
Impact
Contact
Ejection


NON MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF
MECHINERY
Electricity
Hot surfaces
Dust and fumes
Fire/explosion
Noise
Vibration
Biological
Hazardous chemicals
Radiation
Access and egress
Obstructions and projections
Manual handling
Noise
Splinters


OFFICE MACHINERY:
PHOTOCOPIES AND SHREDDER
COMMMON HAZARDS
Electrical
Ergonomic
Noise
Stability of machine


PRECUATIONS USING PORTABLE
POWER TOOLS
Never carry a tool by the cord or hose
Never pull the cords to disconnect it
Keeps cords and hoses always from heat
Disconnect tools when not in use
Keep observers at a safe distance
Secure work with clamps
Avoid accidental starting
Use RCDs etc. with electrical tools
Ensure good footing
Wear appropriate PPE
Maintain tools
Regular inspection and defect reporting
Remove damaged tools from use


HAZARDS OF MACHINERY
Unintentional starting of machinery
Release of stored energy e.g. pressure, electricity
Movements due to gravity
Residual high or low pressure
Restricted access/egress
Residues e.g. toxic, flammables, corrosives
Mechanical hazards
Heat or cold
Biological hazards

ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
AND CONTROL


MAIN HAZARDS OF ELECTIRCITY
Electric shock
Arcing
Fire/explosions
Burns


FACTORS INFLUENCING SEVERITY
OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK
Current in amperes
Length of contact time
Current path through the body
Conductivity/resistance of the body
The voltage
Conductivity of the environment
The nature of the contact
Age and health status of the victim


ACTION ON FINDING SOMEONE IN
CONTACT WITH ELECTRICITY
Isolate the supply if possible
Summon help
Give first-aid if capable
Remain with casualty until emergency services arrive


CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL FIRE
Inadequate circuits
Overloaded circuits
Damage wiring and insulation
Loose connections
Overheating of cables on coils
Overheating due to lack of ventilation
Flammable materials too close to electrical equipment


HEALTH EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY
ON THE BODY
Damage to nervous systems
Irregular heartbeat (fibrillation)
Internal burns
Muscular contractions
Stopping breathing
Stopping of the heart


SECONDARY EFFECTS OF
ELECTRICITY
Thrown backwards
Falls from height
Unintentional movement of machine
FUSE: a weak link designed to melt, breaking the circuit at
excessive currents
CIRCUTIT BREAKERS: electromagnetic device which performs
the same function as fuses i.e. break the circuit at excessive
current although slightly faster
EARTHING: electricity will always try reach earth and earthing
means providing a path to earth lower than the human body


SECONDARY EFFECTS OF
ELECTRICITY
ISOLATION: the disconnection and separation of the electrical
equipment in such a way that the disconnection and separation is
secure
REDUCED VOLAGE SYSTEMS: reducing the voltage present in the
systems the consequences of electrical shock can be greatly reduced
RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCD):
Compares the current flowing into the system with the current flowing
out. When the level differs by a preset value the RCD will open rapidly
and interrupt the supply
DOUBLE INSULATION: covering live parts by two separated layers of
insulation


SAFETY OF PORTABLE
ELECTRICAL APPLIANES
The appliance:
Battery operated
Checked before use
Suitable selected equipment
Properly maintained equipment


PRECAUTIONS FOR PORTABLE
EQUIPMENT
Reduced voltage operation
Use of residual current circuit breakers
Apparatus and cable should be protected against overload by
fuses and/or circuit breakers
All cables should be insulated and protected against
mechanical damage
Correct types of sheathing to suit working conditions
Sufficient socket outlets to minimum the need for trailing
cables
The use of cable drums wherever possible


ELECTRICAL SAFETY IN OFFICE
ENVIRONMENTS
Equipment is of approved standard e.g. British standard
Maintenance of fixed installations
There is a means of isolation
All connections, wiring free from damage
Correct fuses
Plug correctly wired
Avoid overloading of outlets
Switch off appliances when not in use
Maintain good housekeeping around electrical equipment
PAT testing is in date
System not overloaded
Cables correctly routed to avoid hazards
RCDs used
System for reporting defects


PRECAUTIONS FOR LIVE
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
People who are properly trained and competent
Accompanied by another person
Provision of adequate information
Suitable insulated tools
Insulated barriers and screens
Suitable instruments and test probes
Personal protective clothing
Rubber mats
Permit-to-work
Restricted access


THE FIRE TRIANGLE
Fuel, source of ignition, oxygen


SOURCES OF IGNITION
Naked flames
Electricity (overheating/arcing)
Smoking materials
Hot work (welding, burning)
Chemical reactions (giving off heat)
Heating appliances (hot surface)
Friction (inadequate lubrication)
Static electricity
Lighting
Improper storage of flammable materials
Lack of inspection and supervision


WAYS IN WHICH PERSONS CAN BE
HARMED IN FIRES ARE:
Being burnt
Inhaling toxics fumes
Effects of smoke
Depletion of oxygen supply
Collapse of building
Being cursed or suffering some other type of injury in
attempting to escape.


PRINCIPLE CAUSES OF THE
SPREAD OF FIRE:
Conduction: heat travels within a solid material from hotter to
cooler parts
Convection: hot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot
and unburnt gases under ceilings etc. and allows fire to spread
from one room to another.
Direct contract: the flame and a combustible fuel heats up and
eventually ignites.


CUASES OF FIRE
Deliberate reason)
Electrical faults
Misuse of electrical equipment
Smoker’s materials
Smoking in prohibited area
Loss of control over the firing of rubbish
Oil/gas heating equipment and portable heaters
Unsafe storage of materials
Use of flammable liquids or gases in unsuitable areas
Welding/hot work
Mechanical heat (sparks/friction)


MINIMISING THE RISK OF
ELECTRICAL FIRE
Pre-inspection by users
Suitability of equipment for task
Frequent inspection and maintenance by competent persons
Avoid misuse of equipment
Prevent overloading of circuits
Correct design and rating for tasks
Isolate if not in use
Improved means of protection, e.g. RCD
High standards of housekeeping
Staff awareness training


FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT
Identify the hazards: the hazards are the three elements of the fire
training – the fuel, ignition and oxygen sources
Identify who cold be harmed and how: who are the persons at
risk and consider especially vulnerable people such as the disabled
Evaluate the risks and the adequacy of the control measures:
this should consider the prevention, protection and precautions
measures
Record findings and actions
Review: if no longer valid


FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERS IN
FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT
Construction and use of building
Flammable materials
Sources of ignition
Work activities generating heat
Methods of control
Means of fire detection
Means of raising alarms
Means of fighting fire and maintenance of equipment
Evacuation routes/protection of evacuation routes
Numbers of persons specially at risk
Fire prevention training/fire drills


PREVENTION OF FIRE
Eliminate or reduce the storage of flammable materials
Control of ignition sources
Control smoking and smoking materials
Good housekeeping (preventing accumulation of rubbish)
Lubrication of machinery to prevent friction
No overloading of electrical systems
Regular inspection of electrical systems
Ventilation outlets not obstructed
Controlling hot work with permit etc.
Proper storage of flammable liquids
Segregation of incompatible chemicals
Security to prevent arson
Regular inspection and supervision


STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE GASES
AND LIQUIDS
Minimum quantities (50liters maximum in workroom)
Suitable fixed storage tanks
Keep up right in well ventilated storage area
Clear marking of containers
Clearly marked storage area
Spillage controls
Adequate ventilation
Suitable fire fighting equipment
Trained competent staff
Adequate warning signs


SAFE MEANS OF ESCAPE
If necessary 2 routes in opposite directions
Fire resistant walls & ceilings
Adequate size relative to numbers of persons
Within travel distance guidelines
Clearly marked/direction arrows
Emergency lighting
Exit route free from obstructions
Final exit door s opening outwards
Fire/smoke doors on route self closing
Fixed stairs to upper floors
Exit to safe place/assembly point


REGULAR FIRE DRILLS SHOULD BE
UNDERTAKEN TO:
Satisfying a legal requirement, or one specified in a fire
certification.
Checking that the alarm can be heard in all parts of the premises
Testing the effectiveness of the evacuation procedures
Familiarizing

employees

(particularly

those

new

to

the

undertaking, escape routes & assembly points so that, in that, in
the case of a real emergency, they would know the actions to be
taken
Providing an opportunity for fire wardens & others with specific
functions to practice their designated roles

CHEMICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL HEALTH
HAZARDS AND
CONTROL


CONTROL MEASURES FOR
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Cleaning and disinfecting
Water treatment
Vermin control
Containment of the biological agent
Avoidance of sharp implements
Proper disposal of contaminated waste
Immunization
Personal hygiene
PPE


CLASSICFICTION OF HAZARDS
SUBSTANCES
IRRITANT: Non-corrosive substance which may cause skin or
lung inflammation through reputed contact.
Example of irritant substances are – detergent, bleaches, glue
and petrol.
CORROSIVIE: corrosive substances may cause burning of
living tissue on contact.
Examples of corrosive substances are – caustic soda and
ammonia.
HARMFUL: Harmful is a term used to label a substance which if
inhaled, consumed or penetrated the skin may cause limited
risk to health. The risks associated with harmful ubstances can
usually be minimized by following instructions provided on
manufacture’s labels or using personal protective equipment.


CLASSICFICTION OF HAZARDS
SUBSTANCES
TOXIC: A poisonous substance which attacks one or more of
the body organs such as liver, lungs and heart. The effects on
the health can be death, acute or chornic damage. Examples of
poisonous substances are – lead, mercury and pesiticides.
CARCINOGENIC: carcinogenic substance effect the body cells
to become cancerous.
Examples of carcinogenic substances are – asbestos, hard
wood dust, and some mineral oils.
MUTAGENIC: mutagenic substance may cause genetic defects
that can be heritable, from generation.


ROUTES OF ENTRY IN THE BODY
Inhalation
Ingestion
Absorption
Direct entry
Injection


ACUTE EFFECTS:
Adverse health effects resulting from single or short term
exposure which is usually reversible


CHRONIC EFFECTS:
Adverse health term effects resulting from prolonged or
repeated exposure leading to a gradual often irreversible
effects e.g. liver disease caused by alcohol


BODY’S DEFENCES AGAINTS DUST
The air and wetness to the nose
The change of direction of the larynx
Sneezing and coughing
The hair cells in the respiratory tract
Tears and blinking of the eyes


INDICATION OF DUST PROBLEM
Visual signs of dust
Complaints by employees
Monitoring
Health problems
Equipment problems
Blocked filters
Health surveillance


CONTROL MEASURES FOR DUST
Eliminate source e.g. outsourcing
Substation e.g. pellets instead of powers
Change process
Use liquid process as opposed to dry/damping down
Enclosure of the process
Local exhaust ventilation
Vacuuming instead of sweeping
Limiting time of exposure
Limiting numbers exposed
Respiratory protective equipment
Ensuring suitable maintenance


INFORMATION ON MANUFACTURERS
SAFETY DATA SHEETS
Identification of substances/preparation
The manufacturer/supplier
Composition/information on ingredients
Hazards identification on ingredients
Hazards identification
Health effects
First aid measures
Fire fighting measures
Accidental release measures
Handling and storage


INFORMATION ON MANUFACTURERS
SAFETY DATA SHEETS
Exposure controls
Personal protective equipment
Environmental/disposal considerations
Physical and chemical properties
Stability and reactivity
Toxicological information
Ecological information
Disposal consideration
Transport information
Regulatory information


CONTROL OF HEALTH HAZARDS
Eliminate
Reduce by substitution
Isolate
Total enclosure
Segregate
Control
Engineering Control (LEV)
Maintenance of controls
Change the work pattern or method
Hygiene and housekeeping
PPE/discipline


EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
First aid facilities
Relevant safety drills and warning devices
Suitable training for staff
Availability of personal protective equipment
Provision of emergency showers and eye was facilities
Spillage and leakage procedure
Evacuation procedure
Warning to other people


WASTE STORAGE
Storage area of a sufficient size
Storage area suitable located away from drains etc.
Storage area clearly labeled
Individual containers clearly labeled
Different types of waste stored separately
Incompatible waste never stored together
Appropriate containers for type of waste
Storage of wastes kept to a minimum
Protect waste from the elements if necessary
If necessary protect storage area with bunds etc.
Do not dispose of hazards waste in general waste skips
Ensure storage area is secure

PHYSICAL AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL
HAZARDS


NOISE CONTROL
SOURCE
Tighten loose guards and panel
Maintenance with regular lubrication for both oil and grease
Eliminate unnecessary compressed air and steam leaks
Machinery properly adjusted
Use damped or rubber lined containers for catching
components
Switch off plant not in use, especially fans
Use rubber or plastic bushes in linkages, use plasticgears.


PATH
Moving the source away from the noise sensitive area.
Enclosure
Silencers
Absorption
Damping
Use of rubber/cork, spring etc in noise path
Isolation
Sound proof rooms
Lagging
Screens


PRACTICAL MEASURES TO REDUCE
EXPOURE TO EXECSSIVE NOISE
Lubrication and maintenance
Change the process
Reduce energy
Isolation
Silencing
Enclosure
Insulation
Absorption
Damping
PPE
Reduce time of exposure


RADIATION
NON-IONISING
Type

use in industry

Infrared

Heating and brazing

Lasers

Cutting, bar code readers

Microwaves

Food preparation,
transmission

Ultra-violet

Welding

signal


HEALTH EFFECTS
Burns
Reddening of the skin
Cataracts
Arc eye
Temporary sterility's


IONISING RADATION
Type

Use in Industry

Alpha

Smoke detectors

Beta

Thickness testing

Gamma

non-destructing
testing

X-ray

medical

Neutron

by-product nuclear
fission


IONISING RADATION
Acute effects from
high dose

chronic effects

Reddening of the
skin
Radiation sickness,
nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea
Hair loss

cancers
sterility

hereditary defects

Death effects on
unborn children
Death


CONTROL MEASURES
Time
Distance
Shielding


Others
PPE
Environmental and personal monitoring
Correct disposal of radiation materials
Good hygiene practices
Training and supervision


HEALTH EFFECTS OF POOR
LIGHTING
Eye strain/headaches
Poor posture
Tripping over unseen objects
Increased likelihood of human error
Increased time to vacate work area


FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN
ASSESSING ADEQACY OF LIGHTING
The task being undertaken
The size and layout of the work area
The equipment used
Availability of natural light
Shifts times/work patterns
Suitable number of artificial lights
Contrast levels
Glare
Areas in shadow
Need for localized lighting
Maintenance of lighting
Adequate emergency lighting


WORK IN A HOT ENVIRONMENT
Health effects
Skin burns
Cataracts
Dehydration
Heat cramps
Headaches
Fainting
Precautions
Medical pre-selection
Acclimatization
Limit time of exposure
Cold drinks
PPE


WORK IN COLD ENVIRONMENT
Health effects
Hypothermia
Loss of concentration
Shivering
Frost bite
Precautions
Medical pre-selection
Acclimatization
Limit time of exposure
Hot drinks
Insulated clothing


HEALTH EFFECTS OF BEING
SEATED FOR LONG TIME
Vertebral and muscular damage
High blood pressure
Circulation problems


SUITABLE SEAT FOR SEDENTARY
WORKERS
Good lumbar support
Good width and depth
Ability to adjust seat back and height
Stable base
Ability to swivel
Provision of arm rests


WELFARE
Sufficient toilets
Washing facilities
Eating and changing facilities
Clothing storage
Seating
Rest areas
Arrangements for non-smokers


FACTORS CAUSING WORK STRESS
Inadequate lighting
Cramped/dirty working conditions
Untidy working conditions
Poor layout leading to lack of privacy or security
Problems of glare
Extremes of temperature/humidity
Inadequate ventilation/stale air
Noise
Vibration
Inadequate welfare facilities
Inclement weather conditions


STRESS
Physical effects

psychological effects

Headaches

increased anxiety

Dizziness

reduced concentration

Aching neck and shoulders irritability
Skin rashes

sudden mood changes

Prone to infections

inability to cope

Panic attacks

reduced work output

Raised heart rate

increased use of alcohol,
etc
poor sleep patterns

Increased blood pressure
Heart disease
Stomach ulcers


CAUSES OF STRESS
Culture
Demands
Control
Relationship
Change
Role
Individual
Environment


CONTROL MEASURES FOR STRESS
Selecting suitable employees
Training
Clearly defined roles
Clear work objectives
Comfortable working environment
Good lines of communication
Realistic work schedules
Employee involvement
Grievance procedure
Impartial investigation of stress
Management support


DISPLAY SCREENS EQUIPMENT
(DSEs)
Health effects
Upper limb pains and discomfort
Eye and eyesight effects
Epilepsy
Radiation effects on pregnant women
Fatigue and stress


WORKSTATION REQUIREMENTS
Good lighting
Adequate contracts, no glare or distracting reflection
Distraction noise minimize glare
Leg room and clearance to allow postural changes
Window covering if necessary to minimized glare
Suitable software appropriate to the task
Screen: stable image, adjustable, readable and glare free
Keyboard: usable, adjustable, detachable and legible
Work surface: space for flexible arrangement/documents
Chair: stable and adjustable
Footrest user need one
Suitable environment e.g. temperature

CONSTRUCTION
ACTIVITIES HAZARDS
AND CONTROL


LADDERS MAIN HAZARDS IN USE
Overreaching from ladder
Unsecured, unstable ladder
Ladder at wrong angle
Ladder not extended above step off point
Using damaged, worn ladder
Metal ladder in contact with overhead power lines
Vehicle collision with base
Manual handling-carrying and erecting


PRECUATIONS WHEN USING
LADDERS
Ladders rested on firm level base
Use of stabilization devices
Secured ladder by correct angle 75% or 1:4 ratio.
Tied off at top or footed at base on level ground
Extend suitable distance above step off point (1.05meters min)
Top of ladder against a solid surface
Use wooden ladders near overhead cables/erect ‘goal posts’
and signs


PRECUATIONS WHEN USING
LADDERS
Provide equipment to raise materials/tools
Provide holsters to carry tools
Only one person at a time on the ladder
Rungs clear of grease etc.
Barrier off base and display warning signs
Use of ladder by trained users
Assistance when moving/erecting ladder
Inspection and maintenance of ladders/ladder register


CONSTRCTION HEALTH HAZARDS
Noise
Vibration
Dusts
Asbestos
Lead
Silica
Sawdust
Cement
Solvents and cleaners
Biological hazards

Hse principles and practises [compatibility mode]

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