techniques in ultrasoud

1. N U R A I N A B I N T I A B K A D I R
ULTRASOUND AND
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Components
• Appearances of different organs in imaging
• Uses
• Advantages and disadvantages
• Breast ultrasound

3. INTRODUCTION
• Ultrasounds are the sound waves with a frequency of
greater than 20000 cycles per second(20KHz)
• Diagnostic : 2-10 MHz
• Pulse echo principle

4. Ultrasound probe
pulses of high frequency
Transmitted-patient
Echo returning
Processed information
by computer
Visualize on
screen

5. COMPONENTS

6. PIEZO-ELECTRIC EFFECT
• Piezo-electric crystal
• Electric energyultrasonic energytissue(vice versa)
• Common in medical ultrasound: Lead Zirconate
Titanate(PZT)

7. COMMONLY USED TRANSDUCER
FREQUENCY
Low frequency
3-5 MHz
• Adult abdomen scanning
• Renal
• Gall bladder
• Aorta for echocardiography
• Transabdominal gynecologal scanning
High frequency
5,7.5,10 MHz
• Pediatric abdomen
• Vascular
• Scrotal scanning
• Transvaginal scans

8. APPEARANCE OF DIFFERENT ORGANS
ON ULTRASOUND IMAGING
• Organ reflects the ultrasound beam completely bright
with posterior acoustic shadowing eg: renal calculus

9. APPEARANCE OF DIFFERENT ORGANS
ON ULTRASOUND IMAGING
• Structure transmits the sound waves fully
anechoic(black) on ultrasound imaging with posterior
acoustic enhancement
• eg: simple cyst of kidney

10. APPEARANCE OF DIFFERENT ORGANS
ON ULTRASOUND IMAGING
• Structure transmits and reflects ultrasound waves
partiallygrey on ultrasound imaging
• Eg: tumour

11. USES
• Non invasive and safe mode of antenatal assessment of the
fetus
• Non invasive screening modality for diagnosing abdominal
pathologies like liver, spleen, gallbladder, biliary tree, mesentry,
omentum and peritoneum
• Assess renal and retro-peitoneal compartments
• Evaluate soft tissues, bones and joints
• Doppler evaluation of blood vessels
• Infants with open fontanellae intracranial pathologies
• Breast,thyroid

12. ADVANTAGES
• Noninvasive (no needles or injections) painless.
• Widely available
• Less expensive
• Does not use any ionizing radiation.
• Gives a clear picture of soft tissues that do not show up
well on x-ray images.
• Preferred imaging modality for the diagnosis and
monitoring of pregnant women and their unborn babies.
• Real-time imaging, making it a good tool for guiding
minimally invasive procedures such as needle biopsies
and needle aspiration.

13. DRAWBACK OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY
• Ultrasound beam is not very useful for the evaluation of
the:
• Small and large bowel
• Bone and marrow pathologies
• Bowel gas may obscure the window for kidney,
retroperitoneum, aorta and para aortic areas.

14. BREAST ULTRASOUND

15. INTRODUCTION
• To evaluate breast abnormalities found in:
• Screening or diagnostic mammography
• During a physician performed clinical breast examination
• Ultrasound guided breast biopsy

16. • Benefits
• Noninvasive
• Less expensive
• Extremely safe
• Gives a clear picture of
soft tissues
• Real-time imaging
(biopsies/aspiration)
• Detect lesions in dense
breasts
• Limitations
• Many calcifications
cannot be seen on
ultrasound but seen on
mammography

17. ULTRASOUND GUIDED BREAST BIOPSY
• Breast biopsies are usually done on an outpatient basis.
• A local anesthetic will be injected into the breast to numb
it.
• Pressing the transducer to the breast, the sonographer
or radiologist will locate the lesion.

18. REFERENCES
• Concise radiology for Undergraduates,Bhushan
N.Lakhar,page 1-3
• http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=breastbius
• http://www.imaginis.com/ultrasound/ultrasound-imaging-
of-the-breasts-2