3. INTRODUCTION
• A brick is rectangular in shape and of size that can be
conveniently handled with one hand.
• Brick bonds are an essential part of wall structure.
• “Brick” is a standard sized weight bearing building unit.
• Several bricks are laid together in stacks.
• Mortar paste is placed on top of each to form a firm bond.
• They are laid to form the structure.
• There are different ways in which bricks are termed as Bonds.
4. BRICK
• The artificial material of construction in the form of clay
bricks of uniform size of shape are known as Bricks.
• A brick is rectangular in shape and of size that can be
conveniently handled with one hand.
• Size of Brick-
(i) Traditional Brick = 23 x 11.4 x 7.6 cm
(ii) Modular Brick = 19 x 9 x 9 cm or 19 X 9 x 4 cm
• An indent called FROG 1-2cm deep is provided.
• Size of frog = 10 x 4 x 1-2 cm
• Density of Brick = 2.5 - 2.8 g/cm³
• Weight of brick = 3-3.5kg
• Modulus of elasticity = 5-30 N/mm²
5. Ingredients of Good Brick Earth
Ingredient Percentage (%) Property
Silica (Sand) 50-60 • Function- to retain its shape, impart durability
• Prevents brick shrinkage, cracking & warping
• Excess- Makes bricks brittle & useless
Alumina (Clay) 20-30 • Function- Absorbs water & imparts plasticity to clay so that
it can properly molded.
• Excess- shrink, crack & warp during drying & burning.
Lime 10 • Function- Reduce the shrinkage on drying
• In carbonated form, lime lowers the fusion point.
• Binding particles together
• It allows sand to fuse or to melt during burning.
• Excess- cause to brick melt and loose its shape.
Magnesia < 1
< 20
• Function- decrease shrinkage, gives yellow tint to brick.
• Excess- Decay of brick.
Ferric Oxide < 7 • Function- Impart color, it helps to fuse the lime & sand
during burning.
• Bind particles to give hardness & strength.
• Excess- Bricks becomes dark blue.
Alkalis < 10 -
Carbon dioxide
Sulphur trioxide
Water
Very small
percentage
-
6. What is Brick Masonry
BRICK- It is a building unit, which is in the form of rectangular
block.
• Length of Brick = 2 x Breadth of Brick but height can be
different.
MASONRY- Construction of building unit bonded together
with mortar.
BRICK MASONRY- The art of laying bricks in mortar in a
proper systematic manner gives homogenous mass which can
withstand forces without disintegration, called Brick Masonry.
7. BRICK MASONRY
Brick masonry is made of brick units, bonded together
with mortar. Two essential components of brick masonry
are therefore.
• Bricks
• Mortar
Mortar acts as a cementing material and unites the
individual bricks units together to act as a homogenous
mass. Following types of mortar may be used in brick
masonry.
• Cement Mortar
• Lime Mortar
• Lime-Surkhi Mortar
• Mud Mortar
• Lime-Cement Mortar
8. ADVANTAGES OF BRICK MASONRY
• Brick masonry cheaper than
compared to stone masonry.
• Bricks are of uniform size.
• Bricks are very workable.
• Brick blocks do not need any
dressing.
• Bricks are very light in weight.
• No complicated lifting devices are
necessary in Brick work.
• There is no problem to its availability.
• They do not require transportation
from long distances.
• Brick work can be done by the less
skilled labours also.
• Bonding strength is very good and
brick work is more durable.
10. MANUFACTURING OF BRICKS
• Raw materials like fly ash, lime sand and gypsum or fly ash,
cement & sand are manually fed into a pan mixer where
water is added in the required proportion for intimate mixing.
• Raw Material = 60-80% fly ash + 20-25% sand + 8-10% cement
OR 60-80% of fly ash + 10-20% lime + 10% gypsum + 10%
sand, depending upon the quality of raw materials.
• After mixing, the mixture is shifted to the hydraulic/
mechanical presses. The bricks are carried on wooden pellets
to the open area where they are dried and water cured for 21
days. The bricks are tested and sorted before dispatch.
11. TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY
Brick Masonry
Brick Work in Mud Brick Work in Cement
12. BRICK WORK IN MUD
• The mud is used to fill up the joints.
• Thickness of the mortar joint is 12mm.
• Cheapest
• Maximum height of wall is 4m.
13. BRICK WORK IN CEMENT
First Class
• Cement of lime mortar is used.
• The surface and edges of the bricks are
sharp.
• The thickness of mortar joints does not
exceed 10mm.
Second Class
• Ground moulded bricks are used.
• Bricks are rough and shape is slightly
irregular.
• The thickness of mortar joint in 12 mm.
Third Class
• Bricks are not hard, rough surface with
distorted shape.
• Used for temporary structures.
• Used in places where rainfall is not heavy.
14. MASONRY JOINTS
• Weathered Joint- Mortar joint has
sloped (downwards) edge.
• Concave Joint- joint concave inwards.
• Vee Joint- Mortar joint is the form of V.
• Flush Joint- Mortar joint is flush with the
brick surface.
• Raked Joint- A large portion of the
mortar joint is raked out not a safe,
impermeable joint.
• Stripped Joint- A medium large portion
of the mortar joint is a safe permeable
joint.
• Struck Joint- Mortar joint has aslope
(upwards) edge.
15. TOOL USED IN BRICK MASONRY
• Trowel
• Plumb bob
• Hammer
• Spirit level
• Mason square
• Steel tape
16.
17. TECHNICAL TERMS
• Stretcher Course- A course of brick work showing only
stretchers on the exposed face of the wall.
• Bond- The method of arranging bricks so that the individual
units are tied together.
• Quoins- The stones used for the corners of walls of structure.
• Bat- It is a portion of a brick cut across the width.
• Closer- It is the portion of a brick cut in such a manner that its
one long face remains uncut.
18.
19. ORIENTATION OF BRICK
• STRETCHER- A brick laid with its long narrow side exposed.
• HEADER- A brick laid flat with its width at the face of the wall.
• SOLDIER- A brick laid vertically with the long narrow side of
the brick exposed.
• SAILOR- A brick laid vertically with the broad face of the brick
exposed.
• SHINER- A brick laid on the long narrow side with the broad
face of the brick exposed.
• ROWLOCK- A brick laid on the long narrow side with the short
end (header) of the brick exposed.
• FROG- It is an indentation or depression on the top face of a
brick made with the object of forming a key for the mortar.
20. Technical Terms
• QUEEN CLOSURE- A brick cut
in half down its length.
• KING CLOSURE- A brick cut a
corner & joining middle points
of width & length of the brick.
• HALF BAT- A brick cut in half
across its width and laid in the
wall structure.
QUEEN CLOSURE
KING CLOSURE
HALF BAT
21. TECHNICAL TERMS
• THREE QUARTER BAT- A brick cut to
three-quarters of its length and laid
with its long, narrow side exposed.
• QUARTER BAT- A brick cut to a
quarter of its lengths.
• QUEEN CLOSER (QUARTER)- When
the queen closer or half queen
closer is further divided into two
equal parts along its wide is called
Quarter Closers.
THREE QUARTER BAT
QUARTER BAT
QUEEN CLOSER
(QUARTER)
24. RULES FOR GOOD BRICK BONDING
• Uniform in size.
• Bricks arranged uniformly throughout the wall.
• Bats are used as little as possible.
• The bricks in the interiors of wall laid as headers, that is across
the wall.
• The lap not more than 2 and one-fourth(1/4th ) inches.
• The vertical joints in every other course should be vertically
over one another.
25. BONDS IN BRICK WORK
• English bond
• Flemish bond
• Header bond
• Stretcher bond
• Facing bond
• English cross bond
• Brick on edge bond
• Dutch bond
• Raking bond
• Garden wall bond
• Zig Zag bond
• Rat Trap bond
26. HEADER BOND
• Heading or Header bond is
laid on headers.
• Used for round quicks
sweeps.
• Should never be used in
straight work as it is very
weak.
• This bond is used for facing
of curved surface and
footings in foundations.
27. STRETCHER BOND
• Bricks are laid in stretchers.
• Used in walls of half brick in
thickness.
• Due to its constant
occurrence in the last
position it is also called as
Chimney Bond, Running
Bond.
• This bond does not develop
proper internal bond.
28. ENGLISH BOND
• Bricks are laid in alternate
courses of headers and
stretchers.
• There is a chance of
penetration of damp
through transverse joints.
• Queen closures are
inserted next to headers to
produce overlap.
• English bonds are the
strongest but it is to be
noted that the continuous
vertical joint are to
avoided.
• Appearance is not as good
as Flemish bond.
29. FLEMISH BOND
• The bond has one stretcher
between headers, with the
headers centered over the
stretchers in course below.
• When a course begins with
a stretcher, the course will
ordinarily terminate with a
stretcher at the other end.
• Brickwork that appears as
Flemish bond from both
the front and rear is
Double Flemish Bond.
30. SUSSEX BOND
• This bond has three
stretcher between
every header.
• The headers are
centered above the
midpoint of three
stretchers in the course
below.
• Generally used as
garden walls and are
relatively cheaper than
the other bonds.
31.
32. GARDEN WALL BOND
• Used for 9 inch wall.
• Used when a fair face is
required on both sides.
• Wall is composed of three
or four courses of
stretchers alternating with
one of headers.
• It is mostly used in
construction of garden
wall.
33.
34. ZIG ZAG BOND
• In this bond bricks
are laid in zig zag
fashion.
• This type of bond is
commonly used for
making ornamental
panels in the brick
flooring.
36. DUTCH BOND
This is modified form of
English bond.
The corners of the wall
are strengthened
• Alternate headers and
stretchers are provided as
in English bond.
• Every stretcher course
starts at the quoin with a
three quarter bat
• In every alternate course,
a header is placed next to
the three quarter brick bat
provided at the quoin.
37. RAKING BOND
• This bond is used in thick
walls.
• The bonding bricks are
kept at an inclination to
the direction of the wall.
• Due to this, longitudinal
stability of thick wall
English bond is very much
increased.
• This bond is introduced
certain intervals along the
height of the wall.
39. DEFECTS IN BRICK MASONRY
Sulphate Attack- Sulphate salts are present in bricks
work react with alumina content of cement. It occur in
boundary walls.
Crystallization of salts from bricks- occur in masonry
made out of brick which contain excessive soluble salts.
This phenomenon is also known as efflorescence.
Corrosion of embedded iron or steel- Iron or steel
embedded in brick work gets corroded in the presence of
dampness. On corrosion the metal expands in volume
and tends to crack the brick work.
