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Perfect<br />Modals<br />could have...<br />may have...<br />might have...<br />must have...<br />CREATED BY : AJIT SINGHENGLISH TRAINER<br />

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Part 1<br />May have . . .<br />Might have . . .<br />Could have . . . <br />*used to give possible explanations for past events<br />examples:<br />

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Why didn’t John come out to lunch with us yesterday?<br />I’m not sure.<br />He might have had too much work to do.<br />He may have been busy at work.<br />He could have gone to a meeting.<br />

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Why was Tomas late to class on Monday?<br />I’m not sure.<br />He might have woken up late.<br />He may have missed the bus.<br />He could have forgotten to set his alarm clock.<br />

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What do you think your husband got you for your anniversary?<br />I don’t know.<br />He might have gotten me some jewelry.<br />He may have bought me a new kitchen appliance.<br />He could have picked out some perfume for me. <br />

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I wonder why Susan seemed so sad yesterday.<br />I’m not sure.<br />She might have received some bad news. <br />She might have felt sick.<br />She may have broken up with her boyfriend.<br />

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I wonder why the teacher wasn’t in class on Friday.<br /><ul><li>He may have been sick.

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He might have gone rock climbing.

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He might have decided to take a relaxing day off.</li></ul>these are all possible explanations<br />

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Part 2<br />Must have . . . <br />*stronger than<br />-may have<br />-might have<br />-could have<br />examples:<br />

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Meaning / Use:<br />Must have = similar to the use of may/might/could have…<br />Must have shows more certainty than may/might/could have…<br />Use must have + past participle to show a strong probability<br />

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Comparison:may/might/could have… versusmust have…<br />John wasn’t in class today. I wonder why . . .<br />He could have been sick. <br />OR<br />He may not have felt well.<br />He must have been sick.<br />OR<br />He must not have felt well.<br />*here, we are more certain!<br />

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Jan looks really tired today. It’s strange to see her this way because she is usually very energetic.<br />She must not have gotten very much sleep last night.<br />*this is what we think PROBABLY happened<br />

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Did you see how well Sam played during the soccer game? I was really surprised that he scored 4 goals because he usually doesn’t play that well.<br />He must have practiced a lot before the game.<br />OR<br />He must have been practicing a lot recently.<br />(progressive form)<br />

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Structure:How to make this grammar<br />May<br />Might<br />Could<br />Must<br />past<br />participle<br />HAVE<br />+<br />+<br />HAS<br />

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For the NEGATIVE:<br />May<br />Might<br />Could<br />Must<br />past<br />participle<br />NOT HAVE<br />+<br />+<br />

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Negative Examples:<br />Richard’s wife bought a new table 2 weeks ago, but Richard still hasn’t assembled it.<br />I wonder why?<br />He must NOT have understood the instructions.<br />

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Pronunciation Tips:<br />When you hear native speakers use this grammar, it often sounds like they are saying:<br />“might-uv” or “might-a”<br />“may-uv” or “may-a”<br />“could-uv” or “could-a”<br />“must-uv” or “must-a”<br />

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She might have left already. <br />They could have misunderstood the instructions. <br />Susan might have quit her job.<br />She must have gone home early today.<br />Cynthia might have tried to call me when I out walking my dog. <br />

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Now it’s YOUR turn!<br />What do you think? What are some possible reasons why these things happened? Write them on a piece of paper and show your writing to your teacher.<br />

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I wonder why Janet didn’t come to school today?<br />I wonder why Lisa and her husband decided to move to Temecula.<br />3. I wonder what my mother got me for my birthday.<br />