The document provides an overview of microwave and satellite technologies. Some key points: - Microwaves were originally used for long-haul telecommunications but have been displaced by fiber optics except in some cases. - Microwave signals can experience impairments like equipment failures, fading, and absorption from the atmosphere. - Satellite communications involve earth stations transmitting to satellites (uplink) and satellites transmitting back to earth stations (downlink). Satellites can be in low earth orbit, medium earth orbit, or geostationary orbit.

1. Fundamentals of Microwave & Satellite Technologies Presented By Engr. Abdul Khaleque

13. LOS & FZC-cont’d Fresnel Zone D 1 D 2 72.2 D 1 X D 2 F x D secret formula

14. Microwave Fading Normal Signal Reflective Path Caused by multi-path reflections and heavy rains

22. Waveguides Waveguides are hollow channels of low-loss material used to direct the signal from the RF unit to the antenna.

26. Space Diversity Normal Signal Faded Signal Transmitter Receiver

28. Frequency Diversity Receiver Active XTMR Frequency #1 Protect XTMR Frequency #2 RCVR Frequency #1 RCVR Frequency #2 Transmitter

30. Hot Standby* Receiver System XTMR Primary #1 System XTMR Standby #2 failure switch Active RCVR #1 Standby RCVR #2 Transmitter *Hot standby is designed for equipment failure only

31. PRI Receiver Transmitter Connect to PRI interface & PSTN Connect to PRI interface & PSTN To PSTN To PSTN System Transmission Facilities System Receiver Facilities

32. Availability Formula Percent Availability equals: 1 – (outage hours / 8760 hours per year) Private microwaves have 99.99% availability

34. Microwave Radio Applications

39. Satellite Communications

49. Frequency Bands Available for Satellite Communications

51. Satellite Footprint

52. Satellite Network Configurations

61. FAMA-TDMA Uplink

62. FAMA-TDMA Downlink