The document discusses computers, their definition, characteristics, limitations, and generations. It defines a computer as an electronic device that can accept data as input, process it according to programmed instructions, produce output, and store information. Computers have advantages over humans like speed, accuracy, memory, reliability and versatility. However, they also have limitations as they cannot think, decide, express ideas or implement policies like humans. The document then covers the five generations of computers, describing the technologies used and advantages and disadvantages of each.

1. PRESENTED BY
A.SUHASINI
GUEST FACULTY IN COMPUTER
APPLICATIONS
SKR&SKR GCW(A),KADAPA.

2.  COMPUTER DEFINITION
 CHARACTERISTICS AND LIMITATIONS OF
COMPUTER
 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER S

3.  Student can know how to use computers in our daily
life
 Student can able to know difference b/w man and
computer
 To acquire knowledge on different generations of
computer

4.  Attempts by humans to develop a tool to manipulate data go
back as far as 2600 BC when the Chinese came up with the
ABACUS.
 The slide rule was invented in 1621 and remained widely used
until the emergence of electronic calculators in the 1970s.
 Both these examples of early devices were mechanical and on a
human scale.
 In 1830 the English mathematician CHARLES BABBAGE
conceived an analytical engine, which could be programmed
with punched cards to carry out calculations.
.

5.  It was different from its predecessors because it was
able to make decisions based on its own
computations, such as sequential control, branching
and looping. Almost all computers in use today follow
this basic idea laid out by Babbage, which is why he is
often referred to as 'THE FATHER OF
COMPUTERS.‘
 The analytical engine was so complex that Babbage
was never able to build a working model of his
design.
 It was finally built more than 100 years later by the
London Science Museum

6. A computer is an electronic device,
operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory
that can accept data (input), process the
data according to specified rules,
produce information (output), and store
the information for future use .
INPUT ->PROCESS-
>OUTPUT
DEFINATION OF COMPUTER

7.  A computer system is better than human beings in
a way that it possesses the following capabilities:
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8. Speed:
 Speed is the amount of time taken by the computer in
accomplishing a task of an operation. The time taken by a
computer to perform a particular task is far less than that
taken by than a human being.
Accuracy:
 Accuracy refers to the degree of correctness and exactness of
operations performed by a computer.
Memory:
A computer has a built-in memory, where it can store instant
data immediately

9. Reliability:
 Computer systems are non-respondent to human
factors like fatigue, tiredness or boredom. Therefore,
they are more likely to work repeatedly and efficiently..
Versatility:
 Computers are capable of performing all levels of
tasks- simple or complex. Therefore, they can be used
in any area-science, technology, business, finance,
accounts, communications and so on.
Storage:
 It refers to the capacity of a computer to store data and
programs.

10. Diligence
Unlike a human, the computer doesn’t get tired or lacks
its concentration. Due to this characteristic, it
overpowers human being in most of the regular tasks
Consistency
The computer is so consistent that it can perform
trillions of processes without errors for several hours.
it provides consistent results for the same set of data,
that is, if it is given the same set of data multiple times,
it will give the same result each time.

11. .
Remembrance Power:
The computer has the power to store any data or
information for as long as we like. Data can also be
recalled easily if needed. It is our choice to decide how
much data we want to store on the computer and when
to recall or erase these data.
Automation:
Computers can also be used to automate routine tasks
with the help of a task scheduler such as launching a
specific application or software, sending an email,
scanning for viruses.

12. Although a computer is far better in performance than a
human being, it fails in certain ways as follows:
(i) CO Computers can’t Think:
Co Computers cannot think and they can’t do any
job unless they are first programmed with specific instructions
for same. They work as per stored instructions. Algorithms are
designed by humans to make a computer perform a special
task. This is also called artificial intelligence.
(ii) Computers can’t Decide:
Computers are incapable of decision making as they do
not possess the essential elements necessary to take a decision
i.e. knowledge, information, wisdom, intelligence and the
ability to judge.
Limitations of a Computer System:

13. (iii) Computers can’t Express their Ideas:
In any type of research ideas plays a vital role. In
this context, computers can’t express their ideas.
(iv) Computers can’t Implement:
Though computers are helpful in storage of data
and can contain the contents of encyclopedias even, but
only humans can decide and implement the policies.

14. Generations of Computers
Generations of computers are mainly divided according to the
development of computer technology. Each generation defines
the major technological developments on which
computersystems were/are based

16. Advantages of the First Generation Computer
The following are the main advantages of first-
generation computers:
• Vacuum tubes were used in first-generation
computers, and the generation helped introduce
computer devices.
• Due to the use of machine languages, computers
of this generation were faster as earlydevelopment.
• Computers were able to perform calculations in
milliseconds.

17. Disadvantages of the First Generation
Computers
The following are the main disadvantages of first-
generation computers:
• First-generation computers were very large and could
also cover an entire room.
• Computers of this generation generated too much heat
and required a large cooling system.
• Storage capacity in computers was very low in this
generation.

19. Advantages of the Second Generation
Computers
The following are the main advantages of the second
generation computers:
• The transistor helped to make the second
generation computer slightly smaller than the
firstgeneration computer.
• Due to magnetic core technology, computers of this
generation could store instructions inmemory.
• Computers became faster, reliable, and were able to
perform calculations in microseconds.

20. Disadvantages of the Second Generation
Computers
The following are the main disadvantages of the
second generation computers:
• A cooling system was still needed in the second
generation.
• Second-generation computers required
maintenance at regular intervals.
• The cost of the computer was still high; however,
less than the first generation computer.

23. Advantages of the Third Generation Computers
The following are the main advantages of the third
generation computers:
• Third-generation computers were smaller than previous-
generation computers, making second-generation computers
portable and available for commercial use at relatively low
prices.
• Computers were fast, reliable, and could perform
calculations in nanoseconds. They also hadmore storage
availability.
• Computers in the third generation produced less heat and
became more energy efficient thanthe previous generation.

24. Disadvantages of the Third Generation
Computers
The following are the main disadvantages of the third
generation computers:
• Third-generation computers also required a cooling
system.
• Production and maintenance of integrated circuits were
difficult at that time.
• The price of third-generation computers was still high
for personal needs.

27. Advantages of the Fourth Generation
Computers
The following are the main advantages of the fourth
generation computers:
• Due to the compact size, the computer became widely
available for commercial and personaluse. It also led to the
revolutionary use of personal computers (PCs).
• Fourth-generation computers were faster, smaller,
reliable, more energy-efficient than theirpredecessors.
Also, fourth-generation computers had more storage
availability.
• The amount of heat in fourth-generation computers was
greatly reduced. The heat producedwas almost negligible
and hence the air conditioner system was no longer
needed.

28. Disadvantages of the Fourth Generation
Computers
The following are the main disadvantages of the fourth
generation computers:
• The construction of VLSI circuits, and microprocessors, was
complex and required highly sophisticated technology and
advanced technical skills.
• A cooling fan was included in computers instead of an air
conditioning system. These cooling fans made noises with
intense use of computers.
• Fourth-generation computers still used integrated circuits
and therefore high technical skills were required to construct
and assemble these ICs.

31. Advantages of the Fifth Generation Computers
The following are the main advantages of fifth-generation
computers:
• Fifth-generation computers are available in different
sizes and they can now fit on the palm as well.
• Computers have become so fast that they can handle
multitasking easily..
• With the use of AI in the fifth generation, computers
have become so smart that they canunderstand human
language and recognize pictures of individuals and things.
However, all thesedata are input on the computer or they
do so with the help of the internet. They do not have
theability to think as human beings.

32. Disadvantages of the Fifth Generation
Computers
The following are the main disadvantages of the fifth
generation computers:
• With advanced features and accuracy, computers have
also replaced humans in various fields, increasing
unemployment.
• Due to the widespread use of computers in the fifth
generation, the amount of wastage of computers and
their parts is increasing significantly. It negatively
affects the environment.
• Computers have also become a threat to personal use
and businesses as there are various types of cybercrimes
that can cause damage to personal details as well as
financial losses.

33. What is a Computer?
What are the characteristics and
limitations of
computers?
 Write about Generations of
Computers.