3. Two Categories of Roadway Pavements
Rigid Pavement.
Flexible Pavement.
Rigid Pavement Typical Applications
High volume traffic lanes.
Freeway to freeway connections.
Exit ramps with heavy traffic.
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4. Rigid Pavement
Rigid pavements are those posses note worthy flexural strength. The stresses are
not transferred from grain to the lower layers as in case of flexible pavement
layers. The rigid pavements are made of Portland cement concrete-either plain,
reinforced or prestressed concrete. The plain cement concrete slabs are expected
to take up to about 40 kg/cm2 flexural stress. The rigid pavement has the slab
action and is capable of transmitting the wheel load stresses through a wide area
below .
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5. Flexible pavement
Flexible pavements are those, which on the whole have low flexural
strength and are rather flexible in their structural action under the
loads.
The flexible pavement layers reflect the deformation of the lower
layers on to the surface of the layer.
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6. A typical Flexible pavement consists
of four components
1). Surface course
2). Base course
3). Sub base course
4). Soil sub grade
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7. Functions of pavement component
Soil sub-grade:- the soil subgrade is a layer of natural soil prepared to
receive the layers of pavement materials placed over it
Sub-base and base course:- these layers are made by bound or
unbound aggregate. some times in sub base course a layer of stabilized soil or
selected granular soil is also used.
Wearing course:- the purpose of wearing course is to give a smooth riding
surface that is dense. it resists pressure exerted by tyres and takes up wear and
tear due to traffic. Wearing course also offers a water tight layer against the
surface water infiltration.
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9. DESIGN FACTOR
The various factors to be considers for the design
pavements:
Design wheel load
Sub-grade soil
Climatic factors
Pavement component materials
Environmental factor.
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10. CROSS SECTIONAL ELEMENTS
LANE WIDTH
WIDTH OF SHOULDER
SIDE SLOPES
REDUCTION OF CROSS SECTION
CAMBER
ROAD LAND WIDTH
WIDTH OF MEDIAN AND EDGE STRIP
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GEOMETRIC DESIGN
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11. DESIGN OF PAVEMENT
Soil and Material properties:-
From the soil and material investigations, the CBR values are found to be more than
10%. From the quarry and borrow area investigations, the good quality material
required for the construction is available in abundance.
Traffic surveys:
An accurate estimate of the traffic that is likely to use the project road is very
important as it forms the basic input in planning, design, operation and financing.
Hence, detailed traffic surveys were carried out to assess the present day traffic and
its characteristics.
Design Traffic:-
Traffic for the estimation of the Msa was extracted from the Traffic Report. Present
and estimated traffic for future along the project.
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12. 12
IRC: 37-2001
Flexible pavement design has been carried out using the IRC: 37-2001
and AASHTO design methods. IRC: 37-2001, a modification to IRC: 37-
1984 has been revised to incorporate the mechanistic design
approach.
The scope of pavement design
in this project can be divided into the following sections
Design of Flexible Pavement for Service roads
Design of Flexible Pavement for the Main carriageway design.
Design period:-
A 20-year design period (2015 - 2035) is assumed for the design of
flexible pavement.
Sub-grade strength:-
The new pavement will be constructed on a sub
grade with minimum soaked CBR of 10
13. Advantages of Flexible Pavement
Adjusts to limited differential settlement
Easily repaired
Additional thickness added any time
Non-skid properties do not deteriorate
Quieter and smoother
Tolerates a greater range of temperatures
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14. Disadvantages of Flexible Pavement
Loses some flexibility and cohesion with time
Needs resurfacing sooner than PC concrete
Not normally chosen where water is expected
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17. ROAD CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY
EARTHWORK EXCAVATION
This item of work deals with earthworks in excavation in all types of
soils is it for stacking of suitable soils or disposal of unsuitable soils
inclusive of necessary lead for transporting materials as per the terms
in contract documents.
EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION
This item of work deals with construction of road embankment with
approved materials as per the terms of contract agreement.
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18. EQUIPMENT/MACHINERY
Motor Grader :1 No. as a minimum
Tippers :10 -20 No. as a minimum
Water Sprinkler :1 No. as a minimum
Vibratory Roller :80 to 100KN 1 No. as a
minimum
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19. SUBGRADE CONSTRUCTION
The material used in subgrade shall generally be soil, moorum, gravel, a mixture of
these or any other approved material. In respect of quality of material, such
material shall be ensured to be free of logs, stumps, roots, rubbish for any
ingredients likely deteriorate or affect the stability of the subgrade. The material
resulting from the roadway excavation if found suitable will also be used. Material
which is having CBR value mentioned in technical specification shall be used in
subgrade.
Procedure:
The toe line and centre line are marked and pegs will be driven.
The material shall be dumped in site at respective location.
The material shall be spread in layers of uniform thickness not exceeding 200 mm
compacted thicknesses over the entire width of the subgrade by mechanical
means and will be graded with grader to the required camber.
Moisture content of the material shall be checked and extra required will be
added.
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21. WET MIX MACADAM CONSTRUCTION
Preparation of Mix:
The individual materials gradation shall be checked combined, proportions shall be
fixed and combined gradation confirming to table 400-11 shall be arrived.
Material shall be fed to the mixing plant bins provided for individual sizes of
aggregates to meet the required gradation.
While adding water, loss due to evaporation shall be taken in account.
Water in the wet mix shall not vary from the optimum by more than in the limits of +l/-
2 of OMC
Preparation of Base:
The sub base shall be checked for proper lines and levels. It shall be made free from dust. Before the
laying starts it should be made slightly wet and shall be given one plain pass. The lateral confinement
for wet mix shall be provided by placing material before laying WMM in the adjoining shoulder portion.
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22. Laying of Wet Mix Macadam:
The wet mix shall be transported from the mixing plant to the site with trippers. The mix
shall be laid with paver finisher. The paver shall have suitable loading hoppers and
distribution mechanism. The mix shall be laid manually in places where the paver
movement is not possible. High or low spots shall be rectified as per MoRTH clause
No406.6. The material shall be uniform and shall be free of pockets of fine material. The
compaction of wet mix shall be done as per clause 406.3.5. The rolling shall be done with
80-100KN vibratory roller. The rolling pattern shall be established in the trial stretch. Care
shall be given at every stage so that there will not be any segregation.
Equipment/Machinery:
WMM Plant : 1 No.
Grader : 1 No. as a minimum.
Tippers : 10 - 20 No. as a minimum
Roller (Vibratory) : 80 to 100KN.
Paver Finisher : 1 No.
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23. DENSE BITUMINOUS MACADAM
CONSTRUCTION
Procedure:
Mix Design:
The mix design shall be carried out according to MS-2 of Asphalt Institute.
Preparation and Transportation of Mix:
The individual bins of hot mix plant shall be calibrated for the particular size of material.
Material shall be fed to the mixing plant bins provided for individual sizes of aggregates to
meet the required gradation. The temperature of binder at the time of mixing shall be in
the range of 150'C-165'C and the aggregate in the range 150'C to 170'C .The difference
between and the aggregate temperature shall not exceed 14'C any time. The mix shall be
transported to the site with trippers properly covered with tarpaulins
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24. Preparation of Base:
The sub base shall be checked for proper lines and levels. The surface shall be swept free
from dust with air compressor. The tack coat shall be done if the WMM surface was
primed and left for quite some time.
Laying of Dense Bituminous Macadam:
The mix shall be laid with paver finisher. The paver shall have suitable loading hoppers
and distribution mechanism. The paver shall have electronic sensor paver and string wire
shall be run on steel pegs driven on both sides at 10m interval in straight portions and
5m interval in curved portions. The mix shall be laid manually in places where the paver
movement is not possible. The finished layer shall be checked for compaction. The
compaction shall be checked by taking cores for every 250sq.m area and the degree of
compaction shall not be less than 98% of lab Marshall Density or as specified by
technical specification.
Equipment/Machinery:
Hot Mix Plant (Batch Mix Type)
Paver Finisher ( Hydraulic)
Steel pegs
Mechanical broomer/Air Compressor
Wheel borrow
Edge cutter 24
25. BITUMINOUS CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
Procedure:
Mix Design:
The mix design shall be carried out according to MS-2 of Asphalt Institute.
Preparation and Transportation of Mix:
The individual bins of hot mix plant shall be calibrated for the particular size of material.
Material shall be fed to the mixing plant bins provided for individual sizes of aggregates to
meet the required gradation. The temperature of binder at the time of mixing shall be in
the range of 150'C-165'C and the aggregate in the range 150'C to 170'C .
Preparation of Base:
The base shall be checked for proper lines and levels. The surface shall be swept free from
dust with air compressor. The tack coat shall be done if the DBM surface was old for quite
some time.
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26. Laying of Bituminous Concrete:
The mix shall be laid with paver finisher. The paver shall have suitable loading hoppers and
distribution mechanism. The paver shall be electronic sensor paver and string wire shall be
run on steel pegs driven on both sides at 10m interval in straight portions and 5m interval in
curved portions. The mix shall be laid manually in places where the paver movement is not
possible.The compaction of BC shall be done as per clause 501.6 and 501.7. The rolling shall
be done with 80-100KN smooth wheeled tandem roller, 12-15 tones pneumatic tyred
roller.
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32. Quality Management
The Globalization and developing Technology in the Construction Industry is
leading to High competition in the Current market. The best response to a
competitive challenge in the Construction Industry is to become more
competitive. The best means of achieving this is by improving the product quality
and meeting the project schedule through a well designed Quality Management
system. The Quality Management system shall focus on providing improved
control on processes and practices, thus enhancing customer satisfaction through
its effective implementation.
Quality Policy
Quality System
Quality Strategy
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33. CONCLUSION
Design of flexible pavement as per IRC-37and quality control methods for
construction of fully access control express highway as ORR –package
(@km 72 to 83)
As per the Design of the pavement the thickness of each layers are
observed as follows:
As per the Design of the pavement the thickness of each layers are
observed as follows:
Sub Grade: 500mm.
GSB: 200mm.
WMM: 250mm.
DBM: 130mm.
BC: 50mm.
For the above design the material properties of the aggregate and
bitumen tests conducted as per the IS code and are within the allowable
limits.
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