Keynote presentation by Olaf Zawacki-Richter, University of Oldenburg, Germany, Center for Lifelong Learning, Faculty of Educational and Social Sciences for the DEHub/ODLAA Education 2011 to 2021- Global challenges and perspectives of blended and distance learning the (14 to 18 February 2011).

1. The Geography of Distance Education Research - Bibliographic Characteristics of a Journal Network DEHub/ODLAA 2011 Summit Sydney, Australia 16 February 2011 Olaf Zawacki-Richter University of Oldenburg, Germany Center forLifelong LearningFacultyof Educational andSocialSciences

3. Part II: Scientific networkof DE journals

4. Part III: Validatedstructureofdistanceeducationresearchareas

5. Part IV: Review ofresearchbetween 2000 and 2008

6. Conclusionsandimplications(Zawacki-Richter, 2009; Zawacki-Richter, Bäcker & Vogt, 2009; Zawacki-Richter & von Prümmer, 2010; Zawacki-Richter, Anderson & Tuncay, 2010; Zawacki-Richter & Anderson, forthcoming)

7. 2 Flexible Learning Contact Learning (residential/face-to-face) Distance Learning E-learning OnlineLearning M-learning Paper-based Distance Learning Online DistanceEducation / Flexible Learning (based on Brown, 2004)

9. Quality, perceived value and impact of journals

12. Daniel & Louttit (1953): Citation patterns and clustering of journals

13. Garfield (1972): Impact factor

14. Hirsch (2005): Hirsch Index (h)

15. Zawacki-Richter, Anderson & Tuncay(2010): Impact of DE journalsPioneers of the "impact factor":http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/papers/history/heritagey1998.html

17. Research builds upon and refers to previous research

18. Previous research is acknowledged by citations

19. Social Network Analysis (SNA): The nodes are journals and the ties in the network are citations.

21. Geography(Gatrell & Smith, 1984; Doreian, 1988)

22. Demography(Liu & Wang, 2005)

23. Psychology(Doreian, 1985; Kawano, Kehle, Clark & Jenson; 1993, Liu, 2007)

24. Social work (Baker, 1992)

27. How do the journals relate to each other in a network of giving and receiving citations?

31. 13 Journal Citation Network – Image Matrix (cf. Doreian & Fararo, 1985)

32. 14 Journal Citation Network – Image Matrix

33. 15 Journal Citation Network – SNA Measures

34. 16 Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) Young, F. W. (1985). Multidimensional scaling. In Kotz-Johnson (Ed.), Encyclopediaof Statistical Sciences. http://forrest.psch.unc.edu/teaching/p208a/mds/mds.html

35. 17 MDS Map of Distance Education Journals

36. 18 MDS Map of Distance Education Journals

39. 21 Perceived quality and prestige

42. 1. round: Experts were asked to list 10 important research areas

44. 25 Classification of Research Areas

46. Meso level: innovation and change management, educational management and organisation, costs and funding of DE

48. What kind of research methods are applied?

49. Do female and male researchers tend to choose different research topics? If yes, what are their priority areas?

51. 9 years: 2000 to 2008

52. N=695 (675 English, 20 French)

53. Journals:

54. Open Learning (UK)

55. Distance Education (Australia)

56. American Journal of Distance Education (USA)

57. Journal of Distance Education (Canada)

59. 30 N=695

60. 31

61. 32 χ2= 38.07, df=14, p < .001Cramer's V = .36, p < .001 N=302 159 (M) 143 (F)

63. Berge & Mrozowski (2000): 76 % descriptive (N=727 articles; AJDE, DE, JDE and OL, between 1990 and 1999).

65. Average number of authors per article is 2.7.

67. 48 authors who published at least 3 articles:

68. Canada (17)

69. USA (9)

70. UK (8)

71. Australia (5), China (5)

72. Israel (2)

73. Japan/South Korea (1)

76. The vast majority (>80%) comes from only 5 countries

79. Ulrich'sPeriodicals: 29 peer-reviewed AE journals

80. Research collaboration: authors, institutions, countries, projects

82. Doreian, P., & Fararo, T. J. (1985). Structural equivalence in a journal network. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 36(1), 28-37. Doreian, P. (1988). Testing structural-equivalence hypotheses in a network of geographical journals. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 39(2), 79-85. Everett, J. E., & Pecotich, A. (1993). Citation analysis mapping of journals in applied and clinical psychology. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23(9), 750-766. Fleiss, J. L. (1981). Statistical methods for rates and proportions. New York: Wiley. Garfield, E. (1972). Citation analysis as a tool in journal evaluation. Science, 178, 471-479. Gatrell, A., & Smith, A. (1984). Networks of relations among a set of geographical journals. The Professional Geographer, 36(3), 300-307. Gross, P. L. K., & Gross, E. M. (1927). College libraries and chemical education. Science, 66(1713), 385-389. Hirsch, J. E. (2005). An index to quantify an individual’s scientific research output. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(46). Hunter, L., & Leahey, E. (2008). Collaborative research in sociology: trends and contributing factors. The American Sociologist, 39(4), 290-306. Kawano, T., Kehle, T. J., Clark, E., & Jenson, W. R. (1993). School psychology journals: Relationships with related journals and external and internal quality indices. Journal of School Psychology, 31(3), 407-424. Liu, Z. (2007). Scholarly communication in educational psychology: a journal citation analysis. Collection Building. doi:10.1108/01604950710831915 Liu, Z., & Wang, C. (2005). Mapping interdisciplinarity in demography: a journal network analysis. Journal of Information Science, 31(4), 308-316. McCain, K. W. (1994). Islands in the stream: mapping the fisheries & aquatic sciences literatures. Fisheries, 19(10), 20-27. 41

83. Morrison, P. S., Dobbie, G., & McDonald, F. J. (2003). Research collaboration among university scientists. Higher Educational Research & Development, 22(3), 275-296. Nelson, T. M., Buss, A. R., & Katzko, M. (1983). Rating of scholarly journals by chairpersons in the social sciences. Research in Higher Education, 19(4), 469-497. Pinski, G., & Narin, F. (1976). Citation influence for journal aggregates of scientific publications: theory, with application to the literature of physics. Information Processing & Management, 12(5), 297-312. Rice, R. E., Borgman, C. L., Bednarski, D., & Hart, P. J. (1989). Journal-to-journal citation data: Issues of validity and reliability. Scientometrics, 15(3-4), 257-282. Wakefield, R. (2008). Networks of accounting research: A citation-based structural and network analysis. The British Accounting Review, 40(3), 228-244. Young, F. W. (1985). Multidimensional scaling. In Kotz-Johnson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences. http://forrest.psch.unc.edu/teaching/p208a/mds/mds.html Zawacki-Richter, O. (2009). Research areas in distance education – a Delphi study. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 10(3), 1-17. Zawacki-Richter, O., Bäcker, E. M., & Vogt, S. (2009). Review of distance education research (2000 to 2008) – analysis of issues, methods and authorship patterns. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 10(6), 21-50. Zawacki-Richter, O., & von Prümmer, C. (2010). Gender and collaboration patterns in distance education research. Open Learning, 25(2), 95-114. Zawacki-Richter, O., Anderson, T., & Tuncay, N. (2010). The growing impact of open access distance education journals - a bibliometric analysis. Journal of Distance Education, 24(3). Zawacki-Richter, O., & Anderson, T. (forthcoming). The geography of distance education – bibliographic characteristics of a journal network. 42

84. 43 Thanks for your attention! Olaf Zawacki-Richter, Ph. D. University of Oldenburg Faculty of Educational and Social Sciences Center for Lifelong Learning (C3L) Germany olaf.zawacki.richter@uni-oldenburg.de

86. Cohen's kappa (κ) (Cohen, 1960) which is a coefficient for the degree of consistency among raters based on the number of codings in the coding scheme:

87. κ = .40 - .60 (fair)

88. κ = .60 to .75 (good)

89. κ > .75 (excellent) (Fleiss, 1981; Bakeman & Gottman, 1997)

90. κAreas = .675

91. κMethods= .855