2. LAND SURVEYING: INTRODUCTION
Land Surveying is the technique, profession, and science of
determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points
and the distances and angles between them. These points are
usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to
establish land maps and boundaries for ownership, locations like
building corners or the surface location of subsurface features, or
other purposes required by government or civil law, such as
property sales.
Surveyors work with elements
of mathematics (geometry and trigonometry), physics,
engineering and the law.
They use equipment like total stations, robotic total stations, GPS
receivers, prisms, 3D scanners, radios, handheld tablets, digital
levels, and surveying software.
The planning and execution of most forms of construction require
it. It is also used in transport, communications, mapping, and the
definition of legal boundaries for land ownership.
4. • to determine the position of points on the surface of
the earth.
• to determine the quantity such as distances, areas
and volume.
Basic Principles of Land Surveying
5. FIELDS OF LAND SURVEYING
Cadastral surveys
- normally plane surveys made for locating
property boundaries, subdividing land,
determining land areas,
- also called property surveys, boundary surveys
6. Cadastral Survey
• Survey for land administration
• For the issuance of land titles that includes strata and
stratum titles.
• Title Survey or also known as cadastral survey is a title
survey carried out to produce cadastral plans in accordance
to the National Land Code 1965, Licensed Land Surveyors
Act 1958 and Jabatan Ukur & Pemetaan Malaysia (JUPEM
or Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia) Rules &
Regulations for the purpose of ownership and land
registration.
• According to the National Land Code, the land is surveyed
when boundary marks are emplaced by a Licensed Land
Surveyor, the land area is computed and a certified plan is
deposited and approved by the Chief Surveyor of the state.
7. Uses of Cadastral Survey
• Demarcation of administrative land boundaries
• Land alienation by state authorities, includes strata and
stratum
• Land Acquisition
• Sub-division and almagation of land
• Control survey
Aim of Cadastral Survey
• Issuance of Land Titles
• Reserve land for public purpose
• Land Acquisition for public purpose
11. FIELDS OF LAND SURVEYING
Topographic surveys
measuring the relief, roughness, or 3-D earth's surface,
locations of man-made and natural features.
Output
Topographical & Detail Survey plan
Uses
for detail engineering design, urban planning layout etc.
12. FIELDS OF LAND SURVEYING
Route surveys
determination of the relief and the location of natural
and artificial objects along a proposed route for a
highway, railroad, canal, pipeline, power line, or
other utility.
13. FIELDS OF LAND SURVEYING
Engineering & Construction Survey
14. Engineering & Construction Survey
• Basic requirements before any design and engineering works
begins. Survey measurements are link to survey marks such as
boundary marks, control survey marks, bench marks,
triangulation and GPS monuments etc which have horizontal
and vertical control (X,Y,Z)
• An engineering survey is carried out for the purpose of
obtaining ground data, producing as-built plans of completed
construction works and civil structures. Survey routes for
roads, pipeline and transmission lines.
AIM
I. to acquire spatial data for civil engineering design
II. Setting Out
III. Production of plans for engineering works
15. Engineering & Construction Survey
• Horizontal Control Survey
• Vertical Control Survey
• Marking
• Setting Out
• Cross-sectioning and profiling
• Contouring and Detailing
• Structure Deformation Monitoring
16. FIELDS OF LAND SURVEYING
Hydrographic surveys
• pertained to lakes, streams, and other bodies of water.
• Shorelines are charted, shapes of areas beneath water
surfaces are determined, water flow of streams are estimated,
and other information needed relative to navigation, flood
control, and development of water resources is obtained.
17. Hydrographic Survey
• Uses – production of nautical and bathymetry charts,
construction and port maintenance
• A hydrographic survey is carried out to determine the
relief of the seabed, including all features, natural and
man-made and also to indicate the nature of the seabed
in a manner similar to topographic maps of land area.
• Capture, record and study data on tidal phenomena such
as tidal regimes, currents and waves for clients.
18. Making
nautical charts
for navigation
of rocks, sand
bars, light,
and buoys
Measurements
of areas subject
to scour or
silting and to
ascertain the
quantities of
dredged
material
Making sub-aqueous investigations to secure information
needed for the construction, development and
improvement of port facilities.
Controlling and planning
of engineering projects,
like bridges, tunnel, dams,
reservoirs, docks and
harbors
Establishing mean
sea level and
observation of
tides
Determination
of shorelines
Measurement
of discharge
of rivers
Uses of
HYDROGRAPHIC
SURVEY
19. FIELDS OF LAND SURVEYING
Mine/Tunnel Surveys
• to obtain the relative positions and elevations of
underground shafts, geological formations and so on,
and to determine quantities and establish lines and
grades for work to be done.
20. FIELDS OF LAND SURVEYING
As-built Surveys
• Made after a construction project is completed to provide the
positions and dimensions of the features of the project as
they were actually constructed
21. As-built Surveys
• Made after a construction project is complete to
provide the positions and dimensions of the
features of the project as they were actually
constructed, As Built Survey plan
• This is a survey conducted after construction to
verify if the construction has been done in
accordance to construction plans. An example of
such survey will be a survey of the building, road
and drainage for the submission to local authority
so that the issuance of Certificate Of Compliance
& Completion can be issued.
Importance of Surveying
Surveying plays an essential role in the planning, design, layout, and construction of our physical environment and infrastructure.
The term infrastructure is commonly used to represent all the constructed facilities and systems that allow human communities to function and thrive productively.
Surveying has long been associated with the profession of civil engineering.
The planning, design, and construction of buildings and public-works facilities depend so heavily upon surveying activities that civil engineers and technicians, architects, and construction managers have always had to be skilled and knowledgeable in surveying principles and methods.
Simply stated, surveying involves the measurement of distances and angles.
The distances may be horizontal or vertical in direction.
Similarly, the angles may be measured in a horizontal or vertical plane.
Usually distances are measured on a slope, but they must eventually be converted to a corresponding horizontal distance.
Vertical distances are also called elevations.
Horizontal angles are used to express the directions of land boundaries and other lines.
There are two fundamental purposes for measuring distances and angles.
The first is to determine the relative positions of existing points or objects on or near the surface of the earth.
The second is to lay out or mark the desired positions of new points or objects that are to be placed or constructed on or near the earth’s surface.
Surveying is based on the use of precise measuring instruments in the field and on systematic computational procedures in the office.
The computations (primarily of position, direction, area, and volume) involve applications of geometry, trigonometry, and basic algebra
i. Route surveying includes the field and office work required to plan, design, and lay out any “long and narrow” transportation facility.
ii. Most of the basic surveying concepts and methods to route surveying.
iii.Horizontal distances, elevations, and angles must be measured, maps must be drawn, and profile and cross section views of the route must be prepared.
iv.Route surveying operations, typically include a reconnaissance, a preliminary, and a location survey
Engineering surveying includes those activities involved in the planning and execution of surveys for the location, design, construction, maintenance and operation of civil and other engineered projects.
activities
Preparation of surveying and related mapping specifications.
Execution of field surveys for the collection of required data – including topographic and hydrographic data
Calculation, reduction, and plotting (manual and computer-aided) of survey data for use in engineering design.
Design and provision of horizontal and vertical control networks
Provision of line and grade for construction.
Measurement of materials and other quantities for inventory, cost accounting, and payment purposes.
Execution of as-built surveys and plans.
Setting -out is the positioning of predetermined detail on the ground to show the location of the proposed construction work both horizontally and vertically.
When the setting-out stage is reached, the site would have previously been surveyed and probably leveled to find the shape and features of the land. Drawings showing the proposed construction and position of the new building will have been submitted to the Local Authority and approved.
A large development requires a setting-out drawing to be prepared by the architect or engineer, but a small development shows sufficient information on the block plan and general plan.
Before any setting-out is started the site drawing should be 'proved'. This means that the shape of the site and the levels shown must be checked and proved correct. Existing horizontal control points should be re-located and existing reference levels verified. Setting-out is done by the contractor’s land surveyor and may be checked by the architect or engineer
The following information must be shown on drawings.
Position of proposed building(s) in relation to existing boundaries or roads.
Position and levels of new roads and drains.
Levels of new building at foundations, floors etc. Small buildings may only show the vertical dimensions between these items.
A hydrographic survey is carried out to determine the relief of the seabed, lakes, streams, and other bodies of water including all features, natural and man-made and also to indicate the nature of the seabed in a manner similar to topographic maps of land area.
Shorelines are charted, shapes of areas beneath water surfaces are determined, water flow of streams are estimated, and other information needed relative to navigation, flood control, and development of water resources is obtained.
Uses – production of nautical and bathymetry charts, construction and port maintenance