2. • The food we consume will be broken down into
nutrient which later can be absorbed by the
body
• There are 6 nutrients that are needed to keep
healthy ;
1. Carbohydrates
2. Fat
3. Protein
4. Vitamins
5. Minerals
6. Water
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of GIS JH
3. 1. Carbohydrates
• Are a source of energy
• Excess carbohydrates will be stored in the liver and
muscles
• Sources of carbohydrates are rice, corn, sweet potatoes,
potatoes, cassavas, etc
• 1 gr of carbohydtares provides 4,1 cal.
• In the digestion process, carbohydrates are brokendown
into simple saccharides or monosaccharides
• The body will then absorb these monosaccharides
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
4. • If we consume more carbohydrates more than
our body needs, the excess will be converted
to glycogen or fat
• Glycogen will be stored in the liver or muscles
• Fat will be stored in areas around the waist,
around the kidneys, and under the skin
• Lack of carbohydrates will cause the body to
be thin and weak, and it will cause a lack of
energy, anxiety, and reduced body immunity
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of GIS JH
5. There are 3 kinds of carbohydrates, they are ;
1. Monosaccharides
carbohydrates that consist of 1 simple sugar
they are glucose, fructose, galactose
2. Disaccharides
carbohydrates that consist of 2 simple sugars
they are ;
a. Maltose = glucose + glucose
b. Sucrose = glucose + fructose
c. Lactose = glucose + galactose
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
6. 3. Polisaccharides
carbohydrates that consist of many simple
sugars
for example, rice, bread, potatoes, etc
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
7. 2. Fat
• Its function as a source of energy
• 1 gr of fat provides 9,3 cal
• Fat is acquired from both animals and plants
• Fat that is acquired from animals is called animal
fat, for ex. Butter, milk, meat, eggs, etc
• Fat that is acquired from plants is called
vegetable oil, coconuts, candlenuts, peanuts,
avocado, etc
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of GIS JH
8. • In the digestion process, fat is broken down
into fatty acids and glycerol with the help of
the enzymes
• Fat also has other function ;
a. As a food store, that is stored under the
skin
b. Protect vital organs
c. As an insulator and prevents the loss of
body heat
d. Helps to dissolve vitamin A, D, E, and K so
that they can be easily absorbed.
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of GIS JH
9. 3. Protein
• The main function of protein is for the formation
of the body’s main structure, cell regeneration,
and coordination of biological processes in the
body
• 1 gr of protein provides 5,3 cal.
• Proteins are acquired from both animals and
plants, that are acquired from animals are called
animal proteins (meat, fish, egg, etc) and that
are acquired from plants are called vegetable
proteins (soybeans, peanuts, green beans, etc)
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of GIS JH
10. 4. Vitamins
• Vitamins are needed only in small amounts, but lack of one
of vitamins can cause avitaminosis.
• Vitamins act as coenzymes (biocatalysts), substances that
help accelerate chemical reactions in the body.
• Based on their solubility, vitamins are classified into water-
soluble and fat-soluble vitamins.
a. Water-soluble vitamins are vitamin B and C.
These vitamins can not be stored in the body, which
means that the body will only use as much as it needs
and excretes the rest.
b. Fat-soluble vitamins are vitamin A, D, E and K
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of GIS JH
11. 5. Dietary Minerals
• Minerals are needed only in small amounts
• Each mineral has certain functions in the body, and lack
of a mineral is called mineral deficiency
• Examples of dietary minerals needed by the body are as
follows ;
1. Calcium (Ca)
2. Iron (Fe)
3. Iodine (I)
4. Phosporus (P)
5. Potassium (K)
6. Sodium (Na)
7. Fluorine (F)
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of GIS JH
12. 6. Water
• Water is the main component of protoplasm
• The human body contains 60% of water
• In the body, water has the role of ;
a. Dissolving nutrients and accelerating chemical
reactions
b. Carrying metabolic waste
c. Carrying other bodily substances
d. Forming body fluids
e. Regulating body heat
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of GIS JH
13. The human body’s “gastrointestinal tract” or “alimentary canal”
is up to 10m long
Along this pathway:
Ingestion Digestion Absorption Egestion
About 95% of ingested food is absorbed and made available to our
body, the rest is egested
Digestion is the breakdown of substances (other organisms!) into
small molecules that can be absorbed by cells
There are two ways of digestion ;
Physical/Mechanical
Chemical
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
14. The 2 ways of digestion
Mechanical Chemical
Changes the physical form of food Changes the chemical composition
Chew of food with the aid of digestive
Tear enzymes
Grind • Lipids to fatty acids
Mash • Proteins to individual amino
Mix acids
The breakdown of food into small • Carbohydrates into simple sugars
pieces without chemically changing
them into different substances
Helps facilitate chemical digestion by Digestive enzymes are special
increasing surface area proteins that help break up large
Increased surface area exposes food molecules of food into very tiny
pieces to enzymes and other
substrate molecules and increases molecules that can be absorbed
the rate of metabolic reactions and used by the cells in the form of
Examples: teeth, stomach (HCl), nutrition.
intestines (bile) Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
15. 6 Functions of the Digestive System
1. Ingestion:
occurs when materials enter digestive tract via the mouth
2. Mechanical processing:
crushing and shearing
makes materials easier to propel along digestive tract
3. Digestion:
is the chemical breakdown of food
into small organic fragments
for absorption by digestive epithelium
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
16. 4. Secretion
is the release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and
salts
by epithelium of digestive tract
by glandular organs
5. Absorption
movement of organic substrates, electrolytes,
vitamins, and water
across digestive epithelium
into interstitial fluid of digestive tract
6. Excretion
removal of waste products from body fluids
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
17. Components of the Digestive System
Digestive Tract
Gastrointestinal (GI)
tract divided into:
Alimentary canal.
Accessory digestive
organs.
Is a muscular tube
Extends from oral
cavity to anus
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
18. • Your digestive tracts or food tube consist of the
following:
(1) mouth
(2) esophagus
(3) stomach
(4) small intestine
(5) large intestine
(6) Anus
• The accessory organs are :
(1) salivary glands
(2) pancreas
(3) liver
(4) gallbladder
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
19. The Organs of Digestive System movie
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
20. Digestion from the Mouth
• Saliva – lubricates the food and secretes an
enzyme, ptyalin or salivary amylase, that
convert starch to maltose
• 3 Salivary Glands
• Parotid glands
• Submaxillary glands
• Sublingual glands
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
21. • Tongue – pushes
the food to the
back of your
mouth
• Bolus – a soft,
mass of rounded
ball of food that
is being chewed
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
22. Digestion from the Esophagus
• Pharynx – an alimentary canal where food
goes down after the digestion in the mouth
• Epiglottis- a flap of tissue that closes over
the trachea to prevent the food from
entering
• Esophagus – carries the food down the
stomach
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
23. Digestion from the Stomach
Stomach
a large J-shape organ found at the end of the
esophagus
contraction of the muscles of the stomach causes
the churning, squeezing and twisting effect
it where partial digestion of food happens
Cardiac spincter – closes and opens to allow the
flow of food from the esophagus to the stomach
Pepsin – enzymes secreted in the stomach that
breaks down the protein
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
24. • Pyloric valve or spincter – opens and
closes to allow the food getting in the small
intestine
• Chyme – partial product retained in the
stomach before transferring into the small
intestine
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
25. Digestion from the Small Intestine
• 3 Major Parts
1.duodenum – upper 20 cm
2. jejunum – 2.5 meters long
3. ileum – longest half coiled into the abdominal cavity
• It is where the final digestion and absorption of food
take place
• Villi – small finger-like projection in the lining of the
small intestine that is used in absorption
• Maltase – enzymes that break down maltose into
glucose
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
26. PANCREAS
• Pancreas – a digestive
gland that serves 2
functions:
1. secrete hormones
that regulate blood
glucose
2. secretes pancreatic
juice that netralizes
the acid in the
stomach
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
27. LIVER
• The liver is the
largest gland in
our body that
carries the gall
bladder
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
28. GALL BLADDER
• Gall bladder –
Produces a blue
green fluid
called bile
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
30. LARGE INTESTINE
• Undigested food goes
down into the large
intestine
• It is where the
absorption of water is
happen
• It is also called as colon
FECES – remaining food
material
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
31. RECTUM AND ANUS
Rectum
• 20 to 30 cm
• a muscular cavity
where feces is
temporarily stored
Anus – end of the
alimentary canal
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
33. The Digestive System Diseases
Appendicitis
the inflammation of the appendix
may cause inflammation of the diaphragm
membrane
the basic treatment of appendicitis is surgical
removal of the appendix appendectomy
Constipation
the delayed passage of waste
continuous constipation may be a symptom of
other diseases
will cause irregular defecation and headache
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of
GIS JH
34. Parotitis or Mumps
is a feverish cold caused by virus, soon followed by
swelling and stiffening in the region of the parotid
salivary glands in front of the ear
if you suffer mumps, take a vitamin C supplement
and consult a doctor
Xerostomia
is a disease that infects the oral cavity
It may cause dry mouth due to the distrubed
production of saliva, which will later affect the food
processing in the mouth
Created By Alfi Msk _ A biology Teacher of GIS JH