1. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
(Blood circulation)
S.S.MOORTHY SEMENCHALAM
M.Sc. Comm Health (Occ Health) UKM
B.HSc. Nursing (Aust)
Dip Med Sc. (Moh)
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2. Learning Objectives
At the end of this session, student
will be able to:
1.State the differences between artery and venous
2.State the 2 main circulations of the body
3.Identify various blood vessels that supply blood to
various parts of the body.
4.State the normal range of blood pressure
5.List the factors that controlling blood pressure
6.Define pulse
7.List 7 pairs of sites where pulse is palpable
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4. 1. Circulatory System
• Located throughout your body, your blood vessels
are hollow tubes that circulate your blood.
• 3 varieties of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and
capillaries
• During blood circulation, the arteries carry blood
away from the heart. The capillaries connect the
arteries to veins. Finally, the veins carry the blood
back to the heart.
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5. Arteries
• The heart pumps blood out through one main
artery called the aorta.
• The main artery then divides and branches out
into many smaller arteries so that each region
of your body has its own system of arteries
supplying it with fresh, oxygen-rich blood.
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6. • The arteries deliver the oxygen-rich blood to
the capillaries where the actual exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs.
• The capillaries then deliver the waste-rich
blood to the veins for transport back to the
lungs and heart.
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7. aorta arteries capillaries veins
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8. Veins
• Veins are similar to arteries but, because
they transport blood at a lower pressure,
they are not as strong as arteries.
• Veins receive blood from the capillaries
after the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide has taken place
• Therefore, the veins transport waste-rich
blood back to the lungs and heart.
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9. Veins-Con`t
• It is important that the waste-rich blood keeps
moving in the proper direction and not be
allowed to flow backward. This is
accomplished by valves that are located inside
the veins.
• The vein valves are necessary to keep blood
flowing toward the heart, but they are also
necessary to allow blood to flow against the
force of gravity. For example, blood that is
returning to the heart from the foot has to be
able to flow up the leg.
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10. Veins-Con`t
• Because it lacks oxygen, the waste-rich blood
that flows through the veins has a deep
purplish color.
• Because the walls of the veins are rather thin,
the waste-rich blood is sometimes visible
through the skin as a bluish color.
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11. Capillaries
• Capillaries are very thin and fragile.
• The capillaries are actually only one
epithelial cell thick.
• The exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide takes place through the thin
capillary wall.
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12. • The red blood cells inside the capillary release
their oxygen, which passes through the wall
and into the surrounding tissue.
• The tissue releases its waste products, like
carbon dioxide, which passes through the wall
and into the red blood cells.
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13. Arteries and Arterioles
• Thicker wall • More muscle
• Small diameter • More elastic
– Rebounds – Tough
– Evens flow – Resists stretch
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14. Veins and Venules
• Thinner walls
• Larger diameter • Less muscle
• Closer to skin • Less elastic
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15. Capillaries
• Consist of Endothelium: layer of simple
squamous epithelium
• one cell thick
• Facilitates exchange of gases ,nutrient
and waste product between the blood
tissue
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18. Blood circulation
1. Pulmonary
circulations
2. Systemic
circulations
3. Portal
circulation
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19. 1. Pulmonary circulation
• Deoxygenated blood: Rt. ventricle to the
lungs via pulmonary artery.
• In the lungs, carbon dioxide is excreted &
oxygen is absorbed
• 2 pulmonary veins from each lung empty
into Lt. atrium
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21. 2. Systemic circulation
Left Ventricle
Aorta
Body
Superior / Inferior Vena Cava
Right Atrium
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22. BLOOD VESSELS
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23. 1. Aorta
• Largest artery in the
body
• 3 parts:
i. Ascending aorta
ii. Arch of aorta
iii. Descending aorta
in thorax
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24. Ascending aorta
• 5 cm; behind
sternum
• Right & left
coronary
arteries; arise
just above the
aortic valve level
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25. Arch of aorta
• 3 branches:
i. Brachiocephalic (head &
arm) artery
- at sternoclavicular joint
divide into:
right common carotid
artery
right subclavian
artery
ii. Left common carotid artery
iii. Left subclavian artery
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26. Descending aorta
• Runs inferiorly on
body of thoracic &
lumbar vertebrae
• 2 parts:
- Thoracic aorta
- Abdominal aorta
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27. 2. Veins
• 3 major veins that enter right atrium of
heart:
i. Superior vena cava (all body regions superior
to diaphragm)
ii. Inferior vena cava (all body regions inferior to
diaphragm)
iii. Coronary sinus (venous blood from heart wall)
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28. VEINS OF THE BODY
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29. Applied anatomy from
cardiovascular system
• Arterial pulse
- radial artery, carotid artery, femoral
artery, dorsalis pedis
• Measurement of blood pressure
- brachial artery
• Intravenous infusion/ injection,
blood taking
- median cubital vein
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30. Blood Pressure
Measuring the pressure or force of blood
exerted on the vessel walls
• Systolic pressure- when the ventricles contract
and blood is forced into the arteries
• Diastolic pressure- when the ventricles relax and
pressure in the arteries fall
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31. Blood Pressure (BP):
Measurements
• "Blood pressure"
– Systolic over diastolic
– About 120/80 mmHg
• Sphygmomanometer
– "Estimate of pressure"
– Korotkoff sounds
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32. Blood Pressure (BP): Measurements
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33. Factors Controlling Blood Pressure
1. Blood volume
2. Cardiac output
3. Peripheral Resistance
4. Distribution/Viscosity
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34. PULSE
Palpable expansion of arterial wall
when the artery is close to a surface or
passes over a bony prominent
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35. • 1. Temporal artery at the temple eye
• 2. External maxillary (facial) artery at the
point of crossing the mandible (lower
jaw)
• 3. Carotid artery on the side of the neck
• 4. Brachial artery on the inner side of the
biceps
• 5. Radial artery on the radial bone side of
the wrist
• 6. Femoral artery in the groin
• 7. Popliteal artery behind the knee
• 8. Posterior tibial pulse behind the inner
ankle
• 9. Dorsalis pedis artery on the upper
front part (of the foot
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36. Thank you
Questions please….
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