The Internet of Things (IoT) plays an important role in the development of smart cities. In this paper we focus on the development of IoT-based smart services for solving urban problems that involve IoT-enabled Observation, Orientation, Decision, and Action (OODA) loops. We also focus on how to efficiently support such OODA loops in situations where such loops involve internet-scale data. More specifically, IoT supports Observation via the discovery of sensors and the integration of their data. It supports Orientation via a contextualisation process that refines such data to include only those that are relevant to the situation and/or activities of each specific individual or group. As IoT contextualisation potentially involves internet-scale data, performing this process efficiently allows for fast decision making, and this in turn permits carrying out a timely Action.
2. RMIT University - July 2015 2
In the late 1960s, communicaEon between two computers was made possible through a computer network
In the early 1980s the TCP/IP stack was introduced.
Commercial use of the Internet started in the late 1980
World Wide Web (WWW) became available in 1991
Internet of Things term by Kevin Ashton 1998 (“The Internet of Things has the poten0al to change the world, just as the Internet
did. Maybe even more so”)
Web of Things (WoT) in 2000
MIT Auto-ID centre presented their IoT vision in 2001
IoT was formally introduced by InternaEonal TelecommunicaEon Union (ITU) in 2005
More “things or objects” were connected to the Internet than people. 2008-2009 [Cisco]
1960 1980 1996 2000 2001
4. 1.1 Billion
Data points generated by sensors daily
500 Gigabytes
Data generated by an offshore oil rig weekly
1000 Gigabytes
Data generated by an oil refinery daily
10,000 Gigabytes
Data generated by a jet engine every 30 minutes
2.5 Billion Gigabytes
Data generated worldwide daily
90% of the world’s data
Has been created in the last 2 years!
• Cisco IBSG projecEons, UN Economic & Social Affairs h`p://www.un.org/esa/populaEon/publicaEons/longrange2/WorldPop2300final.pdf
5. Sensors and other Internet-connected devices that are all connected to the
internet and they interact intelligently to make the development and delivery
of new services and products
A new paradigm which connects a variety of things- All the things that have the ability to communicate
10. Parking Space in a Smart City
• Direct drivers to empty parking spaces
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15. ContextualisaEon
• ContextualisaEon excludes irrelevant data from
consideraEon and has the potenEal to reduce data
from several aspects including volume, velocity, and
variety in IoT applicaEons
• ContextualisaEon of IoT data can help improve the
value of informaEon extracted from IoT
• ContextualisaEon improve the data processing and
knowledge extracEon in IoT applicaEons
Context CollecEon
ContextualisaEon
DisseminaEon of
the contextualised
data
20. Conclusion
• Scalable and real-Eme contextualisaEon of IoT data has the potenEal to
significantly improve data processing for large scale IoT applicaEons in
Smart CiEes
• We proposed an approach to contextualise and query Internet scale IoT
data and we exemplify the approach via a smart parking space
recommender applicaEon for Smart CiEes.
• The experimental scenario in this paper illustrates that contextualisaEon
of IoT data reduces query Emes for IoT services (such as a smart parking
space recommender) by more than 3 Emes in comparison with a situaEon
where the query is contextualisaEon agnosEc.