The document provides an overview of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), including: - Defining IWRM as "a process that promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems." - Discussing the key principles of IWRM from the Dublin Statement and Rio Declaration, including treating water as an economic good, participatory approaches, and recognizing the finite nature of freshwater resources. - Emphasizing the need for an integrated approach to water management given challenges of population growth, increasing demand, water pollution, and climate change impacts.

1. 1
“Integrated Water Resources Management”
Lecture 2: The concept of (IWRM)
Prof. Dr. Ali El-Naqa
Professor of Hydrology & Water Resources Management
Hashemite University
1st Semester 2016/2017

2. Lecture 3
The concept of Integrated
Water Resources
Management (IWRM)

3. Key issues in water management
• KEY MESSAGES
• Water is important for sustainable development
• IWRM at the river basin level is a process that leads to
water security and helps mitigate water-related risks
3

4. Key issues in water management
• Facts
• Global water: 97% seawater, 3% freshwater. Of the freshwater
87% not accessible, 13% accessible (0.4% of total).
• Today more than 2 billion people are affected by water
shortages in over 40 countries.
• 263 river basins are shared by two or more nations;
• 2 million tonnes per day of human waste are deposited in
water courses
• Half the population of the developing world are exposed to
polluted sources of water that increase disease incidence.
• 90% of natural disasters in the 1990s were water related.
• The increase in numbers of people from 6 billion to 9 billion
will be the main driver of water resources management for the
next 50 years.
4

5. The need, principles and definition
of IWRM
• The major global challenges discussed in Chapter 1 clearly
imply the need of integrated approach in the development and
management of water resources. Major issues may include:
• Securing water for people;
• Securing water for food production;
• Developing other job creating activities;
• Protecting vital ecosystems;
• Dealing with variability of water in time and space;
• Managing risks;
• Creating popular awareness and understanding;
• Forging the political will to act;
• Ensuring collaboration across sectors and boundaries.
5

6. ‫المائية‬ ‫للموارد‬ ‫المتكاملة‬ ‫اإلدارة‬

7. Urgency for Action in Water Management
• The world’s freshwater resources are under increasing
pressure.
• Growth in population, increased economic activity and
improved standards of living lead to increased competition for,
and conflicts over, the limited freshwater resource.
• Water resources are increasingly under pressure from
population growth, economic activity and intensifying
competition for the water among users;
• Water withdrawals have increased more than twice as fast as
population growth and currently one third of the world‘s
population live in countries that experience medium to high
water stress;
7

8. Urgency for Action in Water Management
• Pollution is further enhancing water scarcity by reducing water
usability downstream;
• Shortcomings in the management of water, a focus on
developing new sources rather than managing existing ones,
and top-down sector approaches to water management result in
uncoordinated development and management of the resource.
• More and more development means greater impacts on the
environment.
• Current concerns about climate variability and climate change
demand improved management of water resources to cope
with more intense floods and droughts
8

9. IWRM PRINCIPLES
• The UN Conference on Environment and Development, in Rio
de Janeiro, 1992, was attended by 172 national governments.
• The conference endorsed the report of the Conference on
Water and the Environment, held in Dublin in January 1992.
• The “Dublin Principles” have played an important role in
stimulating reforms in water management and play a central role
in IWRM
9

10. The need, principles and definition
of IWRM
• The two most commonly referred guiding principles of
integrated water resources management are the Dublin Statement
and the Rio Declaration.
• The four Dublin guiding principles
• Freshwater is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to
sustain life, development and the environment.
• Since water sustains life, effective management of water resources
demands a holistic approach:
• linking social and economic development with protection of natural
ecosystems;
– resource yield has natural limits;
– upstream – downstream user relations; and
• holistic institutional approach.
10

11. The need, principles and definition
of IWRM
• Water development and management should be based on a
participatory approach, involving users, planners and
policymakers at all levels.
• Real participation:
– participation is more than consultation;
– achieving consensus in planning and implementation; and
– creating participatory mechanisms and capacity.
• Women play a central part in the provision, management and
safeguarding of water.
– Involvement of women in decision making;
– Women as water users;
– IWRM requires gender awareness.
11

12. The need, principles and definition
of IWRM
 Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and
should be recognized as an economic good.
– Past failure to recognize the economic value (versus social value) of
water has led to wasteful and environmentally damaging uses of the
resource.
– Managing water demand through economic instruments (implementing
affordable price, cost recovery) is an important way of:
 achieving efficient and equitable use; and
 encouraging conservation and protection of water resources.
12

13. Basis of Water Management Principles: The Dublin
Principle
• At the International Conference on Water and the Environment
(ICWE), held in Dublin, Ireland in 1992, over 500 participants
representing 100 countries and 80 international and non-
governmental organizations, the following principles were
recommended to guide global water management and
development efforts:
• Principle 1 “Ecological”: Fresh water is a finite and
vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development
and the environment.
• Principle 2 “Institutional”: Water development and
management should be based on a participatory approach,
involving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels.
13

14. The Dublin Principles
• Principle 3 “Gender”: Women play a central part in the
provision, management, and safeguarding of water.
• Principle 4 “Instrument”: Water has an economic value in
all its competing uses and should be recognized as an
economic good.
• Later that same year, the Dublin principles were incorporated
into the Agenda 21 recommendations put forth at the UN
Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio
de Janeiro. Since then, these principles have strongly influenced
the development of IWRM. The four principles are discussed
below, together with how they guide general IWRM approaches:
14

15. The Rio declaration
• Two important sections concerning IWRM:
 Water as an integral part of the ecosystem, a natural resource,
and a social and economic good, whose quantity and quality
determine the nature of its utilization;
 Integration of land and water related issues at various levels:
local, sub-basin or basin.
15

16. Summary of key IWRM principles
• Water source and catchment conservation and protection are essential.
• Water allocation should be agreed to between stakeholders within a
national framework.
• Management needs to be taken care of at the lowest appropriate level.
• Capacity building is the key to sustainability.
• Involvement of all stakeholders is required.
• Efficient water use is essential and often an important “source” in itself.
• Water should be treated as having an economic and social value.
• Striking a gender balance is essential.
16

17. Definition of IWRM Integrated
Water Resources Management
• Definition of IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management
is defined as "a process, which promotes the coordinated
development and management of water, land and related
resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and
social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising
the sustainability of vital ecosystems." (GWP, 2000)
• There are a number of issues and interests that cut across the
decision process in IWRM. They are conditions for sustainable
development and desirable socio-economic development (the
public interest). The key issues are related to sustainability and to
the public interest.
17

18. ‫المائية‬ ‫للموارد‬ ‫المتكاملة‬ ‫اإلدارة‬ ‫تعريف‬
•
‫إن‬
‫التعريف‬
‫األكثر‬
‫ا‬ً‫انتشار‬
ً
ً‫ل‬‫وتداو‬
‫هو‬
‫تعريف‬
‫الشراكة‬
‫الم‬
‫ائية‬
‫الكونية‬
(
2000
)
،
‫والذى‬
‫ينص‬
‫على‬
‫أن‬
:
"
‫اإلدارة‬
‫المتكاملة‬
‫للموارد‬
‫المائية‬
‫ه‬
‫ى‬
‫العملية‬
‫التى‬
‫تدعو‬
‫إلى‬
‫التنمية‬
‫واإلدارة‬
‫المنسقة‬
‫للمياه‬
‫واألراض‬
‫ى‬
‫والموارد‬
‫المرتبطة‬
،‫بهما‬
‫بغرض‬
‫تعظيم‬
‫المحصلة‬
‫االقتصادية‬
‫وال‬
‫رخاء‬
‫االجتماعى‬
‫بطريقة‬
،‫عادلة‬
‫ودون‬
‫التضحية‬
‫باستمرارية‬
(
‫استدامة‬
)
‫النظام‬
‫الحيوى‬
‫االيكولوجى‬
"
.
• Defined by the Global Water Partnership (GWP),
Integrated Water Resources Management (or
IWRM) is:
• “a process that promotes the coordinated
development and management of water, land and
related resources, in order to maximize the resultant
economic and social welfare in an equitable manner

19. Integrated Water Resources
Management Concept
• Management is used in its broadest sense. It emphasizes that
we must not only focus on development of water resources but
that we must consciously manage water development in a way
that ensures long term sustainable use for future generations.
• Integrated water resources management is therefore a
systematic process for the sustainable development, allocation
and monitoring of water resource use in the context of social,
economic and environmental objectives.
19

20. Integrated Water Resources Management Concept
• Management is used in its broadest sense. It emphasizes that
we must not only focus on development of water resources but
that we must consciously manage water development in a way
that ensures long term sustainable use for future generations.
• Integrated water resources management is therefore a
systematic process for the sustainable development, allocation
and monitoring of water resource use in the context of social,
economic and environmental objectives.
• Thus, all the different uses of water resources are considered
together. Water allocations and management decisions consider
the effects of each use on the others
20

21. Integrated Water Resources Management Concept
• The basic IWRM concept has been extended to incorporate
participatory decision-making.
• Different stakeholders (water service providers, farmers,
communities, environmentalists) can influence strategies for
water resource utilization and management.
• This brings additional benefits, as informed users apply local
self-regulation in relation to issues such as water conservation
and catchment protection far more effectively than central
regulation and surveillance can achieve.
21

22. ‫إلدارة‬ ‫التقليدية‬ ‫التعريفات‬
‫الموارد‬
‫المائية‬
•
‫يقدم‬
‫هذا‬
‫الجزء‬
‫التعريفات‬
‫والمصطلحات‬
‫المستخدمة‬
‫تقليديا‬
‫فى‬
‫قطاع‬
‫المياه‬
‫وتم‬
‫العتماد‬
‫عليه‬
‫فى‬
‫تعريف‬
‫اإلدارة‬
‫المتكاملة‬
‫للم‬
‫وارد‬
‫المائية‬
.

‫تنمية‬
‫الموارد‬
‫المائية‬
:
‫األفعال‬
‫التى‬
‫تؤدى‬
‫إلى‬
‫الستخدام‬
‫المفيد‬
‫للموارد‬
‫المائية‬
‫فى‬
‫غرض‬
‫واحد‬
‫أو‬
‫عدة‬
‫أغراض‬
‫وعادة‬
‫ما‬
‫تكون‬
‫هذه‬
‫األفعال‬
‫ذات‬
‫طبيعة‬
‫إنشائية‬
.

‫تخطيط‬
‫الموارد‬
‫المائية‬
:
‫تخطيط‬
‫تنمية‬
‫وحم‬
‫اية‬
‫وتخصيص‬
‫المياه‬
-
ً
ً‫ا‬‫قطاعي‬
‫أو‬
‫فيما‬
‫بين‬
‫القطاعات‬
-
‫كمورد‬
،‫نادر‬
‫لكى‬
‫توفى‬
‫المياه‬
‫المتاحة‬
‫بالحتياجات‬
‫المطلوبة‬
‫مع‬
‫األخذ‬
‫فى‬
‫العتبار‬
‫كامل‬
‫األهداف‬
‫والمحددات‬
‫القومية‬
‫ومصالح‬
‫كافة‬
‫المعنيين‬
.

‫إدارة‬
‫الموارد‬
‫المائية‬
:
‫مجموع‬
‫األنشطة‬
‫الفنية‬
‫والمؤسسية‬
‫واإلدارية‬
‫والقانونية‬
‫والتشغي‬
‫لية‬
‫المطلوبة‬
‫لتخطيط‬
‫وتنمية‬
‫وتشغيل‬
‫وإدارة‬
‫الموارد‬
‫المائية‬
‫لالستخدام‬
‫المستدام‬
.
• This section deals with the definitions of the
terminology used in the water sector with regard
to planning and management. Definitions are
given of water resources management, integrated
water resources management, sustainable use of
water resources and water resources capacity
building (Savenije 1999).
• Water Resources Development (WRD):
actions, mostly physical, that lead to the
beneficial use of water resources for single or
multiple purposes.
• Water Resources Planning (WRP): planning of
the development, conservation and allocation of a
scarce resource (sectoral and intersectoral),
matching water availability and demand, taking
into account the full set of national objectives and
constraints and the interests of stakeholders.
• Water Resources Management (WRM): The
whole set of technical, institutional, managerial,
legal and operational activities required to plan,
develop, operate and manage water resources for
sustainable use.

23. Definition of IWRM Integrated
Water Resources Management
• IWRM means a shift from development focus to management
focus. It also means recognizing that there are many competing
interests in how water is used and allocated and these various
stakeholders should be active participants in water
management.
• The traditional sectoral top down approach whereby water
professionals are responsible for and guide decision over water
allocation, management and development, yielding the way for a
more participatory approach among stakeholders, involving the
integration between sectors, between users, and equally
important across the different components of the water cycle
23

24. The concept and major pillars of “Integration”
• Integrated water resources management should take appropriate account
of important environmental sustainability, economic, social and political
dimensions (Figure below).
• Social dimension
• The social dimension points to the equitable use of water resources. Apart
from being unevenly distributed in time and space, water is also unevenly
distributed among various socio-economic strata of society in both rural and
urban settlements. How water quality and quantity and related services are
allocated and distributed have direct impacts on people’s health as well as on
their livelihood opportunities.
• Currently, 1.1 billion people lack sufficient access to safe drinking water
and 2.6 billion people lack access to basic sanitation. Slum dwellers (those
living in poverty stricken part of a city) have very limited access to safe water
for household uses compared to middle or high income household in the
same city. Similarly, water for food production often benefits large-scale
farmers than small-scale farmers.
24

25. Dimensions of water governance
(Source: Tropp, 2005)

26. The concept and major pillars of “Integration”
• Economic dimension
• The economic dimension draws attention to the efficient use (including
prioritizing) of water resources and the role of water in overall economic
growth.
• Water use efficiency in developing countries is very low in both urban and
rural areas, and there is great room for improving the water situation through
improved water distribution and management.
• Political dimension
• The political empowerment dimension points at granting water
stakeholders and citizens at large equal democratic opportunities to influence
and monitor political processes and outcomes.
• At both national and international levels, marginalized citizens, such as
indigenous people, women, slum dwellers, etc., are rarely recognized as
legitimate stakeholders in water-related decision-making.
• Empowering women, as well as other socially, economically and politically
weak groups, is critical to achieving more focused and effective water
management and to ensure greater equity.
26

27. The concept and major pillars of “Integration”
• Environmental sustainability dimension
• The environmental sustainability dimension shows that improved
governance allows for enhanced sustainable use of water resources and
ecosystem integrity.
• Focus should be given to the linkage between landuse (intensification of
agriculture, urbanization, industrialization, etc) and surface and groundwater
quantity and quality.
27

28. The concept and major pillars of “Integration”
• Implementing an IWRM process is a question of getting the “three
pillars” right:
• Moving toward an enabling environment of appropriate policies,
strategies and legislation for sustainable water resources development and
management;
• Putting in place the institutional framework through which the policies,
strategies and legislation can be implemented; and
• Setting up the management instruments required by these institutions to
do their job.
• Figure illustrates the three major pillars of IWRM. Governments play a
key role in the implementation of such IWRM framework. They must also be
the main regulators and controllers in the water sector with its associated
infrastructure.
• Further, governments promote improvements in the public sector,
regulate private sector involvement, and decide on market mechanisms. But
“water is everybody’s business” – a resource to be managed at the lowest
appropriate level
28

29. 29
The “three pillars” of Integrated Water Resources
Management (Jønch-Clausen,2004)

30. ‫المياه‬ ‫لمصادر‬ ‫المتكاملة‬ ‫لالدارة‬ ‫العام‬ ‫األطار‬

32. How to implement IWRM?
• The GWP has published a definitive paper on the
framework for IWRM (2000) and in 2003 it launched its
IWRM ToolBox.
• This is a compendium of over 50 policies, actions and
tools for putting IWRM into practice. There is also a
growing collection of case studies illustrating practical
real-world use of IWRM tools. These can be
downloaded from the Internet.
• The three main components of IWRM revolve around
the following categories:
32

33. How to implement IWRM?
• The GWP has published a definitive paper on the
framework for IWRM (2000) and in 2003 it launched its
IWRM ToolBox.
• This is a compendium of over 50 policies, actions and
tools for putting IWRM into practice. There is also a
growing collection of case studies illustrating practical
real-world use of IWRM tools. These can be
downloaded from the Internet.
• The three main components of IWRM revolve around
the following categories:
33

34. How to implement IWRM?
• 1. The Enabling Environment: the general
framework of national policies, legislation and
regulations and information for water resources
management stakeholders.
• 2. The Institutional Roles and functions of the
various administrative levels and stakeholders.
• 3. The Management Instruments and Tools
including operational instruments for effective
regulation, monitoring and enforcement that enable the
decision-makers to make informed choices between
alternative actions.
34

35. How to implement IWRM?
• Underlying the policy instruments presented in the
Toolbox are three fundamental and inter-relatedprinciples,
known as the three “E pillars” of IWRM. The three “E
Pillars” that support the framework are Social Equity,
Sustainable Environment and Economic Efficiency.
• 1. Social Equity: The basic right for all people to have
access to water of adequate quantity and quality for the
sustenance of human well-being.
• 2. Sustainable Environment: The present use of water
resources should be managed in such a way that does not
undermine the life support system, thereby compromising
use of the same resource by future generations.
35

36. How to implement IWRM?
• 3. Economic Efficiency: Because of the increasing scarcity of
water and financial resources, the finite and vulnerable nature of
water as a resource and the demands on it, water must be used
with maximum possible efficiency.
36

37. Water Resources Planning
• Planning was defined by Weiss and Beard (1971) as the
process by which the society directs its activities to achieve
goals it regards as important.
• According to UN (1972), "Planning aims at optimal use of
available resources.
• WR planning involves estimation of short term and long term
needs and ways to meet these need self-sufficiency and
preservation of the quality of the environment.
• It involves a comparative evaluation of alternative solutions
with respect to their technical, economic and social merits.
37

38. Water Resources Planning
• WR planning is a logical course of actions leading to the
selection of the best acceptable project in response to an
identified need.
• Because of wide variations in distribution of surface water and
groundwater resources over a region, WR planning is always
broad in scope.
• Such a planning is needed at different levels and for different
purposes of water management. It, therefore, requires that
many different uses of water are considered and evaluated,
leading to the articulation of trade-offs among conflicting and
competing objectives.
• WR planning requires a well-coordinated team of qualified
professionals with clear objectives and scope of the project,
who can draw a plan which is acceptable to those who are
impacted by the project and to the decision-maker
38

39. Water Resources Planning
• Due to ever increasing demand of water for agricultural,
domestic, industrial, and other purposes, a great deal of
emphasis needs to be laid on optimum utilization of water
resources.
• A wise exploitation of WR calls for integrated planning which
is the planning of water, land and other associated resources
with coordination among geographical, functional, and
procedural aspects.
• In absence of coordinated planning and sustainable
development, the natural balance existing among different
resources will be disturbed leading to harmful results. The two
basic requirements that must be met in basin-wide integrated
planning are: improved coordination of a diverse variety of
human activities, and integration and utilization of large
amounts of information
39

40. Water Resources Planning
• Water resources planning and development is concerned with
modifying the time and space availability of water for various
purposes so as to accomplish certain basic national, regional and
local objectives.
• In most cases, the ability to achieve these objectives is limited
by the non-uniform availability of water and other resources.
• The water resources of a country are distributed unevenly in
space and time and the issue is how best to develop them. There
is a need to conserve and prudently utilize the wealth of water
resources.
• The basic motivation for a government to plan and develop
water
• resources usually lies in the improvement in national or
regional welfare, increase in national income, national self-
sufficiency and preservation of the quality of the environment.
40

41. Water Resources Planning
• The objective of water resources planning and
management is to provide the supplies of water in accordance
with the temporal and spatial distribution of demands
through river regulation and distribution systems.
• Depending on the system configuration, the same quantity of
water can be put to various uses. The water used for hydropower
generation can augment the downstream flows and can also be
picked up further downstream for irrigation or other uses.
• Similarly, the regenerated flows from the command areas of
irrigation projects in the upstream reaches can be put to further
use downstream.
• These interlinkages and interdependence of withdrawals at
various locations and use for various purposes are to be taken into
account in water resources planning and management.
41

42. Water Resources Planning
• According to Hall and Dracup (1970), the general goals of a
society can be stated in terms of the following objectives of water
resources systems development:
• To control or otherwise manage fresh water resources of the
geographical or political subdivision so as to provide protection
against bad consequences of excesses or deficiencies in quantity
or quality.
• To provide or maintain water in such places and times in
adequate quantity and quality for human and/or animal
consumption, wildlife food production and processing, industrial
production, commerce and for recreational, aesthetic and
conservation purposes as considered desirable by the body
politic.
• To accomplish all of the above with a minimum expenditure of
the physical, economic and human resources available.
42

43. Water Resources Planning
• The task of water resources systems planning may be:
– to plan new water resources projects for least cost or optimum
output, or
– to plan enlargement of a system in an optimal way so as to meet
its present
– functional requirements in a better way or to fulfil some new
functions.
• Planning helps in assessment of the present situation in the
basin, the situation desired, the gap between the two, and the
means to bridge the gap.
• It also helps to set priorities. Second, planning offers a
framework and focus for policy analysis and development and
organise public participation for each individual decision.
• Third, when planning processes proceed in open and
participatory mode, they result in wider public support and
acceptance ofthe final plan. 43

44. Stages in Water Resources Planning
• The scope of WR planning process can vary from broad-based
preliminary planning of a new project to detailed evaluation of a
selected physical project (a feasibility study).
• The broad flow of activities of WR planning activities is shown
in Fig. 1. The project may be a large (and sometimes)
internationally financed activity to small project that is financed
by a small city or a private party.
• Based on the time sequence of the planning process, the entire
life cycle of a project can be divided into three phases (Haimes
et al., 1987): (1) Planning, (2) construction/implementation, and
(3) operation.
44

45. Stages in Water Resources Planning
• The planning process is often divided into four distinct stages
(UNESCO-UNEP, 1987), with project implementation forming
an additional fifth stage (Figure ).
• Stage 1. Plan initiation and preliminary planning. This is the
project initiation stage, which begins with a statement of needs
and includes preliminary planning that ends with the decision on
how to proceed.
• Stage 2. Data collection and processing. This is the data
collection stage, during which data are gathered for system
model development and for decision making.
• Stage 3. Formulation and screening of project alternatives.
This step involves the determination of the final project
configuration, in which all the available alternatives are
investigated and a small number of representative and promising
• alternatives are selected for detailed analyses.
45

46. Stages in Water Resources Planning
• Stage 4. Selection of alternatives and funding decision
making. This is when the design parameters, operation rules,
costs and benefits of the alternatives selected in Stage 3 are
determined, leading to the selection of the final project
configuration. This phase represents, in more spatial and
temporal detail, the planning of stages 2 and 3, and is often
performed by a different team of planners. The documents
prepared during this stage often form the basis of funding
decisions.
• Following these four stages a project implementation stage
begins and could be considered as Stage 5 of the water resources
development process; a sort of design stage, in which the final
configuration is translated into design documents and when the
project is physically implemented.
46

47. 47

48. Stages in Water Resources Planning
• The above classification into five stages is only one of many
similar classifications.
• The UN (1970) has outlined a four-phase programme for
integrated river basin development consisting of:
• (a) preliminary investigation and organization;
• (b) general reconnaissance of existing conditions;
• (c) initial phase of implementation, including and actual start of
small-scale projects; and
• (d) construction and operation of major structures
48

49. Stages in Water Resources Planning
• According to the US WRC guidelines, the planning process
consists of six major steps:
• a. Specification of the water and related land resources problems
and opportunities associated with the federal objective and
specific state and local concerns.
• b. Inventory, forecast and analysis of water and related land
resource conditions within the planning area relevant to the
identified problems and opportunities.
• c. Formulation of alternative plans.
• d. Evaluation of the effects of alternative plans.
• e. Comparison of alternative plans.
• f. Selection of recommended plan based on the comparison of
alternative plans.
49

50. Flow of activities in the planning process [adapted from Grigg (1985).
50

51. Stages in Water Resources Planning
• Phase 1, which is relevant for WR planning, can be categorized into five
stages:
• Stage 1. “The project initiation stage: It begins with the statement of needs
and includes preliminary planning, feasibility, and field investigations.
• Stage 2. The data collection stage: Detailed data are gathered for analysis
and decision making.
• Stage 3. Project configuration stage: A large number of alternatives are
investigated and a small number of promising alternatives are selected for
detailed analysis.
• Stage 4. Detailed planning stage: The design parameters, operation rules,
costs, benefits etc., of the alternatives selected in stage 3 are determined, and
the final project configuration is selected. Actually, this phase represents a
detailed form of stages 2 and 3.
• Stage 5. The design stage: The final configuration is translated into detailed
structural design.
51

52. ‫المائية‬ ‫الموارد‬ ‫وإدارة‬ ‫تخطيط‬
•
‫إنًإدارةًوتخطيطًالمواردًالمائية‬
ً‫تعرف‬
ً‫علىًأنها‬
‫مكوو‬ ‫نظام‬
‫ن‬
‫بعالقو‬ ‫المترابطة‬ ‫والعناصر‬ ‫الفرعية‬ ‫األنظمة‬ ‫من‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫من‬
‫ات‬
‫ن‬ ‫يتكون‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫تشابكها‬ ‫في‬ ‫وتتعقد‬ ‫شكلها‬ ‫في‬ ‫تختلف‬
‫المووارد‬ ‫ظوام‬
‫فرعية‬ ‫نظم‬ ‫ثالث‬ ‫من‬ ‫المائية‬
‫هي‬
:
.1
‫نظامًالمصادرًالطبيعية‬
:
‫ويشملًاألنهارًوالبحيراتًوال‬
ً‫طبقاات‬
‫الحاملةًللمياهًالجوفيةًووظائفهاًالمرتبطةًبالنظاامًالي‬
ً‫كولاوجي‬
‫وكذلكًالبنيةًالتحتيةًالمطلوبةًللتحكمًوالسيطرةًو‬
‫الستخدام‬
.
.2
‫اااد‬‫ا‬‫اااعيًوالقتص‬‫ا‬‫ااامًالجتم‬‫ا‬‫النظ‬
:
‫ااا‬‫ا‬‫ااتخداماتًالمي‬‫ا‬‫ااملًاس‬‫ا‬‫ويش‬
ً‫ه‬
‫المختلفةًواألنشطةًالبشريةًالمتعلقةًبها‬
.
.3
‫ااااي‬‫ا‬‫ًوالمؤسس‬ ‫ااااامًاإلدار‬‫ا‬‫النظ‬
:
ً‫ااااريعات‬‫ا‬‫ااااملًاإلدارةًوالتش‬‫ا‬‫ويش‬
‫انًإدار‬‫ا‬‫ولةًع‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫الطاتًالمس‬‫ا‬‫اكًالس‬‫ا‬‫ايًذل‬‫ا‬‫ااًف‬‫ا‬‫اةًبم‬‫ا‬‫ادًالمنظم‬‫ا‬‫والقواع‬
ً‫ة‬
‫المواردًالمائيةًوتطبيقًالقوانينًواللوائح‬
.

53. ‫المائية‬ ‫الموارد‬ ‫وإدارة‬ ‫تخطيط‬
•
‫تعريفات‬
:

‫نًتح‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫اراراتًبش‬‫ا‬‫انًالق‬‫ا‬‫الةًم‬‫ا‬‫ااذًسلس‬‫ا‬‫اةًاتخ‬‫ا‬‫اوًعملي‬‫ا‬‫ايطًه‬‫ا‬‫التخط‬
ً‫اق‬‫ا‬‫قي‬
‫أهدافًوأغراضًمستقبليهًمنًخاللًالختيارًالساليمًواأل‬
ً ‫نسا‬
‫للخياراتًاألفضلًمنًبينًالخياراتًالمطروحة‬
,
‫وكلًذلك‬
ً‫ياتم‬
‫اًعلىًمعلوماتًأوًفرضياتًأوًتنبؤاتًوتوقعااتًم‬ً‫ء‬‫بنا‬
ً‫حادودة‬
‫مبنيةًعليًالدراسة‬
.
‫وبعباارةًبسايطةًفاعنًعملياةًالتخطا‬
ً‫يطًهاي‬
‫طريقةًمنطقيةًومرتبةًللتفكيرًفيًالمساتقبلًوتح‬
ً‫ديادًمسابقًلماا‬
‫ًعمله‬ ‫يج‬
.

ً‫ارارات‬‫ا‬‫اعًالق‬‫ا‬‫ايًوض‬‫ا‬‫ااعدةًف‬‫ا‬‫ايًالمس‬‫ا‬‫ايطًه‬‫ا‬‫انًالتخط‬‫ا‬‫ارضًم‬‫ا‬‫إنًالغ‬
‫الجيدة‬
.

‫ااينًالخ‬‫ا‬‫اايطًوب‬‫ا‬‫ااينًالتخط‬‫ا‬‫اازًب‬‫ا‬‫اافًيمي‬‫ا‬‫ااذاًالتعري‬‫ا‬‫ااعًأنًه‬‫ا‬‫والواق‬
ً‫ااة‬‫ا‬‫ط‬
‫فالتخطيطًعمليةًصنعًالخطاةًمامًتنقيحهااًأوًد‬
‫مجهااًماعًخ‬
ً‫طاط‬

54. ‫المائية‬ ‫الموارد‬ ‫وإدارة‬ ‫تخطيط‬
•
ً‫أما‬
ً‫الخطةًفهيًمجموعةًمترابطةًمنًالقراراتًحاولًاساتخدامًالماوارد‬
‫ًبمجموعهااًإلاىًتحقياقًاألهادافًالم‬ ‫يتمًترجمتهاًإلاىًأنشاطةًتاؤد‬
ً‫تفاق‬
‫ااا‬‫ا‬‫عليه‬
.
‫اايًإتب‬‫ا‬‫اايًينبغ‬‫ا‬‫ًالت‬ ‫ااالي‬‫ا‬‫ااىًاألس‬‫ا‬‫ااواًعل‬‫ا‬‫ااةًبوض‬‫ا‬‫اانصًالخط‬‫ا‬‫وت‬
ً‫ااا‬‫ا‬‫اعه‬
‫ادافًالمت‬‫ا‬‫اطةًواأله‬‫ا‬‫ايًلألنش‬‫ا‬‫ادولًالزمن‬‫ا‬‫اؤولياتًوالج‬‫ا‬‫ااتًوالمس‬‫ا‬‫والنفق‬
ً‫اق‬‫ا‬‫ف‬
‫عليها‬
,
ً‫ًأن‬ ‫أ‬
(
‫الخطة‬
=
‫األهداف‬
+
‫الوسائل‬
.)
•
‫ًعندًتطويرًخطةًمائيةًشاملةًلبلدًماًًفعنهاًتعتمدًبش‬ً‫ال‬‫فمث‬
ً‫كلًرئيسي‬
‫علىًالموازنةًبينًالمواردًالمائيةًالمتاحةًوالحتياجاتًالمائية‬
.

‫هي‬ ‫المائية‬ ‫الخطة‬ ‫أهداف‬ ‫فإن‬ ‫وبالتالي‬
:
-
ً ‫تحديدًالساتخداماتًالحالياةًوالمساتقبليةًلكافاةًالقطاعااتًلا‬
10
ً‫أو‬
20
ًً
‫سنةًقادمةًمثال‬
.
-
‫تحديدًكمياتًمياهًالشربًللمدنًوالمحافظااتًوالقارىًوتحديادًمصا‬
ً‫ادر‬
‫المياهًالتقليديةًوالغيرًتقليديةًذاتًالكميةًالكافيةًوالنوع‬
‫يةًالمناسبة‬
.

55. ‫المائية‬ ‫الموارد‬ ‫وإدارة‬ ‫تخطيط‬
•
‫تحديدًالحتياجاتًألغراضًالصناعةًوتحديدًالمصادر‬
.
•
‫ت‬
‫ااا‬‫ا‬‫ااينًالعتب‬‫ا‬‫ااذًبع‬‫ا‬‫ااعًاألخ‬‫ا‬‫ااةًم‬‫ا‬‫اانواتًالقادم‬‫ا‬‫ًللس‬ ‫اار‬‫ا‬‫اااتًال‬‫ا‬‫اادًاحتياج‬‫ا‬‫حدي‬
ً‫ر‬
‫الستخدامًالمتكاملًللمواردًالمائية‬
.
•
ً‫ااحي‬‫ا‬‫اارفًالص‬‫ا‬‫اااهًالص‬‫ا‬‫ااةًمي‬‫ا‬‫ااعًومعالج‬‫ا‬‫اادًوجم‬‫ا‬‫اااملةًلتحدي‬‫ا‬‫ااةًش‬‫ا‬‫ااعًخط‬‫ا‬‫وض‬
‫والصناعيًوالزراعيًوإعادةًاستخدامها‬
.
-
‫وضعًخطةًلمراقبةًنوعيةًوكميةًالمياه‬
.
-
‫ًالم‬ ‫ااو‬‫ا‬‫ااريعاتًوالبح‬‫ا‬‫اااريعًوالتش‬‫ا‬‫ااراميًوالمش‬‫ا‬‫اادياًالب‬‫ا‬‫اادًوتح‬‫ا‬‫تحدي‬
ً‫ااة‬‫ا‬‫ائي‬
‫وترشيدًالستهالك‬
.
-
‫هيلًوالتدري‬ ‫تقييمًالقدراتًالبشريةًمعًالت‬
.
•
ً‫ااي‬‫ا‬‫ااةًعل‬‫ا‬‫اااولًاإلجاب‬‫ا‬‫اايطًنح‬‫ا‬‫اااللًالتخط‬‫ا‬‫اانًخ‬‫ا‬‫اااًم‬‫ا‬‫اايًأنن‬‫ا‬‫اارًه‬‫ا‬‫ااةًاألم‬‫ا‬‫وحقيق‬
‫التساؤلتًالتالية‬
:
•
-
‫أينًنحنً؟‬
-
‫ًأنًنكونً؟‬ ‫ماًنرغ‬
-
‫كيفًيمكنًأنًنصلًإلايًالوضا‬
ً‫ع‬
‫المرغوبًفيه؟‬

56. ‫المائية‬ ‫الموارد‬ ‫وإدارة‬ ‫تخطيط‬
•
‫ًلمااًهاوًمخطاطًلهاا‬ً‫ا‬‫ًوفقا‬ً‫ا‬‫وبالرغمًمانًأنًاألماورًلًتسايرًدائما‬
,
‫إلًأ‬
ً‫ن‬
ً
ً‫ا‬‫عمليةًالتخطيطًفيًحدًذاتهاًتعتبرًمهمةًجاد‬
.
‫ألنهااًتسااعدًالمسا‬
‫ؤ‬
‫ول‬
ً‫علاي‬
‫اتخاذًالقراراتًفيماًيتعلقًباألسابقيات‬
.
‫وتخصايصًالماواردًالتا‬
ً‫ًماا‬ً‫ا‬‫يًغالبا‬
ً‫تكونًمحدودة‬
.
‫ًع‬ ‫هذاًباإلضافةًإليًأنهًمنًخاللًالخطةًوالتايًتحتاو‬
ً‫لاي‬
‫األهدافًواإلستراتيجياتًووضاعًاألولويااتًيمكانًتساهيلًعملياةًال‬
ً‫متابعاة‬
‫والتقييمًومدىًسيرًالبرناميًنحوًتحقيقًاألهداف‬
.
•
‫هي‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫وجوب‬ ‫إلي‬ ‫الداعية‬ ‫األسباب‬
:
•
1
-
‫تحقيقًالستعمالًاألمثلًللمواردًالمائية‬
.
•
2
-
ً‫توفيرًوسائلًللتقييمًوتبريرًاستعمالًاألموال‬
•
3
-
‫تساعدًالمخططًعليًتنظيمًعمله‬
.
•
4
-
‫التنسيقًالعامًبينًالبراميًالمختلفة‬
.
•
5
-
ً‫اان‬‫ا‬‫ااةًم‬‫ا‬‫االًمرحل‬‫ا‬‫اايًك‬‫ا‬‫ااراضًف‬‫ا‬‫اادافًواألغ‬‫ا‬‫اااتًواأله‬‫ا‬‫اادًاألولوي‬‫ا‬‫تحدي‬
‫التخطيط‬
.

57. Water Resources Development
• In countries with limited water resources, comprehensive and
rational water resources development is a necessary condition for
optimum social and economic growth.
• There are various ways of classifying water resources projects;
in the classification based on physical nature, the broad project
categories are:
1. Surface storages: reservoirs, natural lakes with artificial control
of outflows.
2. Channelization: irrigation canals, navigation canals, drainage
works, dykes for flood protection, and erosion control measures.
3. Diversion of water: inter-basin water transfer projects.
4. Waste treatment and assimilation.
5. Ground water extraction and artificial recharge.
6. Catchment treatment for control of water yield and peaks.
57

58. Water Resources Development
• In water resources development, there are many aspects of a
question – the problem is often complex and has multiplicity of
goals and alternatives
• For example, there are widely divergent opinions about the
benefits of dams. In fact, this has been the topic of passionate and
often bitter debates. After a dam has been constructed, it is nearly
impossible and very expensive to restore the status quo.
58

59. Water Resources Management
• Worldwide, environmental systems are rarely managed as a
cohesive whole. That is partly because air, soil, and water
resources have been and continue to be managed by independent
organizations having little interaction amongst them
• For example, there are a host of organizations in the United
States that have authorities to manage nation's water resources at
the local, state, regional, and national level. The U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers are two of the
federal agencies with broad authority for water resources
management.
• Then there are the departments of water resources, natural
resources, or environmental quality at the provincial (state) level
having authority to manage water resources in their individual
states.
59

60. Water Resources Management
• The integrated water management is best accomplished within a
spatial unit called river basin or watershed.
• The integrated water management can be viewed as a multi-
dimensional process pivoted around the need for water, the policy
to meet the needs and the management to implement the policy.
Water elements encompassing physical, chemical, and biological
aspects of water quantity and quality may constitute the first
dimension.
• Water uses, including agriculture, water supply, energy
generation, industry, fish production, recreation, transportation,
etc., may constitute the second dimension.
• Clearly, these water uses have to be accomplished following a
well-defined management policy balancing the demand for water
amongst different uses.
60

61. Water Resources Management
• The strategy to implement this policy forms the third dimension.
• The management must be dynamic and evolve with time, in
response to changing needs and objectives. Thus, these needs and
objectives may form the fourth dimension.
• The water elements, their interactions, and the effects ofnatural
as well as external constraints on them, as shown in Fig. 1.5,
constitute the foundation upon which the structure of integrated
water management is to be built.
• External constraints, such as economic, demographic,
transportation and other forms of development, directly influence
one or the other water elements.
• Likewise, climatic change, and climatic extremes, and a host of
natural hazards are some of the natural causes that greatly
influence the water elements and have significant impact on the
integrated water management.
61

62. Elements of a water system and their interactions.
62

63. Water Resources Management
• Once a management policy is established, a strategy, including
administrative infrastructure, has to be employed to undertake
integrated water management as shown in Fig
• The components of integrated water management are
interactive, and hence the administrative set up must be flexible
and responsive to changing goals.
• Thus, integrated water management requires integration of the
various components physical, biological, chemical, social,
economic, ecological, health, and environmental.
63

64. Water Resources Management
• For any water resources utilization to be effective and efficient,
it is necessary that all the resources of a basin are managed in an
integrated manner.
• By definition, the basin level systemic management is essential
for the integrated water resources management (IWRM) principle
to succeed.
• In other words, it is essential to take a holistie approach to
IWRM.
• The decisions on IWRM must be participatory, technically and
scientifically informed, and taken at the lowest appropriate level,
but within a framework at the catchment, basin and aquifer level
which are the units by which nature bestows water.
64

65. Integrated water resources management
• Due to the nature of water, integrated water resources
management has to take account of the following four
dimensions:
1. the water resources, taking the entire hydrological cycle into
account, including stock and flows, as well as water quantity
and water quality; distinguishing for instance white, green,
grey and blue water
2. the water users, all sectoral interests and stakeholders
3. the spatial scale, including
3.1 the spatial distribution of water resources and uses
3.2 the various spatial scales at which water is being managed, i.e. individual
user, user groups (e.g. user boards), watershed, catchment, (international)
basin; and the institutional arrangements that exist at these various scales
65

66. Integrated water resources management
4. the temporal scale; taking into account the temporal variation
in availability of and demand for water resources, but also the
physical structures that have been built to even out fluctuations
and to better match the supply with demand.
66

67. Three of the four dimensions of Integrated Water Resources Management (Savenije,
2000)
67

68. Integrated water resources management
• Integrated Water Resources Management can now be defined
as:
• Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is a
process which promotes the coordinated development and
management of water, land and related resources, in order
to maximise the resultant economic and social welfare in an
equitable manner without compromising the sustainability
of vital ecosystems.
• This is the definition proposed by the Global Water
Partnership.
68

69. Integrated water resources management
• Integrated Water Resources Management therefore acknowledges the entire
water cycle with all its natural aspects, as well as the interests of the water users
in the different sectors of a society (or an entire region).
• Decision-making would involve the integration of the different objectives
where possible, and a trade-off or priority-setting between these objectives
where necessary, by carefully weighing these in an informed and transparent
manner, according to societal objectives and constraints.
• Special care should be taken to consider spatial scales, in terms of geographical
variation in water availability and the possible upstream-downstream
interactions, as well as time scales, such as the natural seasonal, annual and
long-term fluctuations in water availability, and the implications of
developments now for future generations.
69

70. Policy principles
• For a country to change its water management towards a more
holistic and integrated management system, it will require to
review its water policy.
• This is currently on-going in many countries. A water policy
often starts with the definition of a small number of basic
principles and objectives, such as the need for sustainable
development and desirable socio-economic development.
• Three key policy principles are known as the three 'E's as
defined by Postel (1992):
70

71. Policy principles
a) Equity: Water is a basic need. No human being can live
without a basic volume of fresh water of sufficient quality.
• Humans have a basic human right of access to water resources
(see Gleick, 1999).
• This policy principle is related to the fact that water is often
considered a public good.
• Water is such a basic requirement for human life and survival
that society has to defend the uses of the water resources in the
public interest. From here a number of other issues can be
derived, such as security (protection against floods, droughts,
famine and other hazards).
71

72. 72

73. Policy principles
b) Ecological integrity: Water resources can only persist in a
natural environment capable of regenerating (fresh) water of
sufficient quality.
• Only sustainable water use can be allowed such that future
generations will be able to use it in similar ways as the present
generation.
c) Efficiency: Water is a scarce resource. It should be used
efficiently; therefore, institutional arrangements should be such
that cost recovery of the water services should be attained. This
will ensure sustainability of infrastructure and institutions, but
should not jeopardise the equity principle. Here comes in the
issue of water pricing, and whether or not water should be priced
according to its economic value.
73

74. IWRM Approaches
• Seeking to put the Dublin Principles into practice, IWRM
emphasizes the key concepts of Integration, Decentralization,
Participation, and Economic and Financial Sustainability.
• Integration - In contrast to sectoral approaches that have
largely failed in the past, IWRM’s first approach to the Dublin
Principle-1 is by advocating a holistic approach that
emphasizes the three goals of economic development, social
welfare, and environmental protection and that integrates
management of all horizontal sectors that use and/or affect
water (Figure 3).
74

75. IWRM Approaches
• In order to effectively coordinate between water supply and
sanitation, agriculture use, energy generation, industrial use,
environmental protection, and other sectors, new institutions
and policies are required.
• IWRM advocates creating and empowering basin-level
organizations to direct water resource management efforts in a
hydrological boundary.
• In addition to horizontal integration between sectors, vertical
integration is needed to coordinate efforts between local,
regional, national, and international water user groups and
institutions. To facilitate coordinated water resource
management, rigorous data collection and distribution is
required for multiple physical and socio-economic measures.
75

76. IWRM and its relation to sub-
sectors
76

77. IWRM Approaches
• Decentralization - The second approach of IWRM is to place
responsibility for water resource management at the lowest
effective administrative level, satisfying the subsidiarity
priority of the second Dublin principle.
• River basin organizations, in addition to facilitating inter-sectoral
integration, also provide a means of decentralizing management authority
from national governments to the basin or sub-basin level, where special
attention can be paid to specific local problems and where institutional
accountability is greater.
• The private sector can play a role in providing water services and should be
allowed to bring its technical expertise and efficient management practices
into areas where central government has struggled to provide sustainable
service.
• The appropriate level of decentralization depends on the nature of the
specific water management problem in question, but IWRM seeks to strike
a balance between top-down and bottom-up management.
77

78. IWRM Approaches
• Participation – The third approach of IWRM is to strengthen
community-based organizations, water user associations, and
other stakeholders to enable them to take a greater role in
management decisions.
• Giving a voice to all user groups and affected populations ensures that
social welfare considerations are given proper weight.
• Full and effective participation requires gender awareness and special
efforts to allow women and vulnerable groups to participate in management
decisions, in accordance with the third Dublin Principle.
• IWRM emphasizes broad-based capacity building and support for the
formation of user groups and representative associations.
78

79. IWRM Approaches
• Economic and Financial Sustainability - The increasing costs
of water supply and the widespread inefficiencies in water
service delivery in many parts of the world demand that proper
attention be given to the economic value of water.
• To achieve long-term economic sustainability, water must be priced at its
full cost, accounting for the cost of withdrawing and delivering the water, as
well as the opportunity cost and both economic and environmental
externalities associated with using that water.
• Laws and policies should establish clear water use rights and create
markets for these rights to be traded, allowing water to be used by those
sectors for which it has the greatest value (while still protecting social and
environmental concerns).
79

80. IWRM Approaches
• Economic and Financial Sustainability - The increasing costs
of water supply and the widespread inefficiencies in water
service delivery in many parts of the world demand that proper
attention be given to the economic value of water.
• These are easy to say than done – they are applied currently only to few
countries – due to many reasons (legal, institutional, infrastructure, etc.).
• To achieve financial sustainability of water service delivery, user fees
should at a minimum cover O&M costs of service provision, so that water
service providers can achieve full cost recovery and satisfy the public water
needs. Often, short-term policy targets must be limited to financial
sustainability of water services, but full economic sustainability is the long-
term goal of IWRM.
80

81. Sustainability of water resources
• Since the appearance of the Brundtland report "Our Common
Future" (WCED, 1987), sustainable development has been
embraced as the leading philosophy that would on the one hand
allow the world to develop its resources and on the other hand
preserve unrenewable and finite resources and guarantee
adequate living conditions for future generations.
• Presently the definition most often used of sustainable
development is: the ability of the present generation to utilise
its natural resources without putting at risk the ability of
future generations to do likewise.
81

82. ‫المياه‬ ‫حوكمة‬
(
Water Governance
)

83. THE GOVERNANCE OF WATER
• Water governance refers to the range
of political, social, economic and
administrative systems that are in
place to develop and manage water
resources, and the delivery of water
services, at different levels of society.
• The notion of governance for water
includes the ability to design public
policies and institutional frameworks
that are socially accepted and mobilize
social resources in support of them.
• Water policy and the process for its
formulation must have as its goal the
sustainable development of water
resources, and to make its
implementation effective, the key
actors/stakeholders must be involved
in the process.
83
•
‫ويشير‬
‫مصطلح‬
«
‫حوكمة‬
‫المياه‬
»
‫إلى‬
«
‫نطاق‬
‫من‬
‫األنظمة‬
‫السياسية‬
‫والجتماعية‬
‫والقتصادية‬
‫واإلدارية‬
‫ا‬
‫لتي‬
‫يتم‬
‫تطويرها‬
‫لتنظيم‬
‫تنمية‬
‫و‬
‫إدارة‬
‫الموارد‬
‫المائية‬
‫وتوفير‬
‫خدمات‬
‫المياه‬
‫في‬
‫مستويات‬
‫مختلفة‬
‫من‬
‫المجتمع‬
)
)
GWP, 2000
‫مع‬
‫كيد‬ ‫الت‬
‫على‬
‫الدور‬
‫الذ‬
‫تلعبه‬
‫الخدمات‬
‫ية‬ ‫البي‬
.
•
‫وعند‬
‫مقارنة‬
‫تعريف‬
‫حوكمة‬
‫المياه‬
‫مع‬
‫مصطلح‬
‫اإلدارة‬
‫المتكاملة‬
‫للموارد‬
‫المائية‬
‫تبدو‬
‫الروابط‬
‫وا‬
‫ضحة‬
،
‫حيث‬
‫يتضمن‬
‫المفهومان‬
‫أربعة‬
‫أبعاد‬
‫وهي‬
‫االجتماعية‬
‫والسيا‬
‫سية‬
‫واالقتصادي‬
‫ة‬
‫والبيئية‬
،
‫كما‬
‫هو‬
‫مو‬
‫ضح‬
‫في‬
‫الشكل‬
1
.
‫ويوفر‬
‫مفهوم‬
‫اإلدارة‬
‫المتكاملة‬
‫للموار‬
‫د‬
‫المائية‬
ً
ً‫ا‬‫توجه‬
ً
ً‫ا‬‫شمولي‬
‫لتنمية‬
‫وإد‬
‫ارة‬
‫الموارد‬
‫المائية‬
‫ويعالي‬
‫إدارة‬
‫المياه‬
‫كونها‬
ً
ً‫ا‬‫مورد‬
‫وكذلك‬
ً
ً‫ا‬‫إطار‬
‫لتوفير‬

84. THE GOVERNANCE OF WATER
84
•
‫االجتماعي‬ ‫البعد‬
:
‫ًيرىًضرورةًالستخدامًالعادلًلمواردًالمياهًللمنتف‬ ‫الذ‬
ً‫عينًكافاة‬
‫حتىًوإنًكانتًمحدودة‬
.
•
‫واد‬‫و‬‫االقتص‬ ‫ود‬‫و‬‫البع‬
:
‫ايًالن‬‫ا‬‫ااًف‬‫ا‬‫ااهًودوره‬‫ا‬‫افءًللمي‬‫ا‬‫اتخدامًالك‬‫ا‬‫اىًالس‬‫ا‬‫ازًعل‬‫ا‬‫ًيرك‬ ‫اذ‬‫ا‬‫ال‬
ً‫او‬‫ا‬‫م‬
‫القتصاد‬
.
•
‫وي‬‫و‬‫السياس‬ ‫ود‬‫و‬‫البع‬
:
‫اي‬‫ا‬‫ادماتهاًللمنتفع‬‫ا‬‫ااهًوخ‬‫ا‬‫اولًالمي‬‫ا‬‫امانًوص‬‫ا‬‫اىًض‬‫ا‬‫ايرًإل‬‫ا‬‫ًيش‬ ‫اذ‬‫ا‬‫ال‬
ً‫اى‬‫ا‬‫نًعل‬
‫مستوىًمتساو‬
.
•
‫البيئي‬ ‫البعد‬
:
‫ًتعزيزًاستدامةًالمواردًالمائيةًوسالمةًاألن‬ً‫ا‬‫ًيؤكدًدوم‬ ‫الذ‬
‫ية‬ ‫ظمةًالبي‬
•
‫اعًالمنتف‬‫ا‬‫انًجمي‬‫ا‬‫ًم‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫اامنيةًتتطل‬‫ا‬‫اؤوليةًتض‬‫ا‬‫ااهًمس‬‫ا‬‫اةًالمي‬‫ا‬‫اولًإنًحوكم‬‫ا‬‫اةًالق‬‫ا‬‫خالص‬
ً‫اين‬‫ا‬‫ع‬
"
‫ًالقطاعًالخاص‬ ً‫ًالمجتمعًالمدني‬ ً‫الجهاتًالحكومية‬
"
‫العمالًعلاىًسادًفجاوةًالحو‬
ً‫كماة‬
ً‫ان‬‫ا‬‫ادًم‬‫ا‬‫اىًالح‬‫ا‬‫اريعاتًعل‬‫ا‬‫اةًوالتش‬‫ا‬‫ادرةًاألنظم‬‫ا‬‫ادمًق‬‫ا‬‫ًوع‬،‫اة‬‫ا‬‫اعفًاإلدارةًالمائي‬‫ا‬‫انًض‬‫ا‬‫اةًم‬‫ا‬‫الناتج‬
‫ا‬‫ا‬‫اينًمتطلب‬‫ا‬‫اوازنًب‬‫ا‬‫اادةًالت‬‫ا‬‫انًإع‬‫ا‬‫اىًيمك‬‫ا‬‫ااهًحت‬‫ا‬‫اعًالمي‬‫ا‬‫الًم‬‫ا‬‫ايًالتعام‬‫ا‬‫اةًف‬‫ا‬ ‫ااتًالخاط‬‫ا‬‫الممارس‬
ً‫ات‬
‫التنميةًوالحفاظًعلىًمواردًالمياهًالطبيعية‬
.

85. ‫أبعادًحوكمةًالمياه‬

86. ‫تعريفًالشراكةًالعالميةًللمياهًلل‬
"
‫الحوكمةًالمائية‬
"
‫؟‬
86
•
‫تعريف‬
‫لل‬ ‫للمياه‬ ‫العالمية‬ ‫الشراكة‬
"
‫المائية‬ ‫الحوكمة‬
"
‫؟‬
•
‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هي‬
"
‫واإلدا‬ ‫واالقتصادية‬ ‫واالجتماعية‬ ‫السياسية‬ ‫النظم‬ ‫من‬ ‫مجموعة‬
‫رية‬
‫لتطوير‬ ‫المالئمة‬
•
‫وووتويات‬‫و‬‫المس‬ ‫وووف‬‫و‬‫مختل‬ ‫وووى‬‫و‬‫عل‬ ‫وووة‬‫و‬‫المائي‬ ‫ووودمات‬‫و‬‫الخ‬ ‫وووديم‬‫و‬‫وتق‬ ‫وووة‬‫و‬‫المائي‬ ‫ووووارد‬‫و‬‫الم‬ ‫دارة‬ٕ‫ا‬‫و‬
‫المجتمعية‬
."
٣
‫وهول‬ ‫روجرز‬
•
.
٢٠٠٣
•
‫أسباب‬
‫ودواعي‬
‫المائية‬ ‫الحوكمة‬

87. THE GOVERNANCE OF WATER
• Governance of water is a subset of the more general issue of
the creation of a nation’s physical and institutional
infrastructure and of the still more general issue of social
cooperation (Rogers and Hall, 2002).
• Water governance is concerned with the functions, balances
and structures internal to the water sector (internal
governance).
• It includes the framing of social agreements on property rights
and the structure to administer and enforce them, known as
the law.
• Effective governance of water resources and water service
delivery will require the combined commitment of
government and various groups in civil society, particularly at
local/community levels, as well as the private sector.
87

88. •
‫يشير‬
‫مصطلح‬
"
‫الحوكمة‬
"
‫عموما‬
‫إلى‬
‫عملية‬
‫اتخاذ‬
‫القرارات‬
‫متضمنا‬
‫العملي‬
‫ات‬
‫الرسمية‬
(
،‫الدستور‬
،‫والقوانين‬
،‫والسياسات‬
‫والتفاقيات‬
)
‫والعمليات‬
‫غي‬
‫ر‬
‫الرسمية‬
(
‫التقاليد‬
‫واألعراف‬
‫المقبولة‬
،
‫أو‬
‫قواعد‬
‫السلوك‬
‫غير‬
‫المكتوبة‬
)
.
‫والحوكمة‬
‫من‬
‫المتطلبات‬
‫العامة‬
‫إلدارة‬
‫أ‬
‫نوع‬
‫من‬
‫المنظمات؛‬
‫والحوكمة‬
‫ليست‬
‫مرادفة‬
‫للحك‬
‫ومة‬
.
•
‫فعن‬
‫الخطوط‬
‫السترشادية‬
‫المقبولة‬
‫للحوكمة‬
‫والمستقاة‬
‫من‬
‫الخبرات‬
‫الدولية‬
‫تتضمن‬
‫ما‬
‫يلي‬
:
•
•
‫اإلنصاف‬
‫والعدالة‬
‫يج‬
‫أن‬
‫تكون‬
‫القرارات‬
‫عادلة‬
‫ومنصفة‬
،
‫أى‬
‫غيرمتحي‬
‫زة‬
‫أل‬
‫مصالح‬
‫شخصية‬
‫لفرد‬
‫أو‬
‫جماعة‬
‫معينة‬
.
‫وتبذل‬
‫الجهود‬
‫حتى‬
‫تكون‬
‫لكل‬
‫القرارات‬
‫شاملة‬
‫و‬
‫خذ‬ ‫ت‬
‫آراء‬
‫األقليات‬
‫في‬
‫العتبار‬
.
•
•
‫الشفافية‬
‫يج‬
‫أن‬
‫يتم‬
‫اتخاذ‬
‫القرارات‬
‫على‬
‫نحو‬
،‫مفتوا‬
‫ويج‬
‫أن‬
‫تكو‬
‫ن‬
‫المعلومات‬
‫الرئيسية‬
‫متاحة‬
‫للجمهور‬
‫حتى‬
‫يمكن‬
‫أل‬
‫شخص‬
‫متابعة‬
‫العملية‬
.
•
•
‫االلتزام‬
‫بالقانون‬
(
‫حكم‬
‫القانون‬
)
‫يج‬
‫أن‬
‫تكون‬
‫عملية‬
‫اتخاذ‬
‫القرارات‬
‫أن‬
‫محكومة‬
‫بالقوانين‬
‫واألعراف‬
‫السائدة‬
‫والسوابق‬
‫القانونية‬
.
‫المياه‬ ‫حوكمة‬
Water Governance

89. ‫الة‬ً‫ع‬‫خصائصًالحوكمةًالمائيةًالف‬

90. Principles for effective water governance
• Open and transparent:
• Institutions should work in an open manner. They should use
language that is accessible and understandable for the
general public to increase confidence in complex institutions.
• In addition to being open, good governance requires that all
policy decisions are transparent so that both insiders and
outsiders can easily follow the steps taken in the policy
formulation. This is particularly important with regard to
financial transactions.
90

91. Principles for effective water governance
• Inclusive and communicative: :
• The quality, relevance and effectiveness of government policies depend on
ensuring wide participation throughout the policy chain from conception to
implementation. Improved participation is likely to create more confidence in
the end result and in the institutions that deliver policies.
• Participation crucially depends on all levels of government following an
inclusive approach when developing and implementing policies. Broad
participation is built on social mobilization and freedom of association and
speech, as well as capacities to participate constructively.
• Transparency and accountability are built on the free flow of information.
Governance institutions and systems need to communicate among the actors
and stakeholders in very direct ways. Correctly done, this will lead civil society
to be socialized into governance over a wide range of issues.
91

92. Principles for effective water governance
• Coherent and integrative:
• Policies and action must be coherent. The need for harmony and coherence
in governance is increasing as the range of tasks has grown and become more
diverse.
• Challenges such as climate and demographic change cross the boundaries of
the sectoral policies on which the government has been built.
• Coherence requires political leadership and a strong responsibility on the part
of the institutions at different levels to ensure a consistent approach within a
complex system.
• Water governance should enhance the effectiveness of Integrated Water
Resources Management (IWRM).
• The institutions will have to consider all uses and users within the traditional
water sector and also their interconnections with and impacts upon all other
potential users and sectors.
92

93. Principles for effective water governance
• Equitable and ethical:
• All men and women should have opportunities to improve or
maintain their well-being. Equity between and among the
various interest groups, stakeholders, and consumer-voters
needs to be carefully monitored throughout the process of policy
development and implementation.
• It is essential that the penalties for malfeasance are, and are
seen to be, equitably applied. Above all, water governance has
to be strongly based upon the ethical principles of the society in
which it functions and based on the rule of law.
• This manifests itself most strongly in the issue of justice,
property rights for use, access, and ownership of water. Legal
and regulatory frameworks should be fair and enforced
impartially.
93