We use classification each & every moment of the life by intentionally or unintentionally. Classification has always been the backbone of all Library operations and without it, library is definitely going to suffer in its recourse and to find a particular piece of information from unorganized heap of knowledge is almost impossible. The library classification is core instrument for organizing and retrieval of the documents stored in a library. At present era they are the navigation tools for locating and retrieving documents in more precisely and relevantly. The electronic versions of the DDC and UDC and other classification schemes make it possible to realize the potential of library classification to improve subject retrieval.

1. 1

2. A comparative analysis of
Library Classification
Systems
By
ALI HASSA
2

3. CONTENTS
Classification
Concept of classification
Library Classification
Theory of Classification
Purpose of Book classification schemes
Function of Book classification schemes
Types of Book Classification schemes
3

4. CONTENTS
Library Classification systems/schemes
Dewey Decimal Classification System
Library of Congress Classification System
Universal Decimal Classification System
Colon Classification System
Comparative analysis
Conclusion
References
4

5. CLASSIFICATION
 The term ‘Classification’ is a derived from the
Latin word “Classis” which means ‘Grouping’
Classification is broadly defined as the act of
organizing the universe of knowledge into some
systematic order(Chan, 1981).
 Classification is one of the oldest and most
prominent knowledge organizational tools.
Classification is done to arrange things according to
likeness and unlikeness such a concept is given :
Cont…
5

6. 6
Classification of Universe how it took place!
A concept by periphery

7. LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION
 It is simply about organizing things according to their similarities
and differences as claimed by (Kumbhar, 2012).
Library Classification is “the arranging of things
according to likeness and unlikeness. It is the sorting and
grouping of things, but in addition classification of books
is a knowledge classification with adjustment made
necessary by the physical forms of books.”(Margaret
Mann)
It used in Libraries, Information centers, and other
institutions
Cont…
7

8. THEORY OF CLASSIFICATION
 Some property which are found in object by
nature if we divide these object by their
natural properties then this classification is
known as Natural Classification. e.g. male &
female
 A property which give artificial then on the
basis of that classification is called artificial
classification. e.g. Pakistani, Hindustani
i.e. notation given to things to be
recognition.
8

9. Cont…
PURPOSE OF CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES
 LCS’s helps in organizing the documents in a
method most convenient to the users and to the
library staff.
 It provides the mechanized arrangement
suitable for the library so that the arrangement
remains permanent.
 Documents whenever taken out from shelf
the LCS’s should helped to replaced in their
proper places.
The LCS can help you out in book display in
particular subject. 9

10. PURPOSE OF CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES
Cont…
 Library would acquire new documents from time
to time therefore LCS’s should help in finding the
most helpful place for each of those among the
existing collection of the library
Compilation of bibliographies catalogues and union
catalogues
 Classification of information.
Classification of reference queries.
Classification of suggestions received from the users.
Filing of non book materials such as photographs,
films, etc.
10

11. FUNCTION OF CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES
 LCS’s bring like books together.
Ensure speedy location
LCS’s save time of user and library staff.
It discloses the weakness and strength of the
collection.
Enables the librarian to built up a balanced collection.
Helps the systematic arrangement.
It helps in bibliographic research.
It helps in stock verification.
11

12. FUNCTION OF CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES
Cont…
Helps the librarian to recover the cost of
books.
Facilitates the complication of various
kinds of statistics and reflects the demands
on various sections of the stock.
Helps to provide “the right book to the
right man” and fulfill the law “every book
find its readers”.
Provides means by which the stock of
the books and other material may be
clearly and effectively guided. 12

13. Cont…
TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES
In terms of functionality, classification
systems are often described as
Enumerative
Classification
Schemes
Analytic-
Synthetic
Classification
Scheme
Faceted
Classification
Scheme
13

14. Enumerative Classification Schemes
=> An enumerative classification
scheme is a scheme where all the
possible classes are enumerated
according to certain characteristics.
There is a top down approach
whereby a series of subordinate
classes are produced and where both
simple and complex subjects are
listed. DDC is the real example.
14

15. Analytic-Synthetic Classification Scheme
=> The concept behind this scheme is
that the subject of a given document will
be divided into its constituent elements
and then the classification scheme will
be used to find notations for each
element, which will then be combined
according to the prescribed rules to
prepare the final class number. UDC is
the real example.
15

16. Faceted Classification Scheme
=> A faceted classification scheme lists
the various facets of every subject or main
class and provides a set of rules for
constructing class numbers through facet
analysis. Colon classification is the real
example of faceted classification.
16

17. Library Classification systems/schemes
The classification systems are:
1. Dewey Decimal Classification System
2. Library of Congress Classification System
3. Universal Decimal Classification System
4. Colon Classification System
5. Bibliographic Classification System
6. Subject Classification System
7. Expansive Classification System
17

18. Dewey Decimal Classification System
1. Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) is
the most popular of all the modern library
classification schemes.
It was devised by Melville Dewey in 1876. It
provides a systematic arrangement of all the
materials mechanized by notation of great
simplicity and apparent flexibility.
Mr. Dewey’s idea was so good that it has
lasted for 130 years so far and it has spread
to more than 200,000 libraries in 135
countries around the world!
18

19. DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
The 1st edition was published in 1876 & the editor was
the Melvil Dewey, at present the 23rd edition is practiced &
the editor of the latest edition is the Joan Mitchell. The
next edition, i.e., DDC-24 is likely to be published in 2018.
The Structure of Dewey Decimal Classification schemes
is based on schedule and summaries.
The entire world of knowledge is divided into ten main
classes. Each main class is further divided into ten
divisions, and each division into ten sections (not all the
numbers for the divisions and sections have been used).
19

20. STRUCTURE OF DDC
First summary: Ten main classes
Second summary: Hundred divisions
Third summary: Thousand sections
Volume 1 : Tables and manual.
Volume 2 : summaries & Schedules (000-500).
Volume 3 : Schedules (600-900).
Volume 4 : Relative Index.
20

21. Tables
 T1- Standard Subdivisions.
 T2- Geographic Areas, Historical Periods, Biography.
 T3- Subdivisions for the Arts, for Individual literatures, for
specific literary forms.
 T3A- Subdivisions for works by or about individual authors.
 T3B- subdivisions for works by or about more then one author.
 T3C- Notation to added where instructed in T3B.
 T4- Subdivisions for Individual Language and Language
families.
 T5- Ethnic and National Groups.
 T6- Languages. 21

22. NOTATION
 Arabic numbers are used to represent each class in DDC.
 It gives both the unique meaning of class and its relation
to other classes.
 Uses convention that no number should have fewer than
three digits; zeros are used to fill out numbers.
 Decimal Point or dot.
 Structural hierarchy: all topics are part of all the broader
topics above them
 Notational Hierarchy: expressed by length of notation.
22

23. Features of DDC 23rd Edition
 New provisions in 004–006 Computer science and elsewhere to reflect
changes in technology.
 New provisions for the Orthodox Church and Islam in 200 Religion.
Improved provisions in 340 Law for legal systems based on civil law;
 Updated provisions for food and clothing;
 Updates to 740 Graphic arts and decorative arts
 A new location and expanded development for cinematography and
videography at 777
 Significant expansions throughout 796 Athletic and outdoor sports and
games;
 Significant expansions in Table 2, with parallel provisions in 930–990, for
the ancient world, Italy, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland, Turkey, Indonesia,
Vietnam and Canada
 Updated historical periods throughout 930–990.
23

24. Advantages of DDC Scheme
The DDC is published in both full and abridged versions, as well as, now online
versions of the full and abridged editions in a format called ‘Web-Dewey.’
The DDC uses very well recognized Arabic numerals and the numbered notation
makes it easily understandable from one culture to another.
The DDC breaks down into relatively well structured and ordered disciplines,
divisions, and sections. Thus, the scheme is hierarchical, like a family tree, showing the
relationship of specific subjects to the parent subject.
The DDC has bi-weekly updates to its current edition put out online. The class
numbers are easy to write, type and remember – at least to hold in one’s mind long
enough to get from a library’s catalogue to the shelves.
The Dewey scheme has an excellent relative index and the schedules are inexpensive.
The scheme allows for the close classification (lengthy numbers for specific subjects)
or broad classification (shorter numbers where fewer details are required).
Alternative placing is provided for several subjects so that the differing libraries can
cater to the requirements of their own clientele.
The Classification scheme allows for expansion so that new subjects can be included.
This facility is known as ‘hospitality’. 24

25. Disadvantages of DDC
•The provision of only ten main classes means that the base is too short, resulting
in lengthy classification numbers.
•The limitations of division and subdivision by only 10 places leads to the
squeezing of subjects into a conglomerate last division called ‘others’.
•The arrangement of classes has been criticized, especially the separation of
language from literature; social sciences from history; psychology from medicine.
•There is a bias towards Protestant/American aspects prevalent in both the history
and religion disciplines. These problems are being addressed in each new revision
and edition. Within the DDC there are some disciplines that are closely related, yet
quite separate numerically like literature 800-899 and languages 400-499.
•Within the DDC there are also some classes like ‘Technology,’ in the 600s which
the call numbers are very crowded, and others that are very sparse.
•The DDC is not as easily expandable as classification systems like the Library of
Congress Classification system when new subjects or technologies emerge.
Difficult to build a number by using DDC. It always demanded the special skills.
25

26. Library of Congress
2. BACKGROUND:
The Library of Congress was founded in 1780
First books, 740 in all, were ordered from London and arrived in 1801.
The earliest classification system was by size (folios, quartos, octavos),
subdivided by accession numbers
In 1812 there were 3000 volumes and the size-based system was failing A
system with 18 categories was devised & most of the collection was destroyed
during the War of 1812.
Congress voted the purchase of Thomas Jefferson’s 6,487-book library for
$23,950 in 1815.
Jefferson used a system of forty-four main classes or “chapters” in three major
groupings, History, Philosophy, and Fine Arts.
By the 1890s the collection had grown from seven thousand books to nearly one
million and it became obvious that the Jeffersonian system was no longer
adequate.
Herbert Putnam: A librarian at that time was suggested to adopt a new modern
classification scheme for vast collection of LoC.
LoC classification scheme was based on Expensive Classification scheme which
was devised by C A. Cutter.
26

27. Library of Congress Classification Scheme
Outlines for the Library of Congress Classification were developed in 1897.
Class Z, Bibliography and Library Science was chosen as the first schedule
to be developed.
James Hanson & Charles Martel presented the first version of Class Z in
1898.
E-F: History of America (Western Hemisphere)- first schedule to be
developed, 1901
Publication of the individual schedules began in 1901 and was completed in
1948, except for Class K.
The first K schedule appeared in 1969 and they are continuing to appear.
Schedule revision is on-going. LC’s aim is, twice published revisions a
year.
In 1993, LC began converting the schedules to machine-readable form
using the USMARC Classification Format.
The schedules were originally based on materials in LC’s collection
(literary warrant). In 1996, LC began accepting proposals for new numbers
from cooperating libraries via the SACO program.
27

28. Basic Principles and Structure
Enumerative
Twenty one main classes
Consist of forty-one printed schedules
Mixed Notation (alphanumeric)
Hierarchy :Main classes to sub-classes, general to specific and page
layout convey hierarchy and meaning
Number building: an enumerative system, uses number building to
expand the scheme
Revisions: Schedules are revised individually but not revised at the
same time
Additions and changes are continuous process.
28

29. LCC MAIN CLASSES
A = General Works B = Philosophy and Religion
C = Auxiliary Sciences of History D = Universal History
E & F = American History G = Geography, Anthropology, Recreation
H = Social Science I = Political Science
K = Law L = Education
M = Music N = Fine Arts
P = Language and Literature Q = Science
R = Medicine S = Agriculture
T = Technology U = Military Science
V = Naval Science Z = Bibliography, Library Science
29

30. Advantages of LoC Classification Scheme
Practical
Based on materials at LC, similar to collections in many academic &
research libraries
Enumerative system, do not have to synthesize
New classes, subclasses and topics can be added
Unique number can be assigned to a particular work
Schedules developed by subject experts
Notation is compact and hospitable
Frequent updates that are published
Need for reclassification is kept to a minimum; few structural changes
Cutter numbers are flexible
funded by Library of Congress
30

31. Disadvantages of LoC Classification Scheme
•Large number of schedules.
•No overall index.
•American emphasis in geographical arrangement.
•Time lag between the revision of schedules.
•Changes need to be checked in supplementary publications.
•New editions often require reclassification decisions.
•Little documentation on how to use the classification.
•Classification depends on acquisitions of the LC Congress.
•Keeping an up - to - date set of all the schedules is
expensive.
•Table structure more arcane than DDC.
31

32. Universal Decimal Classification
3. The Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) is the
world's foremost multilingual classification scheme for all
fields of knowledge, a sophisticated indexing and retrieval
tool.
The UD was develop by Belgium Barrister Paul Otlet and
Nobel Prize winner Henri La Fountaine in 1895 with prior
permission of Melvil Dewey. The first published (in French)
between 1904 and 1907.
The UDC is peculiar in the sense that it consists of a
combination of both enumerative and faceted character of
the schemes and hence it is designated as an Almost-Faceted
Scheme of Classification
32

33. Complete & Abridge Editions of UDC
33

34. STRUCTURE OF UDC
=> The whole sphere of Universe knowledge in UDC is divided into the
Systematic Tables and Auxiliary Tables.
Systematic Tables:
34

35. STRUCTURE OF UDC
=> The introduction of Auxiliary Tables has segregated UDC from DDC
thereby making it a Faceted Classification Scheme.
 The auxiliary tables has made UDC universal, permitting any desired
combination and modification of basic numbers to demote the most
complex subject.
Division of Auxiliary Tables
35

36. STRUCTURE OF UDC
=> Symbols & Notations
The UDC is based on mixed Notations variety of symbols have been used.
36

37. Advantages of UDC
Hierarchical Order
Flexibility
Precision
Hierarchical Browsing
Hospitality
Speed of updates and degree of support
Synthetic Principle
Revision and maintenance
37

38. Disadvantages of UDC
•Disappearance of directories
•Out of date
•Literary warrant
•Less Exploitation
•Assumption:
•Not synthetic enough
•Limited number of semantic relationship
•Uneven Maintenance
•Accuracy
•Brevity
•Inconsistency
38

39. Colon Classification Scheme
4. Freely Faceted scheme of classification,i.e. an Analytico
Synthetic Scheme of Classification (1st ed. 1933) by S R
Ranganathan.
It is now in its 7th edition published in 1987, though the 6th
edition (1960) continues to be popular.
 It includes some postulates and principles for ordering
classes in arrays and chains, and facets in the facet formula.
Contrary to expectation the order of main classes in the CC
is not Vedic, though a weak influence of this system can be
seen.
39

40. STRUCTURE OF CC
Ranganathan identified three types of subjects in
the universe of knowledge: Basic, Compound and
Complex
Basic Subjects are unitary subjects like Physics,
Economics, Library Science
Compound Subjects are basic subjects with
subdivisions or additional facets. E.g.: velocity of
light, Libraries in India
Complex Subjects are mostly interdisciplinary in
nature. E.g.: Mathematics for engineers, psychology
for nurses.
40

41. STRUCTURE OF CC
Ranganathan further divided Basic Subjects into: Main
Basic Subjects and Non-main Basic Subjects
On the basic of their modes of formation the following
ten types of basic subjects have been identified.
Main Basic Subjects Traditional (Law, Physics)
Newly Emerging (Nano Technology, Robotics)
Fused (Geopolitics)
Distilled ( Research Methodology)
Subject Bundles( Apollo mission)
Agglomerates ( Social Sciences)
41

42. STRUCTURE OF CC
=>Non-main Basic Subjects
Canonical classes (Algebra, Geometry)
System constituents ( Marxian Economy)
Environment constituents ( War Economy)
Special constituents (Gerontology,
Cooperative Economics)
42

43. STRUCTURE OF CC
•The FIVE Fundamental Categories represented as Personality, Matter, Energy,
Space and Time
•This set of (FC) is represented collectively by the abbreviation PMEST It is
connected with the symbols: [P];[M]:[E].[S]’[T]
•The notation of CC is mixed
Ranganathan identifies two types of Common Isolates : Anteriorising Common
Isolates and Posteriorising Common Isolates
•ACI are attached to the host class with a connecting digit
•By applying PCI to any class, we decrease that extension of the class
•The different kinds of Phase Relation are
• i) General Phase Relation ii. Bias Phase Relation
• Iii) Comparison Phase Relation iv. Different Phase Relation
• v). Influencing Phase Relation
43

44. Colon Classification Main Class
 A/B - Science/Mathematics
 C/D - Physics/Engineering
 E/F - Chemistry/Technology
 G/H - Biology/Geology
 I/J /K - Botany/Agriculture/Zoology
 L – Medicine
 M/N - Useful Arts/Fine Arts
 O/P - Literature/Language
 Q/R - Religion/Philosophy
 S/T - Psychology/Education
 U/V - Geography/History
 W/X - Political Science/Economics
 Y/Z - Sociology/Law 44

45. Main Class and their order
Sciences (including technologies), in classes A to
M, have been arranged in order of their increasing
concreteness.
Humanities, which are spread over main classes N
to S are arranged in the order of increasing richness
of subject contents.
The order of Social Sciences, in main classes T to
Z, is of increasing artificiality of their laws.
45

46. Preceded by Generalia and Form classes denoted
by a/z and newly emerging classes 1/9
46

47. ADVANTAGES OF CC
Very flexible
Able to easily accommodate new scientific
discoveries, intellectual innovations, & cultural
developments
Provides detailed and accurate subject classification
Recognizes that hierarchical arrangements are not
always adequate
Due to a sound theory and the provision of a
hospitable notation, Colon classification is capable of
giving a unique number for almost every subject.
47

48. DISADVANTAGES OF CC
•Extremely complex system
•Time consuming subject analysis and description
•Results in very long call numbers (L,45;421:6;253:f.44'N5 =
22 characters!!
•The major drawback of CC is that there exists no machinery
to keep up the revision work as in the case of DDC and UDC.
•The guidance provided in the recently published seventh
edition is not enough and lacks clarity at places.
•It calls for a manual with numerous examples to explain the
application of various rules.
48

49. S.N Description DDC LOC UDC CC
1 Main Outline DDC comprised of 10 Main
Classes with 9 sub-classes
and 9 sub classes of each sub
class. That is beginning with
most general subjects to
more specific ones.
The field of knowledge has been
divided into 20 classes, with an
addition class for the general works.
The letters I, O, W,X and Y have
been future use.
The scheme follows
DDC except addition of
some new subdivisions
and signs of
combination for
indication of relation of
subjects.
classes are comprised of
Generalia (1 to 9) and 26
Main Classes (A to Z) of
both Science and
Humanities. The first 13
classes comprise the
Science and applications
and the last 13 comprises of
Humanities.
2 Year of First Issue 1876 1901 1905 1933
3 First Language
available editions
English English French/German English
4 Parts of Scheme Auxiliary tables,
classification schedules and
an index
Each major class has been
published separately and considered
to be independent of other classes.
Each class has its own form and
geographical division and index.
The abridge edition
consist of main tables.
Several auxiliary tables
and an index
Distinctive schedules
are also the part of
auxiliary tables
It consists of schedule of
basic subjects, Schedules of
common isolates and
schedules of special isolates
for compound subjects
going with respective
subjects.
5 Notation Notation originally was pure;
later on some letters have
been used. Three figure
minimum notations have
been used
Mixed notation, 26 capitals 10
numerals & decimal fraction.
Mixed notation consists
of figures letters and
other symbols. The
decimal point is
repeated after every
three figure
Natation is extremely
mixed consisting of Arabic
numerals, roman alphabet
(both capital and small)and
symbols and signs
including colon. Arabic
numerals (1-9)are assigned
to the Generalia class and
capital letters of the roman
alphabet are assigned to the
specific main classes.
Notation is faceted. It is
synthetic it uses fraction on
principle for both numbers

50. 6 Form Division DDC uses series of nine
common form divisions and
these with minor alternatives
are used with same meaning
throughout the scheme
Each class have it own form. Form divisions (01-09)
retain the original Dewey
significance but have been
redefined and greatly
expanded.
In CC, common
subdivisions use of
lower case letters with
decimal subdivisions
where necessary
7 Species of
Classification for
subjects
Almost enumerative scheme Enumerative scheme Almost faceted
classification
1st to 3rd editions fully
but rigidly faceted
schemes for
classification. 4th to 7th
were almost freely
faceted schemes.
8 Theory It is guided by the implicit
principles but some general
principles have been given in
the introduction to the
schemes
Its lacks a sound theory. It has been
tailor made for the vast collection of
Library of Congress. It is based on
the literary Warrant available in the
library. It aims to create convenient
sequence of groups of books rather
than groups of subjects. Thus the
knowledge in the books are prime
interest.
It is guided by the implicit
principles leading to many
subjective decisions instead
of objective one based on
explicitly stated principles.
Some general principles
have been given in the
introduction to the abridge
edition.
It is guided by definite,
objectively applicable
principles. The scheme
is based on sound
theory.
9 Mnemonics The principle mnemonics
features are: Form divisions,
Geographical divisions, and
Language divisions
No provision for schedules
mnemonics
Number building devices as
well as auxiliary schedules
are mnemonics features
The scheme is faceted
one and enjoys a
considerable mnemonic
quality by the use of
same facets and
common facets
10 Geographical
Divisions
Geographical subdivisions
are provided by the use of the
numbers 930-999. Every
continent, country and
division of a country is given
a number. It also provide
period division.
Each class has its own Geography
division
Place sign (1)-(9) is a
special table indicating
physical places. (3)-(9) are
the regular geographical
numbers of Dewey used
without the initial ‘9’ and
Common within brackets
Common geographical
divisions have been
marked by decimal
numbers 1-95 and in
some cases sub
divisions comprising of
five figures are used.
50

51. 11 Structure Structure Based on the
scheme devised by Bacon
and Harris
Structure based on Thomas
Jefferson self made schemes
Based on the scheme DDC Based on the traditional
main classes listed
under four zones. Zone
1Generalia Class, Zone
2-Recently recognized
main classes, Zone-3
Traditional main classes
and Zone-4 Newly
emerging
methodologies.
12 Species of digits 10 Arabic numerals ( a dot is
put after the first three digit).
At certain places use of
roman caps and Roman
smalls is permitted.
26 roman caps
10 Arabic numerals
A dot (.)
26 Roman caps
26 roman small
10 Arabic numerals
Hyphen, decimal,
parentheses brackets
24 roman caps
excluding I& O except
for basic class numbers,
23 roman small i, l, o
10 Arabic numerals
Mathematical symbols
13 Length of class
number
Long Short Long Long
14 Facet Analysis No provision No provision Partial Facet analysis Maximum use of facet
analysis
15 Read write &
remember
Easy Comparatively Difficult Easy for those who are
familiar with the roman
letters
16 Length of Base There is restrictive base The Base is quite broad The base is restrictive due to
inheritance form DDC
Extremely broad base
17 Local Variation Few provision are available No provision There is plenty of scope for
local variation
There are plenty of
ways available to meet
the local needs.
51

52. 52
18 Terminology Terminology is titled toward
the USA
Terms used for headings are precise
and explicit, being chosen by
authorities in various fields.
Terminology is rather
verbose but in recent issues
terminology has be greatly
improved.
Terminology is precise
and brief, provide only
core constituent terms
19 Chain procedure The terminology not
appropriate for chain
Terminology not accurate for chain Terminology is misfit for the
chain procedure
Terminology always fit
and ensure the chain
20 Bias The Scheme is titles toward
west but in recent edition
proprietor are trying to
generalized the scheme
Titled toward USA Inclined to west Mostly covers the
Indian Libraries
collection
21 Revision Revisions are available in the
DDC
Minor modifications and additions
but relocations and reconsideration is
avoided.
Revisions and relocations
are done quite frequently
CC7 is going to be a
major revision in theory
of library classification
22 Available form Available in both format Available in both format Available in both format Available in both format
23 Use Shelf arrangement,
Bibliographies,
The scheme is being used for shelf
arrangement
Shelf arrangement,
catalogues, indexes,
bibliographies and
documentations lists
Shelf arrangement,
catalogues, indexes,
bibliographies and
documentations lists
24 Index Index Relative Index-tried to
locate the relative position of
the different aspects of
subject at one place in the
index and is very exhaustive
Most classes have their on index but
there is no comprehensive index in
LC
Alphabetical Index is not so
exhaustive and developed
on the basis of chain
procedure
Shortest index found in
any classification
scheme and is specific
one which does not list
composite subject.

53. CONCLUSION
We use classification each & every moment of the life by
intentionally or unintentionally. Classification has always
been the backbone of all Library operations and without
it, library is definitely going to suffer in its recourse and
to find a particular piece of information from
unorganized heap of knowledge is almost impossible.
The library classification is core instrument for
organizing and retrieval of the documents stored in a
library. At present era they are the navigation tools for
locating and retrieving documents in more precisely and
relevantly. The electronic versions of the DDC and UDC
and other classification schemes make it possible to
realize the potential of library classification to improve
subject retrieval.
53

54. REFERENCES
 Alison Thornton & Joshua Parker, (2006), Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan & the
Colon Classification System,
 Arun Joseph S, Library Classification, University of Kerala
 Borah, Murchana & Silva, Milisha D, DDC 23th Edition & & It's Salient Features
 Kaosar, Amina, 2008, Merit & Demerit of using Universal Decimal Classification on
the Internet, The Royal School of Library and Information Science, Denmark.
 Krishan Kumar, 1993. Theory of classification. Vikas Publishing; New Delhi.
 New Features in Edition 23. (2011). Retrieved September 30, 2015, from
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:5TO7OfY4ebgJ:https:
//www.oclc.org/content/dam/oclc/dewey/versions/print/new_features.pdf+&c
d=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in&client=Ubuntu,
 Sharma, 1978. Use of libraries: A guide to better use of libraries and their resources.
Metropolitan Book; New Delhi.
 Sohail, Nadeem, Comparative study of major classification schemes,
 Ranganathan, S. R. (1965). The Colon Classification Scheme, New Brunswick, NJ:
Graduate School of Library Service, Rutgers, the State University. 54