Por Aline Lopes e Lima, Daniel Carlos Leite, Ligia Ferrari T. di Romagnano, Marcio Augusto Rabelo Nahuz (Center for Forest Resource Technology - Institute for Technological Research/IPT) - Resumo do trabalho de pesquisa em Fitorremediação (BNDES 3791.01.A) aceito para apresentação no “XVIII International Botanical Congress – IBC2011”, Melbourne, Austrália The State of São Paulo has the largest number of contaminated areas and the highest levels of contamination of Brazil, exposing more than 500.000 inhabitants to toxic agents. Contamination by organochlorine compounds widely used in agriculture and policies of public health, such as herbicides and pesticides, outweigh those derived from petroleum, industrial waste and heavy metals on a national scale. Even São Paulo, which has as main pollutants aromatic solvents, fuels and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, presents critical situations of pesticide contamination. The impacts caused by these contaminants are harmful to society and the environment, since in addition to high toxicity, they are persistent, accumulating along food chains.The search for solutions to remediate contaminated areas by organochlorines has been widespread through various physical, chemical and even biological technologies. Biological techniques are concentrated in using of microorganisms and/or vegetation and are proving to be very promising for the decontamination of organochlorine compounds in soils and groundwater, since they favor and stimulate natural mechanisms leading to removal and degradation. These techniques even amplify the recovery of landscape and represent relative low investment. Recent research and international cases have demonstrated great efficiency with the use of several plant species, associated directly or indirectly to microorganisms in the remediation of contaminated areas. Nevertheless, knowledge and application of this technology are still scarce in Brazil. We surveyed phytoremediator plant species for organochlorine compounds and those occurring on contaminated areas (for being tolerant in contaminated environments), to generate a database to support future research on phytoremediation. The main scientific databases were consulted between April 2010 and December 2011; these being Web of Science, SciELO, Highwire, Scirus, ScienceDirect, Scopus and LILACS, in addition of the collective information from universities, institutes and companies. We found 164 species, belonging to 47 plant families, with phytoremediation action demonstrated and 38 species (from 35 families) with potentiality for phytoremediation. The families that stood out were Poaceae (grass) and Fabaceae (legumes), with species and genera that occur in the edaphoclimatic conditions of São Paulo. Complementary techniques, associated directly or indirectly to phytoremediation were outlined for evaluation.

1. Contamination in Brazil and São Paulo State
More than 2400 contaminated areas has been already described, exposing directly at least 2.6 million people in the countryMain national contaminants: pesticides (20%), fuels (16%), industrial waste (12%) and heavy metals (11%) Source: Ministério da Saúde, 2006Phytoremediation of organic contaminants in soil: survey of species and associated techniques for future applications Inhabitants
Number of inhabitants potentially exposed to contaminated soils per Brazilian States from 2004 -2008
The State of São Paulo has the largest number of contaminated areas and the highest levels of contaminationof Brazil. Societies and whole environment have being exposed to various toxic agents, mostly by aromatic solvents, fuels and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and also by pesticides. Obsoletes organochlorines from old industries, for example, represents critical contaminations situations in the State, where its impacts are harmful, since in addition to high toxicity, they are persistent, accumulating along food chains. Biological remediation solutionsPhytoremediation: favors and/or stimulate natural mechanisms that lead to the removal and/or degradation of contaminants, as organochlorine compounds, using plant species. These techniques even amplify the recovery of landscape and represent relative low investment.
AdaptedPilon-Smits, 2005
The search for solutions to remediate contaminated areas by organochlorines has been widespread through various physical, chemical and even biological technologies. Biological techniques are concentrated in using of microorganisms and/or vegetation and are proving to be very promising for the decontamination of organochlorine compounds in soils and groundwater, since they favor and stimulate natural mechanisms leading to removal and degradation.

2. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Poaceae
Fabaceae
Salicaceae
Asteraceae
Solanaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Brassicaceae
Pinaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Fagaceae
Haloragaceae
Hydrocharitaceae
Myrtaceae
Amaranthaceae
Amaryllidaceae
Lemnaceae
Moraceae
Polygonaceae
Pontederiaceae
Sapindaceae
Acoraceae
Annonaceae
Apiaceae
Asclepadaceae
Betulaceae
Cannabaceae
Cannaceae
Ceratophyllaceae
Convolvulaceae
Curcubitaceae
Cyperaceae
Ericaceae
Iteaceae
Juglandaceae
Juncaceae
Lamiaceae
Magnoliaceae
Malvaceae
Onagraceae
Pedaliaceae
Piperaceae
Rhizophoraceae
Rubiaceae
Taxodiaceae
Typhaceae
Ulmaceae
Verbenaceae
Number of phytoremediator plant species on organic
contaminanted environments
Plant family
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Poaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Salicaceae
Cannaceae
Pinaceae
Aceraceae
Altingiaceae
Annonaceae
Aquifoliaceae
Brassicaceae
Commelinaceae
Cupressaceae
Cyperaceae
Ericaceae
Fabaceae
Gardeniaceae
Iridaceae
Liliaceae
Magnoliaceae
Malvaceae
Oleaceae
Pontederiaceae
Rosaceae
Saxifragaceae
Solanaceae
Ulmaceae
Number of tolerant plant species to organic
contaminanted environments
Plant family
Survey of phytoremediation of organic contaminants
Phytoremediation of organic contaminants in soil: survey of species and associated techniques for future applications
We surveyed phytoremediator plant species for organic
contaminants, with emphasis on organochlorine compounds, and
those occurring on contaminated areas (for being tolerant in
contaminated environments), to generate a database to support
future research on phytoremediation. The main scientific databases
were consulted between April 2010 and December 2011; these being
Web of Science, SciELO, Highwire, Scirus, ScienceDirect, Scopus and
LILACS, in addition of the collective information from universities,
institutes and companies.
Phytoremediator plant species
Species N°: 164
Families N°: 47
Families that stood out:
Poaceae and Fabaceae,
with species and genera
that occur in the
edaphoclimatic
conditions of São Paulo
Species N°: 38
Families N°: 35
Over again Poaceae is
proemint due to common
references to genus
Brachiaria, Digitaria and
Pennisetum
USDA.org
Examples of some phytoremediator plant species from main cited families
Andropogon gerardii
Vitman (Poaceae),
big blue stem
Leucaena leucocephala
(Lam.) de Wit
(Fabaceae), leucena
IAP.PR.gov.br
Populus trichocarpa
Torr. & A. Gray
(Salicaceae), poplar
rydberg.biology.colostate.edu
Potential phytoremediator plant species

3. Examples of phytoremediator species (dark line border) and potentially phytoremediator ( lighter line border) occurring in areas contaminated by Hexachlorocyclohexane organochlorine in São Paulo State:
XanthiumstrumariumL.
(Asteraceae), carrapichãoSolanumpaniculatumL. (Solanaceae), jurubebaRicinuscommunisL. (Euphorbiaceae), mamona
LantanacamaraL. (Verbenaceae), cambará
Surveyed plant species in contaminated site in São Paulo
Phytoremediation of organic contaminants in soil: survey of species and associated techniques for future applicationsPotential applications of phytoremediationRecent research and international cases have demonstrated great efficiency with the use of several plant species, associated directly or indirectly to microorganisms in the remediation of contaminated areas. Nevertheless, knowledge and application of this technology are still scarce in Brazil. In general, the soil and climatic conditions in Brazil are very favorable to deployment of phytotechnologies to increase processes of natural attenuation and remediation of contaminated areas by organic pollutants. Example of contaminated site in São Paulo State which has being studied by the authors since 2010. A. High concentrations of contaminants are buried in the flat portion of the site covered only by herbaceous plant species and small shrubs. B. Occurrence points of flooding colonized by Typhassp.
AB

4. The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support by Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) Project N°3791.01.Aand all the researchers consulted of IAC, UNICAMP, UFES (Brazil), USC (Spain) and CSIR (India). Acknowledgements
Phytoremediation of organic contaminants in soil: survey of species and associated techniques for future applications
Subsidizing research in phytoremediation
Through this survey about phytoremediator plant species for organic compounds, as organochlorine and others pesticides, and those occurring on contaminated areas (for being tolerant in contaminated environments) a database was created by the authors to support future research on phytoremediation in order to be applied on a contaminated site in São Paulo State. Also, complementary techniques, associated directly or indirectly to phytoremediation were outlined for evaluation. The intensification of the processes of natural degradation, e.g. by applying organic matter improves soil quality, increases microbial colonization, promoting more efficient and faster organochlorine degradation.
vivbizclub.com
jardinagemepaisagismo.com
The database table includes scientific species names and family (according to Tropicos.org), popular name, organic contaminant, mechanism involved in phytoremediationor totoleranceof each reference. Application of sugarcane bagasseand organic matter influences organic contaminants mobility and degradation which can favor phytoremediationprocess.