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Essay and referencing
Introduction
The three communication theories I have applied to provide the most insight into understanding the
dynamics of the observed conversation between two people are; the transmission model (Shannon
& Weaver 1949), Foulger 's ecological model (Foulger 2004), and an expanded model of
communication (Eunson 2012).
In this essay I have used a conversation I had listened to which was between my friend (from here
on will be named George) and his friend (from here on will be named Mark). Problems that arose
during the conversation will be explained as well as how George and Mark overcame them. From
there the essay will compare and contrast the three communication theories and decide which of
these best simplify the conversation....show more content...
Figure 2: An Ecological Model of the Communication (Source: Foulger 2004)
Eunson 's expanded model of communication is more complex than Foulger 's as well as Shannon
and Weaver 's models, though it is more appropriate to this conversation had between George and
Mark due to the fact it shows that in order for the communication to happen the sender must pre–edit
and then encode the message pass the message onto the receiver where he decodes and edits the
message. Eunson also takes into account the use of mechanical, behavioural and semantic factors of
encoding, and understands that if the message is to be understood the receiver must be able to
decode the message. This is particularly relevant, and highly important to this conversation between
George and Mark due to the factors mentioned before.
Context
Figure 3: An expanded model of communication (Source: Eunson 2012)
Conclusion
I have found Shannon and Weavers transactional model too simple and cannot evaluate the
complexities of this situation, and that Foulger 's model too broad and not able to focus on the
problems that need to be addressed.
Therefore, I believe that Eunson 's expanded model of communication is the most adequate to use
out of the three models that were written about because Eunson 's model has shown how a message
from George is first pre–edited
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Ethical Referencing Paper
1.9 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Ethical aspects of the applied research will be attended to by implementing the following measures:
Firstly, respondents which have participated in the surveys voluntarily and have been fully informed
about the aims and objectives of this research.
Secondly, texts belonging to external authors that will be used in any part of this research have been
fully referenced with the Harvard Referencing System.
Thirdly, the questionnaires used do not include any degrading, discriminating or any other
unacceptable language that could be offensive to any members of the sample organization.
Fourthly, the questionnaires have been designed to collect information directly related to the
research questions, and no private...show more content...
Fourthly, research participants have been debriefed about the aims and objectives of the research
before the primary data collection process.
Fifth, the works that do not belong to the author of this paper have been acknowledged using the
Harvard Referencing System in an appropriate format.
The following Code of Ethics is adhered to in throughout the process of conduction of the present
research:
Firstly, the participation in surveys and in–depth interviews are voluntary.
Secondly, falsification, fabrication and misinterpretation of data avoided.
Thirdly, the work conducted by other researchers and authors used in research are referenced using
Harvard Referencing System.
According to Bryman and Bell (in 2007) the following ten principles of ethical considerations have
been compiled as a result of analyzing the ethical guidelines of nine professional social sciences
research associations:
Research participants should not be subjected to harm in any ways whatsoever.
Respect for the dignity of research participants should be prioritized.
Full consent should be obtained from the participants prior to the applied
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Social Referencing Development
Research Replication: The Development of Social Referencing
Keely Rodriguez
California State University of Sacramento
Professor Jaeger
Abstract
The development of social referencing Infants could indicate the emotional reactions of other
people in order to evaluate situations or objects as safe or risky (Wagner, 2004, p. 309.)
Introduction
Walden and Ogan conducted a study to better understand the way infants engage in social
referencing as a means of influencing their interpretations and responses to events, objects, and
people. Social referencing was examined on infants as young as 6 months of age and indicated that
they reference their parents and other persons by the end of the first year of life (Walden & Ogan,
...show more content...
There were several differences in age related behaviors between the groups. The youngest group did
not seek the parent's face as frequently as did the older grouped children. The older children's
preference for making reference to the parent's face may reflect their understanding that facial
expressions provide a significant source information about events. The youngest children may have
lacked such understanding or they may have been more concerned with simply establishing their
parents secured presence rather than using them as a resource for appraising the toys. The looking
pattern of the youngest children suggest that they may have not detected the fear effect of the
parental communication or understood that the message referred specifically to the toy. However,
the fact that the youngest group spent less time playing with the toy associated with the fearful
message indicated that some communication did occur. By the end of the first year of life, children
can be expected to have at least some understanding of the meaning of fearful expressions as well as
referential communications, and they appear to have taken their parents negative messages
seriously. Infants of about 12 months of age have frequently been the focus of social referencing
studies, and the results of the present investigation suggest that social referencing effects may indeed
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Unit 424 Referencing For Research Paper
424 – Task 1.1 Introduction Referencing is when you acknowledge materials used while
researching, including books; papers; websites and other published or unpublished materials.
References are used to acknowledge the parts of your work that are based on information from
other outside sources and have been written by someone else not by yourself. References are a
way to acknowledge the other authors and give them accreditation. If you fail to use references,
what you have written would be classed as plagiarism and will be discredited. When to use
referencing Referencing should be used whenever quotations of an original text is used or you refer
to quotations and paraphrase any content that has been written by someone else. References could
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Become An Effective Leader Essay
Module 8607–522 Becoming an Effective Leader Name: Keith Casaletto ID: 0231792M Table of
Contents Understand own ability to fulfil key responsibilities of the leadership role3 Be able to
evaluate own ability to lead others5 Personal development plan7 Conclusion8 References9
Becoming an Effective Leader My own experience in leadership has been achieved during the last
three and a half years working at Lufthansa technic Malta. The company has been operating in
Malta for the last 12 years in which there has been a rapid growth in the company operations
creating opportunities and developments. For the last two years I've had the opportunity to start
working as a shop leader, developing my skills and gaining...show more content...
It is used where an environment is dangerous and a specific set of procedures are necessary. In my
department the use of hazardous and toxic products is routine. As a leader it is a must to set strict
rules and procedures that every team member must follow and work with. It is my responsibility
to communicate and ensure that every individual wears the personal protective equipment
provided by the company when working with hazardous and toxic products. Due to the investment
in aviation maintenance, the majority of projects have to be completed in a short time even with
the involvement of heavy workloads. In these situations motivation and passion of each and every
individual tends to drop, and there is a tendency to cut corners. For example, team members tend
to work in toxic environment without the personal protective equipment or the improper use of
tools. In these situations as a leader it's important to set achievable and realistic goals. In this
manner you will motivate all the team mentally and even physically, so they will be able to
achieve their goals. As a leader to keep my integrity is important. I have to be able to distinguish
right from wrong when it comes to the decisions I make and even more when safety is involved. I
have to make every individual in the team aware of the consequences they can end up with, if the
personal protective equipment is not used when needed (Cherry,
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Reflective Essay On Plagiarism
I know what plagiarism is and the rules the University has on the honesty policy, however as any
other student could possibly but accidently do I plagiarized when trying to get the project done
before the deadline. I know that plagiarism can be 1 word to 10 words or more, but when rushing to
get so much overwhelming work done it may have been the last thing I was thinking about .
The night of the project deadline, I was working on the project. I was so behind because of other
classes work, so I facetimed my partner for help she was also behind on the project. She gave me
good advice on what I should do. The advice she gave was helpful, but it wasn't helping the time
that was ticking fast. Therefore, we shared our files with each other, so we could have the work
done and turned in on time. In all honesty, Plagiarism didn't cross my mind that night, but now that I
look back, I realize I made a huge mistake. I didn't complete my work, because I was stuck with
other classwork that was difficult and took most of my time. I know that shouldn't be a excuse, but
my spanish, government, and pre–cal classes were taking most of my time. This project was quite
difficult, it took so much reading which made it harder for me to get it done fast along with my
other work. I didn't think that a couple of words would make it seem as if I was trying to copy or
cheat, just was hoping to finish it on time so I could get the grade I needed. I realize now the
importance of using my own words and if I do use another piece of work in mine , I need to cite
where it came from or who it came from in the correct format for the paper assigned . When i was
doing the project I used an outside resource, only to unintentionally plagiarize it . My partners use
of bigger/more educated sounding words and sentences was what made me use them. I needed to
do away with the simple words. So when I used the words she used I didn't think about citing the
information down. I am deeply sorry for this and know that my teacher had to take time out of
their schedule to handle this situation. I will not give a bunch of excuses because there is only 1
true reason and it is the fact that I did not use my time wisely in order to do better about my choice
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Hertfordshire Business School Guide to Harvard Referencing
This guide has been produced by the ASU in response to questions from Hertfordshire Business
School (HBS) students about the important subject of accurate referencing. It is essential for you to
reference your work thoroughly because what you write for HBS must be 'evidenced ' – your
discussion and arguments should consist mainly of academic theory and 'expert ' practitioner
experience. These two main sources (theory and practice) MUST be referenced throughout your
writing. Readers must be able to see which words are your own words and any original ideas, and
what sources you have used as evidence to back up your assertions. Good referencing is
ESSENTIAL because:
1) Your...show more content...
If you decide to include the exact words of another author, you must enclose their words with
quotation marks and include the page number in–text, e.g. Schutte (1999:298) asserts "westerners
regarded the Japanese as workaholics". See example 48 on page 14 for examples.
Final list of References: Consistent punctuation and spacing are necessary in the References.
Some general rules apply: * Author or authors' names: * Use only the initials of the author or
authors ' given names. * No full stops are used between initials. * Generational titles, i.e. Junior,
Senior or roman numerals are only included in the References list, e.g. Smith, J., Jr. (2009) ...
Academic prefixes, i.e. Dr. are omitted from the reference. * Titles of works: * Only capitalise
content words for the titles of books, book chapters and journal articles. * In the titles of journals,
magazines and newspapers, capital letters should be used as they appear normally. * Use italics
for the titles of books, journals, and newspapers. * Enclose titles of book chapters and journal
articles in inverted commas (single quotation marks). * Page numbering: * Books: page numbers
are not usually needed in the final list of References. * Journals: page numbers appear as the final
item of the citation, followed by a full stop. In the Reference list, use the abbreviation p. for one
page, and pp. for a page range, e.g.
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Referencing Resilience
Your statement referencing resilience as how an individual bounce back from a bad situation is
accurate. Individuals who do not have the qualities of resilience can learn these qualities. By
having a positive outlook can overcome depression. Accepting and giving kindness will make you
feel good about yourself and brings you happiness. Happiness overcomes sadness and builds
self–confidence which is very important in building resilience. When an individual feels better about
themselves, they develop confidence. A confident individual will be open to accepting help which
will lead to open
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Advantage And Weaknesses Of Harvard University
Harvard University is the standard by which all other examination colleges are measured. No
school has ever tested its position as the world's chief scholastic foundation in the historical
backdrop of the Shanghai rankings. Established in 1636 (just 16 years after the Mayflower touched
down at Plymouth Rock), Harvard is the most established school on the planet's wealthiest country,
and it has gained by the advantages this stipends. Under administrator Jack Meyer's authority, the
school's enrichment store developed from $4.6 billion to $25.8 billion in 15 years. Today, the
college has over $36 billion, and its fortune is as yet developing. Be that as it may, there is
significantly more to Harvard than huge riches. The school has delivered...show more content...
The MBA Program does this through a learning model in which understudies and personnel instruct
and gain from each other. This procedure of dynamic cooperation and shared learning– critical in
any scholastic group, and the very establishment on which the HBS MBA Program rests – relies on
upon individual arrangement of all materials, little gathering dialogs to investigate and develop this
underlying work, predictable participation in class and full engagement in class examinations, and
post–class reflection. The Honor Code supplements the School's announcement of Community
Values and mirrors the dedication understudies and personnel make as individuals from the group
to take part in, foster, and maintain this learning model. It is a pledge of the understudies,
exclusively and all things considered, to plan for and take an interest completely in classroom
and scholarly exercises; abstain from giving or accepting unapproved help in class readiness or
classwork, amid examinations, or in whatever other work that is to be utilized by a teacher as a
major aspect of a course or as a premise of reviewing; and go about as stewards of the Honor Code in
maintaining its soul and letter and urging others to do as such
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Student Referencing: Scholarly Sources
Referencing is an important part of academic writing it demonstrates that credible articles are being
used and it also assists the student in avoiding plagiarism. This case study will critique the reference
list of a student's assessment showing how one of the reference used is from a scholarly source
while also demonstrating how another article is from a non–scholarly source. This will be done by
using evidence to support these choices this includes methods such as explaining primary and
secondary research articles, taking note of the currency, assessing whether the author is from a
reputable background in regards to qualifications and their area of expertise and checking whether
the author or article has a bias or agenda. While making sure...show more content...
When checking the validity of the literature making sure there is an author without a bias or an
agenda is important in addition to making sure they have credible qualifications in the field they are
writing about. In addition to this if it is important to note how to correctly reference the
aforementioned literature to avoid plagiarism and to make sure the original author of the piece is
correctly
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Introduction Referencing is one of the most important aspects of any academic literature in the
modern day scenario. It is the main way through which someone acknowledges the fact that they
have borrowed the ideas of someone else, and have used their work for citation ion their work.
There are several different kinds of referencing system among which the Harvard referencing
style is one of the most popular. The different aspects of the Harvard style along with the main
methods through which the style is implemented have been detailed and discussed. Herein, this
study is about the Harvard referencing style and detailing the actual point of referencing in the
first place. The Actual Point of Referencing Referencing is extremely important while compiling
an academic file, as it is the main method of showing acknowledgement to the authors of the work
which has been used for ideas in the said academic literature. A failure in this regard leads to
people developing the misconception that the author has cheated or plagiarised someone else's
work and is now claiming it as their own. Any kind of plagiarism is considered to be a serious
offence, especially in the academic circles. Being accused of the malpractice of plagiarism is one
of the worst hits that the reputation of a researcher can ever receive. Indeed, it is significantly
difficult to recover a proper reputation once accusations of this kind are made towards someone. For
students, being accused of the
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Referencing For Plagiarism
Referencing is an essential part of academic writing as it provides authors with credit for their
ideas. Referencing is a requirement of academic writing, which when done correctly, will
acknowledge the contribution of words or an idea (Grellier & Goerke, 2014, p, 68) into the piece of
writing which is being created. However, failure to reference will incur instances of plagiarism.
Grellier and Goerke (2014) state that individual institutions will have a policy on plagiarism and
will treat it very seriously (p. 68). Penalties may apply and stringent testing for plagiarism will be in
place. Therefore, it is imperative that individuals become familiar with correct referencing practices
and apply them appropriately. It is critical to understand
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Citation and Harvard Referencing Format
TOPIC : ________________________________ 1.0 INTRODUCTION What's Known? Not
known? What's new? Thesis Statement :
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________ 2.0 BODY PARAGRAPH:
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________ 2.1 supporting details, statistics,
concrete examples (eg. names of places/buildings/events, etc.)? 2.2 2.3 Concluding sentence :
Therefore, __________________________________________________
____________________________________________________...show more content...
List from A–Z, using Harvard Referencing format (see Taylor's library website)Note: All references
listed in the actual essay must be found in this Reference List. List from A–Z, using Harvard
Referencing format (see Taylor's library website)Note: All references listed in the actual essay must
be found in this Reference List. List from A–Z, using Harvard Referencing format (see Taylor's
library website)Note: All references listed in the actual essay must be found in this Reference List.
List from A–Z, using Harvard Referencing format (see Taylor's library website)Note: All references
listed in the actual essay must be found in this Reference List. List from A–Z, using Harvard
Referencing format (see Taylor's library website)Note: All references listed in the actual essay must
be found in this Reference List. List from A–Z, using Harvard Referencing format (see Taylor's
library website)Note: All references listed in the actual essay must be found in this Reference List.
List from A–Z, using Harvard Referencing format (see Taylor's library website)Note: All references
listed in the actual essay must be found in this Reference List. List from A–Z, using Harvard
Referencing format (see Taylor's library website)Note: All references listed in the actual essay must
be found in this Reference List. List from A–Z, using Harvard Referencing
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Harvard Referencing Guide
debate
ana
A guide to the Harvard referencing system
Maureen Dwyer
This article explains how to reference an academic work using the Harvard system. Instructions
comply with the relevant British standards, i.e. BS 5605:1990, BS 1629:1989 and BS 6371:1983.
The importance of referencing in an approved manner is discussed and problem areas such as joint
authors, corporate authorship and unpublished works are examined. The issue of second–hand
references that are not addressed by the standards is also explained–
T
he Harvard system is a popular referencing system for academic works and is Ah( often referred to
as the 'author/date ' system, which distinguishes it from the Vancouver or 'numerical ' system. To be
more specific, it...show more content...
exact date is not known, an approximate date followed by a question mark can be given, e.g. (16th
century?). Where no date is given or can be found, (No date) or the .lbbrcviation (ND) should be
stated. Title: Always use the title on the title piige. Give the full title, although the inclusion of the
subtitle is optional. Journal titles should be given in full, with abbreviations used only in
accordance with BS 4148 (BSI, 1985). If referring to a whole journal – not just an article within it –
give the journal name and its International Standard Serial Number (ISSN), e.g.
Journal of Ecology, ISSN 0022–0477.
Reference: Dickinson EJ (1991) Quality hospitals: the role of medical audit. Geriatric Medicine 21:
27–8, 31–2. Citations in the text # Use only the author*s/s ' surname(s) and year of publication,
with the addition of page number(s) if required, e.g. (Swann, 1981, p. 10). # Where sense demands,
the name of the author(s) can be incorporated into the text, e.g. Strauss and Ziegler (1975) outline
the main goals of the Delphi technique, with Turoff (1970) identifying four secondary goals. # If
two or more works by the same author(s) have the same publication date, they should be
distinguished by adding lower case letters after the date, e.g. (Tschudin, 1992b).
Finalised reference list
Edition: It is important to state second or further
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When We Are Referencing Organization
When we are referencing organization there are two concepts that standout which influence the
direction and health of the people of the company and these are Trust and Leadership. It seems trust
is something that is lacking when it comes to dealing with many corporate leadership these days.
According to Robbins & Judge in Chapter 13 the definition of Trust is "Trust is a positive
expectation that another will not–through words, actions, or decisions–act opportunislically"
(Robbins & Judge 2009, p 423). The key word would be "opportunislically", there are many different
types of leaders those that are genuinely looking out for the business so it becomes successful and in
turn create an environment of trust among the employees and in the industry. Then there are those
who ultimately have a self–interest at the cost of people livelihood. Trust In my company the later
seems to be very provilant as it is evident with the job dis–satisfaction. We have a CEO that seems to
be only interested in how much money can be squeezed out of the company, thus the eleventh
worst companies to work for. It seemed his goal was to make the company look profitable at the
expense of it's employees so it looks like a good investment to the buyer. This is done by not
giving raises while the CEO take the profits or demanding everyone take time off at a specific time.
If you don't have any vacation time left then you will take it without pay. Then break up the
company and sell it which really
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Neville, C2010, The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism, 2nd edn, Open
University Press, Berksire, England.
Key terms:
Primary source–evidence that comes directly from the people involved in the event or phenomenon
in question, include theories, models, ideas, interpretations, definitions and practices as described
and presented by their originators, rather than their commentators.
Secondary sources– include material produced about the event or phenomenon, including the
commentary or interpretation of others about theories, models, ideas, definitions and practices
(reportage material in newspapers, magazines, reference books and on the Internet).
References–items you have read and specifically cited.
Bibliography–a...show more content...
e. Spreading knowledge: Referencing also allows the tutor and other readers to advance their own
knowledge, trace the sources you cited and use the same evidence for their own purposes.
f. An appreciation: Referencing is about giving appreciation, showing courtesy and respect, and
honouring the hard work of writers and commentators.
g. Your reading, and influences on your work: Tutors will want to identify what sources have been
influential in shaping your direction in your research. The tutors may offer comment on the absence
of any particular commentator or theorist.
h. Marking criteria: Relevant evidence and accurate referencing is an important element in the
marking of assignments. Accurate referencing is also a demonstration of your research, intellectual
integrity and the care you have taken in preparing to write the assignment.
i. Avoiding plagiarism: Accurate referencing will help you to avoid being accused of plagiarism.
2. The 'what' and 'when' of referencing.
a. What to reference: information that have been written, recorded, filmed or presented into the
public domain in some way to others, but not anything that cannot be read, heard or seen by another
who wants to check the same source.
b. Primary and secondary sources: Use primary source for your central definitions, main descriptions,
quotations, etc.; and secondary material for lesser definitions, factual information,
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Harvard Referencing System
Harvard Referencing System
Tunku Abdul Rahman College
Compiled by Dr Chook Ka Joo Quality Assurance Department Tunku Abdul Rahman College and Mr
Johnny Chin Fui Chung School of Social Science and Humanities Tunku Abdul Rahman College
2010
For internal circulation only. ©Tunku Abdul Rahman College. All rights reserved.
CONTENTS 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 REFERENCES
Page
INTRODUCTION THE IMPORTANCE OF CITING REFERENCES REFERENCING SYSTEM
THE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEMCITATIONIN THE TEXT THE REFERENCE LIST
EXAMPLES OF REFERENCING
1 1 1 2 2 6 9
TAR College Harvard Referencing System
TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN...show more content...
For example: Many factors are known to affect the success of students at the tertiary education level
(Saunders 2005). OR
TAR College Harvard Referencing System 2
5.2
Saunders (2003, p. 21) claims that there are many factors that are known to affect the success of
students at the tertiary education level. In these two examples, the sentences summarise the main
view expressed in an article written by Saunders. Also note that the first example highlights the
information but the second example highlights or gives prominence to the author of the article. i. If
the author's name occurs naturally in the sentence, the year is given in parentheses: In a popular
study, Harvey (2005) argued that we have to teach good practices... As Harvey (1992, p. 21) said,
'good practices must be taught' and so we... ii. If the name does not occur naturally in the sentence,
both name and year are given in parentheses: A more recent study (Stevens 2002) has shown the way
theory and practical work interact... Theory rises out of practice, and once validated, returns to
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Social Referencing Analysis
According to the book, social referencing is where a young child who is faced with an uncertain
situation, such as meeting new people and then they will turn to a parent, infant care teacher,
preschool teacher, or family child care provider for clues about how they are going to react. It
portrays that young children look for a person who is close or significant in order to obtain
clarifying information in each situation. For example, a person came in a child's house and this is
the first time when the child meets this person. The child might look for their parents to clarify the
new people she sees. Then, child's parents greet this person and introduce it as their parents' friend.
Then, this is where a child would be comfortable knowing that
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Consequences Of Referencing
A student of the University of Newcastle, is like a family member for the time you are studying at
the campus. Once you graduate you look back on that time and realise the support and network
you had to create such an inspiring career. Just like a family when you start to grow or join the
campus you grow to have and learn about morals, values and respects and in this family of Newcastle
University you are to 'have honesty, fairness, trust, accountability and respect.'(University of
Newcastle, Code of Conduct,2008,p1.) However, it is hard to gather these understandings of the
'Code of Conduct' and understand in depth consequences are for the values to be broken.
Plagiarism is defined as 'presenting someone else's work as your own without their...show more
content...
Morals and ethics can get you a long way with understanding the difference of what is right and
wrong, with this scenario of not understanding the idea and concept of working together on the
same assignment I as someone could not see the problem with it, and this is where the controversy
is placed because it is understood as wrong under university of
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Harvard Referencing Guide
Harvard System Referencing Guide
1. INTRODUCTION
This guide sets out the Harvard system of referencing to be used in the Thesis and other major
essays submitted as part of the course taught through out the MBA program. It is important to
reference published material that you wish to use in your essay. While referencing is a standard that
is used to avoid plagiarism it also supports a strong scientific method.
To build arguments and provide evidence you mustreference any published resources you use. The
spirit of referencing is embodied in Newton's famous 1676 quote, 'If I have seen further it is by
standing on the shoulders of giants'. It means that Newton's great discoveries were made by building
on the previous work of...show more content...
An individualizing focus may result in undermining 'the capacity for communal action and alienate
the organizational members from the activities that they are required to undertake' (Broadbent, et al.,
1999: 358).
Reference List
Broadbent, J. Jacobs, K. and Laughlin, R. (1999) 'Comparing schools in the U.K. and New Zealand:
Individualizing and socializing accountabilities and some implications for management control'.
Management Accounting Research, 10: 339–361.
5. INTERNET SITES
The variability of internet site quality is problematic for referencing in academic essays. However,
access to annual company reports, press releases, and daily news services provide ample reasons to
utilize the internet in essays. Journal articles obtained over the internet should use the standard
journal format unless the journal is solely in electronic format (see below).
In–Text
Wiegran and Koth's (1999) article on successful online commerce focuses on customer loyalty,
increasing purchases, and higher margin products. They propose five website features to achieve
successful online commerce; Value added information, personalization, intelligent communication,
user generated content, and loyalty incentives (Wiegran and Koth, 1999). Since 1991, the price of
oil has reached its highest in February 2000 and this rise is due to OPEC restrictions on oil
production (BBC, 2000).
Reference List
BBC, (2000, February 19) 'Oil reaches $30 a barrel'. (BBC News),
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Essay With Harvard Referencing

  • 1. Essay and referencing Introduction The three communication theories I have applied to provide the most insight into understanding the dynamics of the observed conversation between two people are; the transmission model (Shannon & Weaver 1949), Foulger 's ecological model (Foulger 2004), and an expanded model of communication (Eunson 2012). In this essay I have used a conversation I had listened to which was between my friend (from here on will be named George) and his friend (from here on will be named Mark). Problems that arose during the conversation will be explained as well as how George and Mark overcame them. From there the essay will compare and contrast the three communication theories and decide which of these best simplify the conversation....show more content... Figure 2: An Ecological Model of the Communication (Source: Foulger 2004) Eunson 's expanded model of communication is more complex than Foulger 's as well as Shannon and Weaver 's models, though it is more appropriate to this conversation had between George and Mark due to the fact it shows that in order for the communication to happen the sender must pre–edit and then encode the message pass the message onto the receiver where he decodes and edits the message. Eunson also takes into account the use of mechanical, behavioural and semantic factors of encoding, and understands that if the message is to be understood the receiver must be able to decode the message. This is particularly relevant, and highly important to this conversation between George and Mark due to the factors mentioned before. Context Figure 3: An expanded model of communication (Source: Eunson 2012) Conclusion I have found Shannon and Weavers transactional model too simple and cannot evaluate the complexities of this situation, and that Foulger 's model too broad and not able to focus on the problems that need to be addressed. Therefore, I believe that Eunson 's expanded model of communication is the most adequate to use out of the three models that were written about because Eunson 's model has shown how a message from George is first pre–edited Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 2. Ethical Referencing Paper 1.9 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS Ethical aspects of the applied research will be attended to by implementing the following measures: Firstly, respondents which have participated in the surveys voluntarily and have been fully informed about the aims and objectives of this research. Secondly, texts belonging to external authors that will be used in any part of this research have been fully referenced with the Harvard Referencing System. Thirdly, the questionnaires used do not include any degrading, discriminating or any other unacceptable language that could be offensive to any members of the sample organization. Fourthly, the questionnaires have been designed to collect information directly related to the research questions, and no private...show more content... Fourthly, research participants have been debriefed about the aims and objectives of the research before the primary data collection process. Fifth, the works that do not belong to the author of this paper have been acknowledged using the Harvard Referencing System in an appropriate format. The following Code of Ethics is adhered to in throughout the process of conduction of the present research: Firstly, the participation in surveys and in–depth interviews are voluntary. Secondly, falsification, fabrication and misinterpretation of data avoided. Thirdly, the work conducted by other researchers and authors used in research are referenced using Harvard Referencing System. According to Bryman and Bell (in 2007) the following ten principles of ethical considerations have been compiled as a result of analyzing the ethical guidelines of nine professional social sciences research associations: Research participants should not be subjected to harm in any ways whatsoever. Respect for the dignity of research participants should be prioritized. Full consent should be obtained from the participants prior to the applied Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 3. Social Referencing Development Research Replication: The Development of Social Referencing Keely Rodriguez California State University of Sacramento Professor Jaeger Abstract The development of social referencing Infants could indicate the emotional reactions of other people in order to evaluate situations or objects as safe or risky (Wagner, 2004, p. 309.) Introduction Walden and Ogan conducted a study to better understand the way infants engage in social referencing as a means of influencing their interpretations and responses to events, objects, and people. Social referencing was examined on infants as young as 6 months of age and indicated that they reference their parents and other persons by the end of the first year of life (Walden & Ogan, ...show more content... There were several differences in age related behaviors between the groups. The youngest group did not seek the parent's face as frequently as did the older grouped children. The older children's preference for making reference to the parent's face may reflect their understanding that facial expressions provide a significant source information about events. The youngest children may have lacked such understanding or they may have been more concerned with simply establishing their parents secured presence rather than using them as a resource for appraising the toys. The looking pattern of the youngest children suggest that they may have not detected the fear effect of the parental communication or understood that the message referred specifically to the toy. However, the fact that the youngest group spent less time playing with the toy associated with the fearful message indicated that some communication did occur. By the end of the first year of life, children can be expected to have at least some understanding of the meaning of fearful expressions as well as referential communications, and they appear to have taken their parents negative messages seriously. Infants of about 12 months of age have frequently been the focus of social referencing studies, and the results of the present investigation suggest that social referencing effects may indeed Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 4. Unit 424 Referencing For Research Paper 424 – Task 1.1 Introduction Referencing is when you acknowledge materials used while researching, including books; papers; websites and other published or unpublished materials. References are used to acknowledge the parts of your work that are based on information from other outside sources and have been written by someone else not by yourself. References are a way to acknowledge the other authors and give them accreditation. If you fail to use references, what you have written would be classed as plagiarism and will be discredited. When to use referencing Referencing should be used whenever quotations of an original text is used or you refer to quotations and paraphrase any content that has been written by someone else. References could Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 5. Become An Effective Leader Essay Module 8607–522 Becoming an Effective Leader Name: Keith Casaletto ID: 0231792M Table of Contents Understand own ability to fulfil key responsibilities of the leadership role3 Be able to evaluate own ability to lead others5 Personal development plan7 Conclusion8 References9 Becoming an Effective Leader My own experience in leadership has been achieved during the last three and a half years working at Lufthansa technic Malta. The company has been operating in Malta for the last 12 years in which there has been a rapid growth in the company operations creating opportunities and developments. For the last two years I've had the opportunity to start working as a shop leader, developing my skills and gaining...show more content... It is used where an environment is dangerous and a specific set of procedures are necessary. In my department the use of hazardous and toxic products is routine. As a leader it is a must to set strict rules and procedures that every team member must follow and work with. It is my responsibility to communicate and ensure that every individual wears the personal protective equipment provided by the company when working with hazardous and toxic products. Due to the investment in aviation maintenance, the majority of projects have to be completed in a short time even with the involvement of heavy workloads. In these situations motivation and passion of each and every individual tends to drop, and there is a tendency to cut corners. For example, team members tend to work in toxic environment without the personal protective equipment or the improper use of tools. In these situations as a leader it's important to set achievable and realistic goals. In this manner you will motivate all the team mentally and even physically, so they will be able to achieve their goals. As a leader to keep my integrity is important. I have to be able to distinguish right from wrong when it comes to the decisions I make and even more when safety is involved. I have to make every individual in the team aware of the consequences they can end up with, if the personal protective equipment is not used when needed (Cherry, Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 6. Reflective Essay On Plagiarism I know what plagiarism is and the rules the University has on the honesty policy, however as any other student could possibly but accidently do I plagiarized when trying to get the project done before the deadline. I know that plagiarism can be 1 word to 10 words or more, but when rushing to get so much overwhelming work done it may have been the last thing I was thinking about . The night of the project deadline, I was working on the project. I was so behind because of other classes work, so I facetimed my partner for help she was also behind on the project. She gave me good advice on what I should do. The advice she gave was helpful, but it wasn't helping the time that was ticking fast. Therefore, we shared our files with each other, so we could have the work done and turned in on time. In all honesty, Plagiarism didn't cross my mind that night, but now that I look back, I realize I made a huge mistake. I didn't complete my work, because I was stuck with other classwork that was difficult and took most of my time. I know that shouldn't be a excuse, but my spanish, government, and pre–cal classes were taking most of my time. This project was quite difficult, it took so much reading which made it harder for me to get it done fast along with my other work. I didn't think that a couple of words would make it seem as if I was trying to copy or cheat, just was hoping to finish it on time so I could get the grade I needed. I realize now the importance of using my own words and if I do use another piece of work in mine , I need to cite where it came from or who it came from in the correct format for the paper assigned . When i was doing the project I used an outside resource, only to unintentionally plagiarize it . My partners use of bigger/more educated sounding words and sentences was what made me use them. I needed to do away with the simple words. So when I used the words she used I didn't think about citing the information down. I am deeply sorry for this and know that my teacher had to take time out of their schedule to handle this situation. I will not give a bunch of excuses because there is only 1 true reason and it is the fact that I did not use my time wisely in order to do better about my choice Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 7. Hertfordshire Business School Guide to Harvard Referencing This guide has been produced by the ASU in response to questions from Hertfordshire Business School (HBS) students about the important subject of accurate referencing. It is essential for you to reference your work thoroughly because what you write for HBS must be 'evidenced ' – your discussion and arguments should consist mainly of academic theory and 'expert ' practitioner experience. These two main sources (theory and practice) MUST be referenced throughout your writing. Readers must be able to see which words are your own words and any original ideas, and what sources you have used as evidence to back up your assertions. Good referencing is ESSENTIAL because: 1) Your...show more content... If you decide to include the exact words of another author, you must enclose their words with quotation marks and include the page number in–text, e.g. Schutte (1999:298) asserts "westerners regarded the Japanese as workaholics". See example 48 on page 14 for examples. Final list of References: Consistent punctuation and spacing are necessary in the References. Some general rules apply: * Author or authors' names: * Use only the initials of the author or authors ' given names. * No full stops are used between initials. * Generational titles, i.e. Junior, Senior or roman numerals are only included in the References list, e.g. Smith, J., Jr. (2009) ... Academic prefixes, i.e. Dr. are omitted from the reference. * Titles of works: * Only capitalise content words for the titles of books, book chapters and journal articles. * In the titles of journals, magazines and newspapers, capital letters should be used as they appear normally. * Use italics for the titles of books, journals, and newspapers. * Enclose titles of book chapters and journal articles in inverted commas (single quotation marks). * Page numbering: * Books: page numbers are not usually needed in the final list of References. * Journals: page numbers appear as the final item of the citation, followed by a full stop. In the Reference list, use the abbreviation p. for one page, and pp. for a page range, e.g. Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 8. Referencing Resilience Your statement referencing resilience as how an individual bounce back from a bad situation is accurate. Individuals who do not have the qualities of resilience can learn these qualities. By having a positive outlook can overcome depression. Accepting and giving kindness will make you feel good about yourself and brings you happiness. Happiness overcomes sadness and builds self–confidence which is very important in building resilience. When an individual feels better about themselves, they develop confidence. A confident individual will be open to accepting help which will lead to open Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 9. Advantage And Weaknesses Of Harvard University Harvard University is the standard by which all other examination colleges are measured. No school has ever tested its position as the world's chief scholastic foundation in the historical backdrop of the Shanghai rankings. Established in 1636 (just 16 years after the Mayflower touched down at Plymouth Rock), Harvard is the most established school on the planet's wealthiest country, and it has gained by the advantages this stipends. Under administrator Jack Meyer's authority, the school's enrichment store developed from $4.6 billion to $25.8 billion in 15 years. Today, the college has over $36 billion, and its fortune is as yet developing. Be that as it may, there is significantly more to Harvard than huge riches. The school has delivered...show more content... The MBA Program does this through a learning model in which understudies and personnel instruct and gain from each other. This procedure of dynamic cooperation and shared learning– critical in any scholastic group, and the very establishment on which the HBS MBA Program rests – relies on upon individual arrangement of all materials, little gathering dialogs to investigate and develop this underlying work, predictable participation in class and full engagement in class examinations, and post–class reflection. The Honor Code supplements the School's announcement of Community Values and mirrors the dedication understudies and personnel make as individuals from the group to take part in, foster, and maintain this learning model. It is a pledge of the understudies, exclusively and all things considered, to plan for and take an interest completely in classroom and scholarly exercises; abstain from giving or accepting unapproved help in class readiness or classwork, amid examinations, or in whatever other work that is to be utilized by a teacher as a major aspect of a course or as a premise of reviewing; and go about as stewards of the Honor Code in maintaining its soul and letter and urging others to do as such Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 10. Student Referencing: Scholarly Sources Referencing is an important part of academic writing it demonstrates that credible articles are being used and it also assists the student in avoiding plagiarism. This case study will critique the reference list of a student's assessment showing how one of the reference used is from a scholarly source while also demonstrating how another article is from a non–scholarly source. This will be done by using evidence to support these choices this includes methods such as explaining primary and secondary research articles, taking note of the currency, assessing whether the author is from a reputable background in regards to qualifications and their area of expertise and checking whether the author or article has a bias or agenda. While making sure...show more content... When checking the validity of the literature making sure there is an author without a bias or an agenda is important in addition to making sure they have credible qualifications in the field they are writing about. In addition to this if it is important to note how to correctly reference the aforementioned literature to avoid plagiarism and to make sure the original author of the piece is correctly Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 11. Introduction Referencing is one of the most important aspects of any academic literature in the modern day scenario. It is the main way through which someone acknowledges the fact that they have borrowed the ideas of someone else, and have used their work for citation ion their work. There are several different kinds of referencing system among which the Harvard referencing style is one of the most popular. The different aspects of the Harvard style along with the main methods through which the style is implemented have been detailed and discussed. Herein, this study is about the Harvard referencing style and detailing the actual point of referencing in the first place. The Actual Point of Referencing Referencing is extremely important while compiling an academic file, as it is the main method of showing acknowledgement to the authors of the work which has been used for ideas in the said academic literature. A failure in this regard leads to people developing the misconception that the author has cheated or plagiarised someone else's work and is now claiming it as their own. Any kind of plagiarism is considered to be a serious offence, especially in the academic circles. Being accused of the malpractice of plagiarism is one of the worst hits that the reputation of a researcher can ever receive. Indeed, it is significantly difficult to recover a proper reputation once accusations of this kind are made towards someone. For students, being accused of the Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 12. Referencing For Plagiarism Referencing is an essential part of academic writing as it provides authors with credit for their ideas. Referencing is a requirement of academic writing, which when done correctly, will acknowledge the contribution of words or an idea (Grellier & Goerke, 2014, p, 68) into the piece of writing which is being created. However, failure to reference will incur instances of plagiarism. Grellier and Goerke (2014) state that individual institutions will have a policy on plagiarism and will treat it very seriously (p. 68). Penalties may apply and stringent testing for plagiarism will be in place. Therefore, it is imperative that individuals become familiar with correct referencing practices and apply them appropriately. It is critical to understand Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 13. Citation and Harvard Referencing Format TOPIC : ________________________________ 1.0 INTRODUCTION What's Known? Not known? What's new? Thesis Statement : _____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 2.0 BODY PARAGRAPH: ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ 2.1 supporting details, statistics, concrete examples (eg. names of places/buildings/events, etc.)? 2.2 2.3 Concluding sentence : Therefore, __________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________...show more content... List from A–Z, using Harvard Referencing format (see Taylor's library website)Note: All references listed in the actual essay must be found in this Reference List. List from A–Z, using Harvard Referencing format (see Taylor's library website)Note: All references listed in the actual essay must be found in this Reference List. List from A–Z, using Harvard Referencing format (see Taylor's library website)Note: All references listed in the actual essay must be found in this Reference List. List from A–Z, using Harvard Referencing format (see Taylor's library website)Note: All references listed in the actual essay must be found in this Reference List. List from A–Z, using Harvard Referencing format (see Taylor's library website)Note: All references listed in the actual essay must be found in this Reference List. List from A–Z, using Harvard Referencing format (see Taylor's library website)Note: All references listed in the actual essay must be found in this Reference List. List from A–Z, using Harvard Referencing format (see Taylor's library website)Note: All references listed in the actual essay must be found in this Reference List. List from A–Z, using Harvard Referencing format (see Taylor's library website)Note: All references listed in the actual essay must be found in this Reference List. List from A–Z, using Harvard Referencing Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 14. Harvard Referencing Guide debate ana A guide to the Harvard referencing system Maureen Dwyer This article explains how to reference an academic work using the Harvard system. Instructions comply with the relevant British standards, i.e. BS 5605:1990, BS 1629:1989 and BS 6371:1983. The importance of referencing in an approved manner is discussed and problem areas such as joint authors, corporate authorship and unpublished works are examined. The issue of second–hand references that are not addressed by the standards is also explained– T he Harvard system is a popular referencing system for academic works and is Ah( often referred to as the 'author/date ' system, which distinguishes it from the Vancouver or 'numerical ' system. To be more specific, it...show more content... exact date is not known, an approximate date followed by a question mark can be given, e.g. (16th century?). Where no date is given or can be found, (No date) or the .lbbrcviation (ND) should be stated. Title: Always use the title on the title piige. Give the full title, although the inclusion of the subtitle is optional. Journal titles should be given in full, with abbreviations used only in accordance with BS 4148 (BSI, 1985). If referring to a whole journal – not just an article within it – give the journal name and its International Standard Serial Number (ISSN), e.g. Journal of Ecology, ISSN 0022–0477. Reference: Dickinson EJ (1991) Quality hospitals: the role of medical audit. Geriatric Medicine 21: 27–8, 31–2. Citations in the text # Use only the author*s/s ' surname(s) and year of publication, with the addition of page number(s) if required, e.g. (Swann, 1981, p. 10). # Where sense demands, the name of the author(s) can be incorporated into the text, e.g. Strauss and Ziegler (1975) outline the main goals of the Delphi technique, with Turoff (1970) identifying four secondary goals. # If two or more works by the same author(s) have the same publication date, they should be distinguished by adding lower case letters after the date, e.g. (Tschudin, 1992b). Finalised reference list Edition: It is important to state second or further Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 15. When We Are Referencing Organization When we are referencing organization there are two concepts that standout which influence the direction and health of the people of the company and these are Trust and Leadership. It seems trust is something that is lacking when it comes to dealing with many corporate leadership these days. According to Robbins & Judge in Chapter 13 the definition of Trust is "Trust is a positive expectation that another will not–through words, actions, or decisions–act opportunislically" (Robbins & Judge 2009, p 423). The key word would be "opportunislically", there are many different types of leaders those that are genuinely looking out for the business so it becomes successful and in turn create an environment of trust among the employees and in the industry. Then there are those who ultimately have a self–interest at the cost of people livelihood. Trust In my company the later seems to be very provilant as it is evident with the job dis–satisfaction. We have a CEO that seems to be only interested in how much money can be squeezed out of the company, thus the eleventh worst companies to work for. It seemed his goal was to make the company look profitable at the expense of it's employees so it looks like a good investment to the buyer. This is done by not giving raises while the CEO take the profits or demanding everyone take time off at a specific time. If you don't have any vacation time left then you will take it without pay. Then break up the company and sell it which really Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 16. Neville, C2010, The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism, 2nd edn, Open University Press, Berksire, England. Key terms: Primary source–evidence that comes directly from the people involved in the event or phenomenon in question, include theories, models, ideas, interpretations, definitions and practices as described and presented by their originators, rather than their commentators. Secondary sources– include material produced about the event or phenomenon, including the commentary or interpretation of others about theories, models, ideas, definitions and practices (reportage material in newspapers, magazines, reference books and on the Internet). References–items you have read and specifically cited. Bibliography–a...show more content... e. Spreading knowledge: Referencing also allows the tutor and other readers to advance their own knowledge, trace the sources you cited and use the same evidence for their own purposes. f. An appreciation: Referencing is about giving appreciation, showing courtesy and respect, and honouring the hard work of writers and commentators. g. Your reading, and influences on your work: Tutors will want to identify what sources have been influential in shaping your direction in your research. The tutors may offer comment on the absence of any particular commentator or theorist. h. Marking criteria: Relevant evidence and accurate referencing is an important element in the marking of assignments. Accurate referencing is also a demonstration of your research, intellectual integrity and the care you have taken in preparing to write the assignment. i. Avoiding plagiarism: Accurate referencing will help you to avoid being accused of plagiarism. 2. The 'what' and 'when' of referencing. a. What to reference: information that have been written, recorded, filmed or presented into the public domain in some way to others, but not anything that cannot be read, heard or seen by another who wants to check the same source. b. Primary and secondary sources: Use primary source for your central definitions, main descriptions, quotations, etc.; and secondary material for lesser definitions, factual information, Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 17. Harvard Referencing System Harvard Referencing System Tunku Abdul Rahman College Compiled by Dr Chook Ka Joo Quality Assurance Department Tunku Abdul Rahman College and Mr Johnny Chin Fui Chung School of Social Science and Humanities Tunku Abdul Rahman College 2010 For internal circulation only. ©Tunku Abdul Rahman College. All rights reserved. CONTENTS 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 REFERENCES Page INTRODUCTION THE IMPORTANCE OF CITING REFERENCES REFERENCING SYSTEM THE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEMCITATIONIN THE TEXT THE REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLES OF REFERENCING 1 1 1 2 2 6 9 TAR College Harvard Referencing System TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN...show more content... For example: Many factors are known to affect the success of students at the tertiary education level (Saunders 2005). OR TAR College Harvard Referencing System 2 5.2 Saunders (2003, p. 21) claims that there are many factors that are known to affect the success of students at the tertiary education level. In these two examples, the sentences summarise the main view expressed in an article written by Saunders. Also note that the first example highlights the information but the second example highlights or gives prominence to the author of the article. i. If the author's name occurs naturally in the sentence, the year is given in parentheses: In a popular study, Harvey (2005) argued that we have to teach good practices... As Harvey (1992, p. 21) said, 'good practices must be taught' and so we... ii. If the name does not occur naturally in the sentence, both name and year are given in parentheses: A more recent study (Stevens 2002) has shown the way theory and practical work interact... Theory rises out of practice, and once validated, returns to Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 18. Social Referencing Analysis According to the book, social referencing is where a young child who is faced with an uncertain situation, such as meeting new people and then they will turn to a parent, infant care teacher, preschool teacher, or family child care provider for clues about how they are going to react. It portrays that young children look for a person who is close or significant in order to obtain clarifying information in each situation. For example, a person came in a child's house and this is the first time when the child meets this person. The child might look for their parents to clarify the new people she sees. Then, child's parents greet this person and introduce it as their parents' friend. Then, this is where a child would be comfortable knowing that Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 19. Consequences Of Referencing A student of the University of Newcastle, is like a family member for the time you are studying at the campus. Once you graduate you look back on that time and realise the support and network you had to create such an inspiring career. Just like a family when you start to grow or join the campus you grow to have and learn about morals, values and respects and in this family of Newcastle University you are to 'have honesty, fairness, trust, accountability and respect.'(University of Newcastle, Code of Conduct,2008,p1.) However, it is hard to gather these understandings of the 'Code of Conduct' and understand in depth consequences are for the values to be broken. Plagiarism is defined as 'presenting someone else's work as your own without their...show more content... Morals and ethics can get you a long way with understanding the difference of what is right and wrong, with this scenario of not understanding the idea and concept of working together on the same assignment I as someone could not see the problem with it, and this is where the controversy is placed because it is understood as wrong under university of Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 20. Harvard Referencing Guide Harvard System Referencing Guide 1. INTRODUCTION This guide sets out the Harvard system of referencing to be used in the Thesis and other major essays submitted as part of the course taught through out the MBA program. It is important to reference published material that you wish to use in your essay. While referencing is a standard that is used to avoid plagiarism it also supports a strong scientific method. To build arguments and provide evidence you mustreference any published resources you use. The spirit of referencing is embodied in Newton's famous 1676 quote, 'If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants'. It means that Newton's great discoveries were made by building on the previous work of...show more content... An individualizing focus may result in undermining 'the capacity for communal action and alienate the organizational members from the activities that they are required to undertake' (Broadbent, et al., 1999: 358). Reference List Broadbent, J. Jacobs, K. and Laughlin, R. (1999) 'Comparing schools in the U.K. and New Zealand: Individualizing and socializing accountabilities and some implications for management control'. Management Accounting Research, 10: 339–361. 5. INTERNET SITES The variability of internet site quality is problematic for referencing in academic essays. However, access to annual company reports, press releases, and daily news services provide ample reasons to utilize the internet in essays. Journal articles obtained over the internet should use the standard journal format unless the journal is solely in electronic format (see below). In–Text Wiegran and Koth's (1999) article on successful online commerce focuses on customer loyalty, increasing purchases, and higher margin products. They propose five website features to achieve successful online commerce; Value added information, personalization, intelligent communication, user generated content, and loyalty incentives (Wiegran and Koth, 1999). Since 1991, the price of oil has reached its highest in February 2000 and this rise is due to OPEC restrictions on oil production (BBC, 2000). Reference List
  • 21. BBC, (2000, February 19) 'Oil reaches $30 a barrel'. (BBC News), Get more content on HelpWriting.net