Understanding what constitutes an ARGUMENT: PREMISE + CONCLUSION
Understanding FALLACY i.e. when there exists a disconnect between premises and conclusions
Understanding fallacies of IRRELEVANCE and INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE.
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
introduction to Critical thinking
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5. "The opposition says try Pakatan
for 5 years and if you don't like
Pakatan you can go back to BN in
2023.
I say try Islam for 5 years and if you
don't like Islam you can go back to
Christianity, Hinduism or Buddhism
in 2023. Does that also make
sense?” ~ Raja Petra
19. Are the premises relevant to the
conclusion?
• Mark lives in Penang. So he probably
speaks Italian.
• Bob gave Susan an engagement ring; it
should be safe to say that Bob loves
Susan.
• Most people believe that God doesn’t
exist. Therefore, He probably doesn’t
exist.
20. • You cannot believe John because he is a
drug addict
• He’s only saying that because he’s such a
nice guy…
• “The Border Wall should not be built
because Trump is a racist”
22. • Don’t listen to him, he’s just pushing a
liberal agenda
• She’s a Zionist / Communist
• I don’t believe Taylor’s marketing
statistics; they’re just trying to sell their
programs
24. • It’s okay to miss class…everybody does it.
• 70% of my classmates believe that pre-
marital sex is permissible; 80% of my
friend’s classmates also believe it’s fine.
Therefore, I think it’s fine.
• All the famous people smoke; therefore
you should, too.
• Hello! Nobody does assignments on a
Saturday night, okay?!
26. • I know I missed half your classes and
failed all my exams, but I had a tough
semester. First, my pet snake died. Then
my girlfriend said she wants a sex-change
operation. Then I crashed my car. Really,
could you please change my grade from F
to A?
• I know I’m not the best person for this job.
But if I don’t get it I’m going to be in
trouble.
28. • He says Wendy’s burger gives value-for-
money, but how can it be? Compared to
McD’s and Burger King, it’s so much more
expensive!
• What Trump did at the U.S.-Mexico border
was wrong because it’s just evil to
separate children from their parents!!
30. • Some people say that TGV cinemas are
more uncomfortable than GSC cinemas.
But c’mon TGV was started much earlier
than GSC and they have many famous
people as guests.
• How can you say I’m not doing enough for
the farmers? Do you know that I grew up
on a farm and I know almost every major
farmer?
32. • Voluntary euthanasia is justified because
dying people ought to have the right to
decide whether to live or die.
• Barisan Nasional deserves your vote
because obviously it’s not worth giving
your vote to Pakatan
• Malaysia is a dangerous place to live in.
Can’t you see how many people are
migrating? They’re migrating because it’s
so dangerous!
33. How do you ‘beg the question’?
1. By assuming what you have to prove
(“Marlboro is healthier to smoke than Dunhill
because Marlboro is less dangerous than
Dunhill”)
2. By justifying the premise with the
conclusion (“Taylor is a better college than
Sunway because there are more students.
There are more students in Taylor’s because
it’s better than Sunway”)
45. • Either you support Pakatan OR you
condemn Malaysia to injustice and
oppression!
• Why don’t you, as a Chinese, celebrate
Chinese New Year? Are you anti-
Chinese?
• “It’s us. Or rust” (Advertisement)
• Najib’s approval rating has gone up. Either
the rating is false or the people are stupid!
48. • I don’t believe I failed. I should’ve used my
lucky pen.
• The SPM results have fallen steeply over
the years. Obviously, the influence of the
Internet is detrimental to studying.
• Air-Asia passengers have dropped a little;
it must be because people are st
52. • Don’t fire the rocket in these snowy
mountains. The rocket could cause an
avalanche, and the avalanche could
destroy the ski-hotel and the village below.
Hundreds could die.
• If we don’t raise our army spending, soon
Chinese will surpass us as a military
power. Who knows when we’ll all be
speaking Chinese and eating chop suey?
55. • There’s nothing wrong with separating
bathrooms based on race. After all, don’t
we separate bathrooms based on men
and women?
• Coke is like family. You can never have
enough. Coca-Cola. Always.
• “Sex is like badminton. We should switch
partners until we find the right one.”